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on
7c?VS. 26
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
FROM THE
Subscription Fund
BEGUN IN 1858
n
MUIHALL'S
DICTIONARY OF STATISTICS.
9iIlBU|nu pnw
® MULHALLS
DICTIONARY OF STATISTICS/
XICHAEL OTmULUALL
KEir EDITION, REVISED ASD CORRECTED
J LONDOH
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SOSS
Bkoadwat, Lcdoate Hill
NEW TOEK ! 8 LAFAYETTE PLACE
1886
[ M rig\U rarrttd.\
fa-
EcoK^lliSi
XI ■^r. <rfc
; ''28 tRflO
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
Ik availing myself of this occasion to express how much I
am indebted to the Secretary of the Interior, Washington ;
the Director of Statistics at Boston (Mr. Carroll "Wright) ;
Mr. Edward Atkinson, Boston; the Department of Agri-
culture, Washington; M. Leroy-Beaulieu ; M. Emile do
Laveleye; Mr. Danson, Mr. Sargant, Dr. Longstaffe, Rev,
P. IL Newnham, Devonport; Mr. George Farren, Carnarvon ;
and others, for valuable advice, correction, or publications, —
it affords mc much pleasure to invite all persons who feel an
interest in statistical science to point out errors, suggest
amendments, or place at my disposal information that may
be useful. This country being the birthplace of economic
science, it is not sufficient that my Dictionary of Statistics
be the first and only one ever compiled ; I hope also in the
lapse of years to increase its size and utility.
MICHAEL G. MULHALL.
19 Albion Street, Htdk Park,
London, February 2, 1886.
opinions on the Author's Works.
"Thii Mlminbla DietioDarj. " — Emiledt Lat^ege,
"Th« qnidtHMnce of SUtutif.''—Lerof-B<aulitM.
" Wa nut id edition in Tnnoh.-—Ynt Ougot.
•■ Hii Itatiitioi «« m«t reliable. "-Ai ran MatoTtit.
"ThaTeiiilt of laborioai and ikilled reaearcb."— ConMntponiry Arf'r*
" Hii flgnnt are remu'kablT correct. "—Report by U.S. Sk. ofSiaU.
"Diiplaj a TMt amount of rewarch." — Tima.
" An ineihuiatiblg treuurf of faoU." — Erenomiite Franjaii.
"Thb Terf wonderfnl work atanda alone." — Botien Btaam.
" Ha ia nnriTalled in th« amngemeut of atatiatica." — Academy.
" Aa tnutworthf aa it ia aniqne." — SeoUman.
"No book of raferanee boa higfaar cltiiat."— Globe.
"A *aat nnmbcTof taota within amall eompaaa."— Aii/y JVetu.
"An edition in Oerman vonid ba uaetnl." — Tteh. Blait, Berlin,
"Tbe nodol of a atatiiticU work,"— Jfort Lane Oazrttt.
ORDBB or SliGEAHS.
■iMon .
iMm AND Out
"AtMl .
22
■MOHK . .
'BuiuMa .
88
Hailwayb
•Cjtii*
76
■Smpp«a . .
y^mnM .
.. 100
'Stsam-powib ,
■BOT . .
134
TiXillON
-HocMi
.. S36
*W«AITK .
^v
f^ Sco Appendix.
? KouliKuL
DICTIONARY OF STATISTICS.
ABBE78. — Tliose confiscated in England by Henry VIII.
were 608, with a gross income of £141,000, equal to the rent
of 720,000 acres of land.
ABLE-BODIED. — The proportion of men cdpable of bear-
ing arms in various countries is as follows : —
Per Cent
of Popu-
laticiu.
23
22
England
Scotland
Ireland
France
Austria
21
27
25
Per Cent
of Popii-
Intioii.
. . 24
Per Cent,
of Popu-
lation.
Denmark . . 25
. . 25
Sweden . . 25
. . 25
. . 25
Norway . . 24
United SUtes 23
. . 26
Greece ... 23
Germany
Italy .
Belgium
Holland
Spain .
ACCIDENTAL DEATHa— There are 20,400 persona
killed by accident yearly in tlie United Kingdom, being
almost 3 per cent, of all deaths. The ratio in the various
countries is as follows : —
Per 1,000
England . . 30
Scotland . . 31
Ireland. . . 18
United King*
doia ... 28
France ... 15
Pt-r 1,000
be a lis.
Germany . . 16
Russia ... 6
Austria . . 10
Italy ... 5
Switzerland . 28
Spain ... 7
p.r 1,00)
Deat lis.
Belgium . . 17
Denmark . . 12
Sweden . . 26
Norway . . 33
United States 39
In England the n
I860
1S70
1S78
itio is rising very rapidly, viz. : —
Accidental Rate per
l>e:iihfi. l,00v> Deaths.
9,225 22
10,906 21
16,176 30
In 20 years endin
g 1870, females were 26 per cent, of the
victims.
A
A CCUMULA TION^A GE.
AOOUMULATION.— The increase of wealth in the United
Kingdom in ten years ending 1880 was 1540 millions — ^ihat
is over £400,000 a day, or about threepence per inhabitant
It appears in the following items : —
VAliie in lIUlionB, £.
1870.
1880?
IlOIIMS
. 1,620
2,240
Railwayi
630
780
Shipping
66
120
BaUion
118
143
Land, cattle, &c. .
. 2,400
2,400
Foreign investments
920
1,110
Fumitore, &o., Ac.
1,226
1.667
See Wealthy Income^ Capital.
AEROLITES.
6,880
8,410
Date.
Tioeality.
WeightOba.)
Bemttrka.
1748
Yenisey . . .
1,600
• • •
1783
Gran Cbaco . .
82,000
Near Tacuman.
1784
Bendego^ Brazil
17,000
• • •
1793
Graf Reinet . .
800
South Africa.
1803
Normandy . .
• ••
2000 red-hot stones.
1812
Prague . . .
• • •
200 hot stones.
1829
Bobnmelitz . .
103
Bohemia.
1866
Kuyahinza . .
670
With 1000 smaller.
1870
Greenland . .
49,000
Now at Copenhagen.
1871
Greenland . •
20,000
„ St Petenburg.
The last two were found in the years expressed, but may
have fallen centuries ago. That of Gran Chaco is 95 per cent
iron. The British Museum has an aerolite weighing 5 tons.
AERONAUT. — The greatest height attained was by Mr.
Glaisher in an ascent from Wolverhampton, September 5thy
1862, when he rose to a distance of seven miles. Mr. Glaisher
states that in 3500 balloon ascents only 15 deaths have
occurred, that is, about four per thousand. See Balloons.
AGE. — A man's working life is divided into four decades : —
20 to 30 . . . bronze I 40 to 50 . . . gold
80 „ 40 . . . silver I 60 „ 60 • • . iron
Intellect and judgment are strongest between 40 and 50,
The percentages of population to age in various countries
shown thus : —
-'SBSJ"
Sfii
»?■•
SB'S
The Americaiu ara the youngeet, the French the oldest.
B.— Aon OF Katiohb in
AUQDOT PaBTB.
«^
if-
Sb>30
SVtoM
40 to GO
O«»«0
I.SX.
<l»7fl.
llSTu'
<U70>
(I87i'
Gr»»
(ia;u).
S3-5
17-8
8-0
9-8
!U-0
M7
11-9
127
80-9
2»-8
190
77
13-3
80'3
80-8
196
fl-5
138
2S8
802
19-2
7-0
144
32 0
14-8
6-8
100-0 1 100-0 1 1000
1000 [ lOOfl
1000
1 ***
UBiud
a
Bfull
(UTOK
Hollund
(.(TO).
(WW).
(1:I»)
UihWG
Gto20
30 low
40toM
OmtW
141
8G4
80'4
14-9
6-«
14-2
27-8
81-8
17*
6-8
108
35-3
30-4
It-B
87
11-8
81 '4
800
18 7
77
121
384
20-4
203
»■»
12-8
801
31-a
188
7-8
loo-o
lOO-O
lOOfl
100-0
lOOO
100 0,
AGE.
C, — AoBS iH Unitbd KmaDov.
IglL
Xoglud.
Scoau^d.
In^uxL
lUl.
1«7L
IMi.
1871.
IMl.
IML
UD<UrB
13-2
13C
12-8
13-0
16-2
11-1
&toSO
82-8
82-2
881
881
88-8
84-8
20 to 40
807
29-B
801
2B-6
2S-2
268
4010 60
18-0
17-4
16-4
18-7
14-5
17-2
OverM
7-2
7-4
7-6
8-7
4-8
10-a
100-0
100-0
100-0
1000
100-0
100-0 1
D.^AoK3 IS Cities.
Ag..
.^
p»ta.
..■Tv.
•"ir*
Under 6 . . .
ISO
71
13-4
I8-G
18-9
Gto20 , . .
26-7
268
81-2
827
20 to 40 . . .
88-4
B8-7
83-0
40 to 80 . . .
17-7
24 ^2
17 4
171
16-8
OTerSO . . .
8-2
7-4
87
68
6-6
1000
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
E. — Aam or Crisinal Offk^sders.
Apr
Onder 12
12 to 21
21 to 40
40tu60
OT«reO
EirauKD.
igt.
F^c.
c™l
■^^xrr
0-S
19-8
66-2
20-6
8-8
4
81 "
141
'i
Under 20
20 to 40
40 to 80
Over 60
18-0
D4-0
23-0
6-0
23
81
14
G
100-0
15
100-0
80
The English table comprises all persons who passed througfa
prison charged with any offence, the Frei
([rave crimen
e French only convicts of
AGRICULTURE.
5
AGBIOULTUBR — This great branch of industry, includ-
ing not only tillage, but also forestry and pasture, maintains
209 millions of ])eople in the countries comprised under this
review. It represents a capital of more than 20 milliards
sterling, an annual product of about 3^ milliards.
The following tables sum up the chief features : —
A. — Agricultural Capital.
Yalub
IN lIlLLIONB £.
Capital
land.
Timber.
Cattle.
Sun-
dries.
Total.
per
Inbabi-:
tant 1
1
United Kingdom .
1,737
50
235
238
2,260
£65
Fnhnce . . . •
2,624
182
212
224
3,242
88
C^nuAny ,
2,060
264
230
236
2,790
62
Ruasift . .
1,386
530
845
364
2,625
83
Austria .
1,290
260
205
216
1,971
51
Italy . . .
810
80
56
97
1,043
36
Spain . . .
660
70
57
62
849
51
Portugal
158
10
11
26
205
46
Bel^pum .
245
15
30
56
346
63
Holland .
212
5
33
85
335
84
Denmark
210
4
31
28
273
137 ,
Sweden . .
312
130
42
30
514
114
Norway .
110
62
21
10
203
102
Greece . .
105
7
6
14
132
70
Europe . .
11,919
1,669
1,514
1,686
16,788
54
United States . .
1,923
180
365
480
2,948
58 ':
' Canada ....
1 180
48
35
44
307
70 1
Australia . . .
182
1
10
66
70
328
120
Total.
•
■ 14,204
1,907
1.980
2,280
20,371
56
The above does not include public lands in United States
or Australia.
AGRICULTURE.
L. — Agricultural Income.
Valus or Pkoddcts in Miluoms £.
Prodnrtp^r
of Rarm
Populatiott
Hmi
Gimln.
OUlflT
Crops.
CatUe-
Fomtfy.
TOUL
266
1
fmij.
United Kingdom
68
58
137
8
£22 10
0
France ....
161
164
110
9
444
25 2
0
Germany .
129
183
132
12
456
20 1
0
Russia .
266
71
145
27
509
9 2
0
Austria
110
95
102
15
322
13 3
0 .
Italy . .
65
76
33
4
178
10 2
0
Spain .
60
37
36
3
136
11 16
0
Portugal
8
16
6
1
31
10 12
0
Holland .
7
19
19
• • ■
45
21 4
0
Belgium ,
14
17
13
1
45
19 7
0
Denmark .
15
8
14
• • •
37
24 5
0
Sweden
16
11
14
11
52
17 6
0
Norway ,
3
4
7
5
19
12 10
0
Greece .
2
5
2
1
10
10 7
0
Roumauia
37
12
16
2
67
16 8
0
Europe . .
961
776
786
94
2.617
15 2
6
United SUtes .
207
139
198
60
604
24 8
0
Canada . . .
22
9
21
6
58
21 8
0
Australia . . .
13
24
89
• • •
76
37 9
0
Tota
1 . .
1,203
948
1,044
160
3,355
16 3
0
See Land, Tillage, €rrain, Cattle, &c
C. — Agriculture op United Kinodoic.
ClOM.
Grain, busheLi .
Other cropi
Meat, tons
Poultry and e^rgs
MiUc, butter, cheese
wool, ft&
QiiAntity.
322,000,000
1,090,000
Value.
£68,200,000
58,100.000
76,800,000
10,600,000
89,800,000
10,200,000
£263,200,000
AGRICULTURE.
The increase of pastuie and decline of tillage since 1870
appear as follows : —
United Kingdom— Acres.
1870.
188L
Arable
24,076,000
22,878,000
22,226,000
24,768,000
Total colUvated 46,300,000 47,646,000
The returns for the three kingdoms in 1881 were as
follows : —
Wheat . . .
Barley , . .
Oats ....
Beans, Ac . .
Grain Crops
Potatoes . . .
Turnips . . .
Vetches, &c
Fallow, Ac. . .
Arable . .
Pasture . . .
Total . . .
AORKS.
'Sootlsnd.
Irelsnd.
United
Kingdom.
2,788,000
2,181,000
1,883,000
671,000
76,000
271,000
1,031,000
28,000
164,000
211.000
1,392,000
20,000
2,967,000
2,663,000
4,306,000
719,000
7,473,000
400,000
1,655,000
875,000
3.772,000
1,405,000
189,000
491,000
24.000
1,482,000
1,777,000
864,000
296,000
120,000
2,166,000
10,6.55,000
1,443,000
2,341,000
1,019,000
7,420,000
14.075,000
13,504,000
3,691,000
1,172,000
6,212,000
10,092,000
22,878,000
24,768,000
27,579,000
4,763,000
15,304,000
47,646,000
1
The margin of profit over expenditure even in fair years
is onJy four shillings per acre, viz. : —
Per Aero.
Amount, Millions A,
Rent
. £1 4
0
68
Labour
2 5
0
108
Team
1 0
0
48
Taxes
. . 0 7
0
17
Seed
0 10
0
11
Manure
0 10
0
U
Profit
0 4
0
10
Value of
products
•
263
In the above table seed and manure are counted only for
the arable area.
8
AGRICULTURE.
D. — Agriculture of Unitkd States.
Acres.
Value of Crop.
Grain .
. 119,100,000
£207,000,000
Cotton
13,600,000
67,000,000
PoUtoes
1,900,000
10,500,000
Hay ... .
24,000,000
54,000,000
Tobacco, &C.
685,000
7,600,000
Tillage
. 159,285,000
£846,100,000
Meat .
8,460,000 tons.
102,000,000
Butter and cheeM
610,000
45,600,000
MUk . . . .
t •••
27,500,000
Hides, wool, ko. .
• ••
23,200,000
Total of agr
icoltoral prodncts
£544,800,000
K — Thirtt Years of United States Aoriculturs.
Btatm.
Farms, Thousavm.
AcaEi, MiLUOira.
1850.
I860.
1870.
1880.
1850.
1800.
IVf,
ItfO.
N. England .
Middle . .
Southern . .
Western . .
1 Pacific . .
Total. .
167
351
488
441
3
185
413
640
776
80
182
456
849
1,181
40
207
539
1,481
1,707
68
18
43
165
63
4
20
47
220
109
11
21
49
185
141
14
22
68
227
209
23
1,450
2,044
2,658
4,002
293
407
410
684
States.
N. England
Middle . .
Southern .
Western .
Pacific . .
Total .
Qraik. Millioh Bu8H^:La.
VaLUR op FaKSIS, lIlLUOM A.
1850.
20
18«0.
1870.
1880.
1850.
I860.
187a
1880L
21
16
18
78
99
122
121
170
204
216
233
248
878
580
505
360
412
301
442
198
447
291
347
310
572
808
1,898
157
444
895
1,070
• • •
14
34
63
2
14
85
78
860
1,223
1,375
2,654
683
1,382
1,923
2,116
States.
Bl'SHRLS pbr
Inh abitakt. j Value op FAaics pee IwHAa
1850. 1860.
1870.
1880.
1850.
I860.
1870.
1880.
N. England .
Middle . .
Southern . .
Western . .
Pacific . .
Total. .
7-3
25-2
43-2
57-0
• • •
6-7
25 -0
401
63-0
28-0
4*6
221
26*7
62-1
49-0
4-5
20-2
29-0
109-0
57-0
£29
87
24
80
20
£31
46
44
49
80
£85
60
26
69
60
£84
44
23
61
66
87-0 88-7
85-5
52-0
£30
£44 £49
£42
AGRICULTURE.
Summary.
Value, Mtluons £.
VA.LUB PBR InHABITAHT.
185a
I860.
187a
1880.
185a
1860.
187a
1880.
Farms • • .
Cattle . . .
Crop* ...
Implements .
Total . .
688
114
116
81
1,882
226
188
51
1,923
816
214
69
2,116
878
415
103
£80
5
5
1
£44
8
6
2
£49
8
6
2
£42
8
8
2
944
1,842
2,522
3,012 £41 1 £60
£65
£60
(The New England states are Maine, New Hampshire,
Termonty Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.
The Middle are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, and Maryland. The Southern are Virginia, North and
South Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
I^iiisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The
Western, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Nevada, Montana, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska,
Colorado, Dakota, New Mexico. The Pacific, California,
Oregon, Washington, and Utah.)
In 1879 the agricultural products of the several groups
of States were as follows: —
Bute*.
Vilue
(Slillioii«£X
Ratio per
Acre.
Ratio i>cr
Inhabitant.
Ratio to Agricul-
tural CapiuL
New England
Middle . .
Southern . .
Western . .
Pacific . .
Total . .
21
78
131
212
16
£0-95
1-45
0-60
1-01
070
£5-2
6-7
8-6
121
14-5
12 per cent.
26 „
u „
15 „
458
£0-90
£9-0 15 per cent
The yield per acre is on the total area of farms, of which
only 55 per cent is " improved," so that the real yield per
acre cultivated or improved is double the figures shown
above.
AGRICULTURE.
F.— FttBSCH AORICDLTCRB.
Quantity to
irniwiu.
Grun, buifaoU .
. 726
X161,000,000
Wine, gkllona .
. 720
46,000,000
Pot««™,owt^ .
IBO
88,300.000
Chertnnta, „ .
U
i.eoo,oo(»
V,gBUbIe.„ .
ai
IS.200,000
Straw, toDi
17
21.800,000
H»y. ..
14
84000.000
Cider, gnlloaa .
220
7.200,000
Beet-root, ewU .
leo
7.600,000
FUx,oil.fto. .
7,600,000
TilLMfe
7
£326,400,000
Me.t,c-ti
IS
5AOO0,0O0
Poulti7 and eggn
14,000,000
Duiy prcHlucta .
31,000,000
Hidei, wool, *c
.
10,000,000
ToUI . .
£436,600,000
G.— Ger
HAM Ao RICtLTURK.
Qu«ntttjln
ValD*.
Grain, biuhela .
. 634
£1»,000,000
WIiie.g.Uoni .
70
4,200,000
PotMoe*, toiu .
21
57,600,000
H.y. „ .
!«
69,400,000
Sti»w, „ .
18
20,000,000
Boet-root „ .
11
9,200.000
Sondriei . .
88,000,000
Till.gB
£312,800,000
Me>V cwU.
Hi
72,000.000
Hide., wool, d^, a
«.
80,000,000
Total . .
£444,300,000
H.— Eua
IAN AORICULTLRE.
^MillV™"
Vid«.
GnlcbuheU .
. 1.710 ■
£286,000,000
Potatoei, cwt& .
180
22,300,000
Flax and hemp, cwt*
13,000.000
.. Mxl
7,000,000
Beet-ioot
go
8,100,000
Hay.atraw.t*.
26,000.000
■nikft* .
£337,400,000
Heat, CWU.
84
82,000,000
Hld«,wool.d.ii7,4
«.
63,000,000
Total . .
£188,400,000
AOKtCOLTVRS.
—Avatun Asataajivua.
£110,00(^000
80,000,000
M,00(COOO
lo^oocCooo
Mixniw*
TahNoTOnp
(U
nm\
A»W.
SOI
T^.
^.^^\K...^.
TotnL
Gnin
16-4
38-5
63-7
66-4
110-1
PoUtoa
St
11
3'G
16-0
4-0
20-0
Wina .
0-5
0-9
1-4
6-0
10-6
15-0
B«K .
07
OA
1.1
4D
2-0
6fli
H.J .
s-o
44
13-0
lOfl
7-0
14-0
StndriM
1-8
0-8
2-6
7-0
8-0
10-0
Total
»«
27 3
S7-1
1127 1 92 4
2061
K. — Italian Aoricdltuke.
M«at.owt>.
HidMiDdw
Il*b7,*<s.
£65,000,000
29,800,000
6,100,000
4,800.000
7,000,000
28,800,000
£141.800,000
16,000,000
8,000,000
14,000,000
AGRICULTURE.
L. — AaRICDLTDBE IK SfAIN AND PORTUOAI.
QuwUtylnUimou.
V»l
.lnlimi>n.«. 1
Bprin.
PortugJ.
Tnt.1
326
ioo
£0
8p>iD.
Portugal.
S
10
1
5
ToUL
ftS
29
i
20
Crain, bntheli .
Wine,gaUo>u .
FnUt,ta." .
Tillage. . .
SundriM. . .
Total . . .
295
15
so
so
5
60
19
S
15
"fl
■i
"7
97
18
20
24
8
8
121
19
23
- ! -
133
SO
]«3
If. — Agricdlture in BsLaitu and Holluid.
4uuiutr(iimu>
TotoL
Vilu.
(Hmi«a«. 1
Belgium.
HolUni.
BalsKim.
Boll^.
Total.
21
8
8
20
Grain, biuhela
Potatoe«, cwta.
Hay.
Snndrie* . .
Till.«e . .
M«at,cwt.. .
Dairy, ftc. .
Total . ,
6S
34
13
37
•22
40
105
66
63
"4
14
G
2
10
7
3
0
10
2
"2
81
8
6
26
8
11
67
18
18
... 1 ...
44
45
89
K. — Agriculture is Scandinavia.
Q.«nt(tj (HIIUou).
TotdTaliM
(llUlla»a£).
D«>m>rk.
Swcdtn.
K«w.x.
Tot^
Oraln, tnuheb .
Potatoes, oirt*. .
Ma;, tou. . .
Simdriei . . .
TUlajn . . .
M.at,lrt.. . .
Duiy.tc . .
76
6
8
80
20
3
16
10
1
170
36
7
84
6
14
4
2
"8
1
i
S7
19
18
...
... 1 ...
... ., 1
AIR.
13
0. — Agriculturb in Canada.
Q lantlty In
Value
Value per
MiUioiis.
(MUlions £).
Inhabitant.
Onln, bnsheli
130
22
£5-0
Heat, cwU.
4
10
2-8
DaixT prodacU .
Sondrim
• •••
9
11
21
2-6
Total
52
£11-9
P. — Australian Agriculture.
Quantity lu
Value
Value p(
MUiioiia.
(MilUonaJ). I
nhabitai
Grain, bushels .
60
18
£4-4
Wool, lbs. .
390
20
7-4
Meat, tallow, &c.
• • • •
16
6-0
Dairy products .
9 •• •
6
2-2
Potatoes, cwts. .
8
2
07
Hay, wine, fruit, &c.
• •• •
19
7-0
Total 76 £277
— In its pore state it is composed thus : —
Nitrogen 77
Oxygen 21
Other components 2
100
The percentage of oxygen varies as follows : —
Locality.
Sea- shore
Confined houses
Percentage.
. 2100
. 2076
Locality.
Mines .
When candles go out
Percentage.
. 20-50
. 18-60
The following table shows how oxygen varies with climate —
Ben Lomond . 20 940, Mediterranean 20-947 Paris . . . 20 956
Atlantic . . 20 942; Madrid. . . 20*949 Geneva. . . 20 956
Lyon* . . . 20 -942, Berlin . . . 20-953 Andes . . . 20 963
Air travels in England in healthy years about 4J miles
an hour, and 3j in unhealthy. The percentage of carbonic
acid ranges thus : —
In country
. -03
In fogs .
•07
„ town .
. 04
„ crowded lanes
. -13
„ hospitals
. -06
„ theatres
. -30
Each adult inhales a gallon of air per minute, and con-
sumes daily 30 oz. of oxygen. For the conversion of this
oxygen a certain amount of food is required — say 13 oz. of
carbon for a male, and 11 oz. for a female, equivalent to
3 lbs. bread and 2 J lbs. respectively.
M
ALCOHOL— ALPA CA .
The proper allowance of air in barracks is 600 cabie feet
per man in Europe, and 1000 in India : for hoepifatls, 1200
cubic feet per bed in Europe, and 1800 in IndiiL HorMt
require in England 1600 cubic feet each, or nearly u much
aa three men.
ALCOHOL.— Th
degrees in
vines ar
d liquors ar«
_
Beer . .
iO
QooMberry
11-8
lUUfit. .
si-0
Portw . .
t-6
Ch»mp»ena
12-2
Mftdein . .
21-0
Ala . . .
7-t
Cbmt . .
13-3
Port. . . .
SS-2
Cider . .
S'fl
Burgundy .
IS'S
ConwM .
27-0
Peny . .
8-8
M»i.e.. .
. 17-8
AniHwd .
88-0
Elder . .
0-3
LiBbon . .
18-6
84-0
MoMlle .
9-6
Cuury . .
. 18-8
iS-0
Tok»y . .
10-2
Sherry . .
. 19-0
Gin ... .
Sl-8
EhiM . .
11-0
Venaouth .
. 18-0
Bandy. . .
58-4
Omige. .
11-2
Cpe . .
. 19-2
lUm . .
G8-r
11-6
M^niKy .
. 197
Iriri)WU.»7
M-«
Hook . .
11-8
. 20-2
Scotch . .'
64-8
Spirits are said to be " proof " when they contain 57 per
cent. The maxiniam amount of alcohol, gays Parkea, that
a man takes daily without injury to his health is that con-
tained in 2 oz. brandy, ^ pint of sherry, ^ pint claret, or 1
pint of beer.
ALLOT. — In British gold one part in 12, in silver 18 in
240. The standard of purity of Uie moneys of all countries
vill be found under the title Coins.
ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS.— The weight of theee depoaila
for every 1000 gallons of water is as follows ;—
. 821
ALFAOA — This wool wos first manufactured at Saltaire,
icar Leeds, in 1836, and the consumption in England has
isen aa follows (annual average) ; —
Tun. Cwta. Tilu.
1810-45 12,900 £ 96,000
1850-66 16,200 270,000
1860-85 80,160 840,000
187&-80 84,700 890,000
LochKatriw . k
Dmube . .
2
Wok. . .
Garonne . .
G»ng«. .
SoTom ... 1
Rhine . . .
ChelttDhMQ
Meraey. . .
Hkmgkte .
Timbridgi ! ; li
Tluun^. . .
4
Oi(u. . .
8p«. 7. . . li
Sddlitt . .
OcMva ... 2
Sp. . . . .
14
AtUatki .
A MPUTA TION— ANCHORS.
15
AMPUTATION.
A. — ^MORTALITT IN VARIOUS HOSPITALS: PeR CbNT.
liondoti
87-8
Edinburgh
. 48-8
60-0
Glaagow .
. 86 0
46 0
English rural .
. 17-8
Zurich
In such German hospitals as have adopted the Listerian
method, invented by Professor Lister of Glasgow, the death
rate after amputation has fallen to 4*7.
B. — London and Rural Compared.
Death-Rato of Patients, Per Cent
London.
Rural.
Univerdtj
. 26-7
Tewkesbury
. 8-8
St^ Bartholomew's
. 86*6
St. Leonard's .
. 10-0
Goj't
. 88-2
St. Alban's
. 14-2
St. George's
. 88-8
Ashford .
. 20-0
Whitechapel
. 47-8
Stockton .
. 25-0
C. — Nature of Amputation.
Death-Rate, Per Cent
Engli<«h
RuraL
185D-78.
Glasgow.
1850-74.
Gla*K< >w.
1795-1«38.
Guy'8.
1854-61.
1
Arm ...
Leg .
Thigh
General
8-1
16-5
83-8
17-8
34 0
45 0
52 0
36-0
480
68-0
92-0
51 0
20-0
39 0
50 0
38-2
D. — Amputations in War.
Death- RaU*. Per Cent
Peninsula
Waterlo«)
Crimea .
Arm.
12 9
11-6
15-5
Leg or Tliigli.
20-8
26-8
50-2
ANCHORS. — The weiiiht of anchors and cliain cables for
vesirfcls is as follows : —
Ve«4el,
t«in4
200
.'iOO
louo
2000
Anchors,
tuns.
3
6
H
18
Heaviest iu
cwts.
13
25
42
77
Cable,
inches.
1-0
15
1-9
21
Cable, length
iu fathonm.
180
270
300
300
It is usual for vessels to carry 7 anchors, 4 of the inaxiiuum
height prescribed above.
i6
A NIMA LS—A NTHROPOMBTR Y.
ANIMALS.
Weight
Tenra
Weiicht
Team
Ob».>.
of Life.
750
of Ufa
Rabbit . 5
5
Cow
25
Dog 10
12
Ox .
900
25
Shoep . 70
12
Hone
1,000
27
Pig. . 160
10
Camel .
1,200
40
laon . 600
40
Elephant
6,000
100
ANTHROPOMETRY.
A. — Height in Inches.
Age,
BnglSah
Halo.
American
Male.
Belgian.
Male.
Female.
10
16
20
24
30
40
60
60
70
51-8
62-2
67-5
67-7
679
680
67-9
67-7
67-2
51-7
62-3
67-4
67-9
681
681
*• .
• • •
•< •
601
69-6
668
66-2
66-4
66*4
66-4
660
66-4
49*2
586
62-0
621
62*2
62*2
62-2
61-8
618
B. — Weight in Lbs.
Age.
English
Male.
Amorican
Male.
Belgian.
Male.
Female.
10
16
20
24
80
67
103
143
148
166
66
106
147
147
160
56
91
131
146
146
51
88
117
123
122
The average weight of 20,000 men and women at Boston
in 1864, and of 22,000 weighed at Cincinnati in 1882, wua
as follows : —
M<ni. Women.
Boston . . 142 Iba 126 Iba
Cincinnati . . 164 „ 131
»
»t
There was no account taken of age.
■o Cum (BraLjun>).
!«»«. ]
ASwM.
«nian.
rum L*b«I«-
OaMnl
u
n-»
B07
so-a
u
n-9
fll-4
61-9 -
«'S
66-«
M
6B-4
H-O
M
••«
«'8
87-8
87 ■»
M
•87
871
87-8
88-0
S6-«
87-8
M
Ml
M-S
88«
«77
1 »
SM
68-6
6»-S
69-2
D.-
-Wmur jlooomn TO
Club (EmolabbX
AfK
- 1
laoBt.
ArtJ-n.
rumUlMdnr.
ObML
1 ■»
6S
84
87
87
15
107
es
]01
lOS
! »
148
1B8
144
Its
M
148
lis
152
148
ISO
158
1S6
170
1S4
161
1S4
1 M
V2
14»
180
164
{ 80
170
ISS
171
162
In the preceding tables height ia irithout ehoee, but
weight indodes clothing. The LapUnden are the shorteat
people in Europe — nudes, 69; femftles^ 57 inches. The
Borton Journal of Cktmidry give* the ftvenge height of
■dnit males u foUows : —
87-98 Rniriwi
87-87 Franob
8707
88 -U
E.— DmiBSHCi or Stxm (Eobope).
i8
ANTHROPOMETRY.
F. — Danson's Table of Convict-Male8.
Age.
Height, Inchee.
Weight. Uw.
1868.
1878.
18S8.
1878. 1
1
1
18
64-3
64*1
122
125
20
65-2
651
133
187
22
66-2
65-7
139
148
24
65-9
65*4
142
141
26
66-2
65-6
142
148
28
66-7
657
148
144
80
66-4
65-5
142
144
(
J. — Chbbt i
LND StREI^GTH
(Englani
.).
Age.
Che«t. cP
Inchca. °^
rmwlng
rengtii,
Lb«.
f
Age.
Chest,
Inches,
Dnwlnf
Btreugt^
Lbs.
10
26 0
85
80
36-0
80
15
29-6
48
40
36-2
77
20
84-8
78
50
86-5
75
24
86-8
78
6
0
• • •
70
U. — Chest Measurement of British Armt.
Over 40 inches 4 '3
88 to 40 20-4
86 to 38 41*8
35 to 36 17*8
Under 35 15*7
100*0
1. — Height of British Army (1882).
Over 6 feet .
510 to 6 feet
5-6 to 5-10 .
Under 5 feet 6 inches .
Eiigtiiih.
0-6
11-0
411
47-3
100-0
Scotch.
1*2
11-2
42-6
45-0
100-0
Irish.
0*8
8*3
861
55-3
100-0
K. — AuMY Measuremext (Stature) (I860).
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Italian
650
Austrian .
. 66-5
Irish . .
. 68-0
Spaniard . .
65-5
Bt^Igian .
. 66^
Sct>tch . .
. 68-5
French . .
660
Russian .
. 670
Swede. .
. 68*9
Hungarian .
661
EngUsh .
. 67-5
Norwegian
. 69-0
A POPLEXY—A Q UBD UCTS.
19
The British and Italian armies compare as follows in
latios of height —
Inetaca.
Brltiah.
ItaUan.
Under 65
5
34
65 to 67
. 35
35
Over 67
. 60
31
100
100
No less than 12 per cent, of the British army are up to
or over 70 inches in height.
r. — ^This disease is becoming more prevalent in
England, the number of deaths from this cause per million
inhabitants rising as follows : —
Per MUUon
Inbabiunta.
1850-66 457
1867-70 504
1871-78 517
1874-80 550
It has been accompanied with an increase in the rate of
iru^anitf/ (q.v.)
APPLES.— Tlie crop in Great Britain averages 85,000
tons, valued at XIO per ton: about 12 million gallons of
cider are made yearly. The production of cider in France
averages 220 million gallons.
The orchards of Great Britain cover 180,000 acres ; a ton
of ordinary good apples will produce 200 gallons of cider.
Great Britain imports 900,000 barrels of apples yearly from
United States and Canada.
AQUEDUCTS. — Rome, in the time of the Caesars, had
9 aqueducts, measuring 249 miles in the aggregate : they
poured into the city 320 million gallons daily, or 200 gallons
per inhabitant. The great aqueduct of Peru, built by the
Incas, was 360 miles long. Among modem works the most
famous are : —
, Name.
Miles
Crr.ton (New York)
41
Madrid .
47
Marseillt'3
51
(ilasgow
34
Washington .
16
Million Gallons
Diiily.
88
40
60
50
90
Cost of Work.
£1,800,000
2,300,000
450,000
1,550,000
See Wairr Snppli/.
20
AREA— ARMADA.
AREA.
1
1
Thousand
Millions of
Aeresper
1
Square MUes.
Acres.
InbabiUnt.
England . . |
58S
87
1-4
Scotland .
307
m
5-2
Ireland
United Kingdom .
81-9
20i
4*0
120-9
77
2-2
France
2011
129
3-4
Gennany .
2121
136
8-0
Russia
2,2617
1,448
18-0
Austria
144 6
93
4-2
Hungary .
124-4
80
5-0
Ital^ .
Spam
114*8
73
2*5
182*8
117
71
Portugal .
86-5
28
5-2
Belgium .
|ll-4
7
1-8
HoUand .
20-5
18
8^
Denmark .
14*6
9
4-5
Sweden
171*0
109
24*0
Norway
122*8
78
40*0
Switzerland
16*0
10
8*6
Greece
19-9
18
8*0
Roumania .
483
81
5*8
Servia
20-9
13
7*2
Turkey .
Europe .
62 0
40
9*1
' 3,905*3
2,499
8*0
United SUtes
3,603*9
2,806
44-0
Canada
3,372*3
2,158
475-0
Bradi
8,288*0
2,104
232-0
China
8,924*6
2,512
8-0
Asiatic Russia
6,179-0
• 8,955
410*0
Australia .
3,104 0
1,986
666-0
India
!
1,482 0
948
4-0
ABMADA.— That sent by PliUip II. in 1588 for the
intended conquest of England, and commanded by the Duke
of Medina, comprised —
132 ships, I 10,854 seamen,
8,165 cannon, I 23,200 soldiers.
The British fleet under Lord Howard, supported by Drake
and Hawkins, consisted of —
Itojal Navy.
Ships ... 41
Tonnage . . 16,000
Seamen . . . 8,200
The Spaniards lost 35 ships and 13,600 men.
Ve«Mla
Hired.
135
18,500
6.600
Tutal.
176
84,500
14,800
ARMY.
2t
r. — ^The standing annies of Europe have increased
60 per cent in 50 years : —
Great Britain
France
Gennany
Austria
Italj .
Spain .
Portugal
H<
Denmark
Sweden and Norway
Europe
Army
' (tbousasds).
Soldi KRs per 10,000
iNHABtTAMTB.
1881.
1851.
1881.
1831.
1851.
1881.
102
129
189
42
46
54
814
865
496
98
104
181
881
846
445
121
105
99
589
644
841
101
108
111
271
282
268
104
94
72
76
142
886
44
71
184
46
87
90
40
62
55
28
28
83
77
78
76
20
40
46
55
92
84
28
50
65
87
171
162
88
25
86
292
168
187
52
57
60
131
114
91
1,884
2,195
2,955
87
92
98
The following tables show the present military condition of
nations : —
B. — Army in Thousands op Men.
Great Britain
France .
Germany
Kiusia
Austria .
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Holland .
Belgium .
Denmark
Sweden and Norway
Greece .
Roomania
Europe
United States
Total
Infkntry.
Cftmlry.
Artnierj.
Tndn.
Ac.
Total.
No, of
Fleld-Plecefc
125
18
34
12
189
702
283
69
69
75
496
1,938
305
67
54
19
445
2,040
626
86
109
20
841
2,278
176
51
28
14
268
1,540
267
34
60
35
386
500
60
13
10
7
90
848
24
3
4
2
33
92
44
4
14
3
65
150
31
5
8
2
46
204
28
2
6
1
36
106
44
7
7
2
60
300
58
3
5
2
68
96
19
3
6
2
30
180
2,079
865
413
196
3,053
10,474
12
8
3
4
27
100
2,089
373
416
200
3,080
10.574
23
ARMY.
C. — Military SfRENOTH, Army and Navy, in 1869 and 1881.
TotslArmT
Hen
Cost
and NftTj Ex-
(Thousands).
(lfUUons£X
peuditurc.
RaUo to National
Budget
1809.
1881.
1869.
188L
1809.
188L
Great Britain . . .
269
247
26-4
27-9
85 1
33 6
France . . .
498
565
25 0
29-6
82*0
24*4
Germany . .
880
460
12-9
22 5
25-8
26-5
Russia . . .
876
871
21-5
29-5
S3 1
87-0
Austria . . .
283
278
10*4
12-6
22-9
167
Italy. . . .
199
401
7-5
10-4
16-3
16-8
Spain . . .
174
102
5-4
6-3
19-3
19-0
Portugal . .
30
87
10
1-2
24-3
151
Holland. .
82
72
2-5
2-6
27-8
26 0
Belgium . .
73
46
1-4
1-8
20-0
15-6
Denmark .
44
37
0-6
0-9
28-0
36-0
Sweden and Norway
Europe ....
60
69
10
1-8
22 5
25-7
2,963
3,185
115-6
147 1
26-1
25-3
United States . .
64
35
20-1
9*4
80-2
17-2
The World .
» 1
» i
»
3,027
3,220
135-7
156-5
27 0
24-6
D. — Army and Navy Strength and Expendtturb.
Combatants
per 10,000
Inhabitants.
Annual Cost
per Combatant.
Expenditure to
Population.
BhiUingfi per
luhabitaut.
18C9.
Great Britain . . .
France
Germany ....
Russia
Austria
Italy
Spain
Portugal ....
Holland
l^elgium
Denmark ....
Sweden and Norway
Europe ....
United States . .
The World . . .
87
130
98
128
82
76
108
70
234
146
250
103
106
17
94
1881.
1809.
1881.
1869.
71
£98
£113
17
159
51
52
13
102
34'
49
7
116
25
34
6
73
87
45
6
141
38
26
6
62
31
62
7
85
33
32
5
180
31
36
13
83
20
40
6
178
14
24
7
105
17
26
4
106
39
46
8
7
314
270
11
92
45
49
9 '
188L
16
17
10
8
7
7
8
6
13
7
9
6
10
4
84
ARMY.
23
The ratio of comlxitants to population in Europe is exactly
the same as in the year preceding the Franco-Grerman war,
but the expenditure for armies and navies having risen 30
per cent., is now two shillings per inhabitant higher, although
in Great Britain it has declined a shilling. The armies and
navies of the Continent absorb ten days' earnings of the
population each year, those of Great Britain only seven days'
eaming&
E..
— Bbh
T«ir.
Men.
1661
1688
1780
1764
1792
6,200
28,000
17,000
40,000
57,300
E. — BBrrisH Army at Various Pbriod&
Per 10,000
Inhabitants.
9
51
30
53
60
Year.
1810
1830
1850
1860
1881
Men.
806,700
108,700
138,800
229,500
189,000
Per 10,000
Inhabit ail IB.
171
46
52
79
54
F. — Cost of British Army and Navy.
Year.
1810
1830
1850
1870
ISSl
Expenditure.
£52,860,000
13,915,000
15,392,000
24,623,000
27,954,000
Coat per
Inhabitant.
£2
0
0
0
0
18
11
11
16
16
8
6
5
2
0
National
Biniinga
(Uillious£).
250
350
610
961
1,247
Ratio of Mili-
tary Expendi-
ture to National
Eamlugs.
21-2
4 0
2-5
2-5
2-2
G. — British Army and Volunteers.
The effective strength has increased since 1860 as ful-
low.s : —
Year.
IfeOO
1870
1681
Ann.
Army.
221,604
180,444
188,986
Volunteers.
106,400
170,700
206,535
Army.
Infantry 126,400
Cavalry 17,300
Artillery 85,200
Engineers, &a . . . 11,300
190,200
Total.
328,004
851,144
395,521
Volunteers.
159,500
600
37,800
8,800
206,700
Percentage
of Pifpiilation.
113
111
1-13
Total.
285,900
17,900
73,000
20,100
396,900
According to Napoleon Bonaparte the proportions of an
arniy should be 70 per cent infantry, 17 per cent cavalry,
and 13 per cent between artillery, engineers, and train. The
regular army has 9400 officers, and 16,100 petty oflficers.
24
ARMY.
The army is composed as follows : —
NaUonality.
English 70
Irish 20
Scotch 8
Colonial 2
B«Ugion.
Chnroh of &igland 64
Roman Catholic . 24
Pretbyterians . . 8
Diasentera ... 4
Age.
Under 18 yean
18 to 30 years.
80 „ 40
Over 40
t»
ff
100
2
74
20
4
100
Height
Under 65 inches
65 to 67 inches .
67 „ 70
Over 70
ff
100
6
85
48
12
100
The composition of the army has changed very remarkahly
in the past 20 years, viz. : —
1861.
1871.
1881.
linglish .
56-8
641
68-8
Irish .
81*2
24*9
20-4
Scotch
• . 9-1
8-6
80
Colonial .
2^
2-4
2-8
1000
1000
100-0
The education of the men shows a great advance since
I860, viz. :—
1880. 1881.
Able to read . . .84 per cent 96 per cent
Able to write . . . 68 ,. 93
ff
The total land military forces (1885) are as follows (OOO's
omitted):—
Regolars
Reserve
Militia
Volunteers
Indian army
Total
Hor^e.
17
4
14
1
20
56
Foot. Artillery, Ac. Total.
134
35
115
193
97
574
51
12
22
54
4
143
202
51
151
248
121
773
There are al?o 14,000 Irish Constabulary and 190,000
Indian police on military footing.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
«S
In actiTe service the deaih-xate among officets ia heavier
than among the rank and file. The Duke of Wellington's
anny-roll from 1811 to 1814 showed —
Officen. Men.
KfOidd .... 14*5 per cent 10*2
Woondad . 81*0 „ 49*0
DiedofdiMMe . 18*0 88*0
If
For death-rate of armies in times of peace, see page
isa
n. — CONSCBIPTIOM FOB FbENCH ArMT.
Ymn.
Annual
Per 1.000
Average.
InhaUtanta.
181^.28
. 40,000
1-38
1824-29
. 60,000
1-90
1880-62
. 80,000
2*40
1863-68
.' 140,000
3-90
1859^8
. 100,000
270
1872-80
. 160,000
4-26
ABTESIAH WEI1L&— They were known at Thebes 2000
yean before the Christian era. In. modem times that of
Crenelle, near Paris, is the most famous, having taken eight
years in boring, 1833-41 ; it gives 700,000 gallons daily,
the water rising 32 feet above the surface, with a tempera-
ture of 81 J' Fahr.
Well.
Depth,
Feet
Diameter,
Inches.
Oidlons
Water per
Minute.
CostofWeU.
Crenelle .
1,798
3-74
484
£14,650
PMsy
1,923
27-60
1,980
40,000
Kinengen
1,880
400
600
7,000
St. Louis, U.S.
2,200
• ••
• • •
2,000
Chicago .
700
820
• •«
CaUis
1,138
• • •
8,560
Donchery.
1,215
• • •
3,045
■ Trafalgar Square
393
500
• • •
Lille
592
• • •
320
Algeria .
177
1,130
• • •
Elbenf .
492
2-95
66
• • •
1 St. Denis.
262
2-28
28
• • •
There are 78 of these wells in England, varying from 100
to 1000 feet. Several have been sunk in China more thuu
1000 feet, at a cost of only seven shillings per foot
26 ARTILLERY.
ABTIZI.EBT. — There are abont 37,000 pieces of cannon,
of which onljr 20,000 con be said to be in use.
a™,.
».,.
Portlflca-
Total.
Great Britain
792
1,480
2,000
France ....
1.93S
2,834
2.8O0
7,S7a
Germany ....
2,0*0
670
2,770
6.380
2.278
838
2,010
5,134
Augtria ....
1,540
320
1,000
2.880
Italy
500
480
600
1.480
Spain
348
625
300
1,173
Portugal ....
9-i
irs
110
380
Holkod ....
150
Geo
120
830
Bdgiimi ....
204
40
244
Denmark ....
lOS
245
170
621
Sweden uid Norwav .
300
672
100
1,072
180
S6
64
310
Turkey ....
Enn>pe ....
SSO
200
100
SSO
11,124
B,00«
12,224
32,354
FnitedStatca .
100
1.055
3,000
4,155
Braril
166
200
410
Japan
TMal ....
120
149
100
369
11.394
lo.ars
15,5^1
37.294
At the close of the Fraaco-Gennan war the Germana took
from the French 7234 pieces of cannon, includiog 348.^
field-pieces, and 3300 fortress guns. At the battle of
Waterloo tlie British artillery fired S467 rounds, or nne
for every Frenchman killed. The progress of gunnery in
the last ten years is shown as follows : —
1878. First Woolwich infant— 35 ton, 18 feet, shot 700 Iba, powder
'"0 Iba. It sent a Faltiscr abut through 1S|| incbea iron and
300 11m.
1S76. Third Woolwich infant— 81 ton, shot 1260 lbs., went throngh
60 feet saniL
1877. Armatrong fiin>. 100 ton, fnr It:i1<an ironclad Dttilia.
Vat marine artillety, aee page 320.
Tlio coat of heavy guns is aa follows, per ton : —
Coat iron . . £ 21 1 Krapp . £170
Aniiitrung . . lOU | Whitworth . , 17S
ASSES,
27
B. — Initial Velocity.
Oan.
Rifle, 6-inch
*»
If
9»
9>
„ 7-iDch
Smooth 9-inch
Powder
(»b«.)
16
12
11
13
15
Shot
(lb..)
35
71
107
100
104
Velocity
(feetX
1.917
1,356 ■
1,107
1,130
1,254
C. — Cannon of Middle Ages.
Name..
Cannon
Serpentine
Cnlverin .
Demi-cuWerin
Falcon
Shot
(lb..)
64
52
19
10
2
Powder
(lb..)
32
26
15
8
2
Gun
(cwt..)
72
62
40
20
6
Length
(feet).
12
12
12
10
7
Date.
Name.
1430
Dulle Griete
1450
Mons Meg
1464
^lahomet
1543
^lalik Mydan
1586
Czar Pooshka
1C28
Dhool-Dhanee
Famous Pieces op Cannon.
Place.
Holland .
Edinburgh
Turkey
India
Moscow .
India
Tons.
14
6
20
40
39
30
ASSES. — The number, compared to population, in various
ountrie:?, is as follows : —
No.
Per 1000
Iiihabitaiita.
United Kingdom .
France . . . .
Au<«tria.
Italy . . . .
Spain and Portugal
<lre€ce .
lielgiuui and Holland
837,000
406,800
96,000
501,600
. 2,510,000
94,000
15,000
10
11
8
17
125
55
2
Germany
Kgjpt .
40,000
88,000
1
18(^
The number has increased in the United Kingdom as
ollows : —
1850. 1880.
Great Britain . . 130,000 150,000
Ireland . . . 141,000 187,000
United Kingdom
271,000
337,000
28
ASSESSMENTS OF INCOME.
ASSESSMENTS OF INOOMR — ^The number of persona
assessed in Great Britain down to 1850, and the United
Kingdom since that date, have been as follows : —
Persons Asssssed. Psk Miluov IraAVTAaT^
Tear.
. Over £5000.
£200 to £5000.
OTor£5000.
£S00to£500«.
1812
409
89,856
34
8.280.
1850
1,181
64,208
56
8,059
1860
1,558
83,972
53
2,896
1870
2,080
128,295
67
4,139
1880
2,954
207,476
88
6,225
The following tables are based on the Probate Court
returns, the valuation of houses, and other sources : —
A. — Incomb of England and Wales.
Class.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Total
No. of
ATerage
Amount,
Families.
Income.
Millions £.
193,200
£1,500
290
1,531,000
250
383
3.498,000
105
367
5,222,200
200
1,040
B. — Income op Scotland.
Class.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Total
No. of
Arerags
Amonnt,
Families.
Income. 1
MUlloDs £.
24,200 •
£1,250
30
193,400
255
49
529,200
85
45
746,800
165
124
C. — Income of Ireland.
Class.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Total
No of
Average
Amoimt,
Families.
Income.
Millions JL
14,400
£970
14
172,000
200
34
845,600
45
38
1,032,000
84
86
D. — Income of United Kingdom.
Class.
No. of
Avemge
Amomit,
Families.
Income.
Millions A.
Rich .
231,800
£1,440
334
Middle .
1,896,400
245
466
Woiking
4,872,800
92
450
r
Total
7,001,000
180
1,250
ASSIGN ATS.
29
E. — ^Income* OF France.
CUms*
Rich .
Middle .
Total
CImb.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Total
CUm.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Total
CIam.
Rich
Middle .
Working
Na of
Fkmiliea.^
158,210
1,666,700
5,879,810
Arerage
Income.
£800
200
85
a—
II.—
Amnnnt,
miltons £.
127
388
505
7,704,220
125
965
rcoME OF Germany.
No. of
Families.
120,810
686,250
8,581,900
Avernge
Income.
£730
160
76
Amount,
Millions i.
88
110
652
9,388,960
90
850
Income of
Italy.
No. of
Families.
80,990
892,000
5,243,010
Average
Income.
£520
110
55
61
Amount,
Millions £.
16
48
286
5,666,000
845
Income op
Spain.
No. oC
Families.
25,120
212,300
3,261,180
Average
Income.
£880
110
43
Amount,
Millions £.
22
23
140
ToUl . 3,498,600 53
I. — Landowners op Austria-Hungary.
185
aa«s.
Ist
2d
8d
4th
5th
Land-Tax.
£40
20 to 40
8 to 20
4to8
under £4
No. of Owners.
56,514
162,218
584,300
675,100
4,673,092
6,151,224
The incomes of oilier countries cannot be classified. See
Tnccnne.
ASSIGN ATS. — The amount issued by the first French
Republic readied in 1790 the nominal sum of 360 millions
sterling; they became so depreciated that a pair of boots
:ost £300, and a pound of butter £30.
30
ASYLUMS^BALANCE OF TRADE.
ASYLUMS.
"So. of asylums .
Na of bc^s ....
Maintenance
See Blind, Deaf and Durih.
United Kingdom. France.
652 1,105
104,000 120,300
. £2,600,000 £2,760,000
B
BACON.— See Meat, Pigs.
BALANCE OF TBADE. — The imports of all nations dar-
ing 20 years ending 1880 amounted to 12 per cent more
than exports, which proves that freight and commissions
add 12 per cent, to the original value of merchandise when
shipped. Freight averages X8 for every XI 00 worth of
merchandise carried.
MiLUOKS £.
Snri>ltia
Imports.
Surplua
Exports.
Imports.
ExporU.
1861-70
1871-80.
1861-70.
18n-80.
20 Yean.
20 Yews.
United Kingdom
2,701
8,714
2,129
2,778
1,508
• • •
France ....
1,090
1,560
1,100
1,390
160
• • •
Germany . . .
950
1,740
680
1,270
740
• • •
Russia ....
270
490
280
480
• » •
• • •
Austria. . . .
802
570
350
505
17
• • •
Italy ....
361
472
263
444
126
« • •
Spain and Portugal
222
253
164
242
69
• • •
Belgium . . .
805
562
246
441
180
• • •
Holland . . .
819
630
258
432
259
• • •
Scandinavia . .
169
848
151
262
104
• • •
Greece, Turkey, &c.
Europe . .
183
174
225
159
• • •
••2' 1
6,872
10,513
5,846
8,403
3,136
• • •
United SUtes
493
988
361
1,122
• • •
2
Canada. . . .
161
179
182
151
57
• • •
Australia . . .
289
402
191
848
157
• • •
India ....
293
868
518
597
• • •
454
China and Japan .
244
289
233
271
29
• • •
South America
528
587
513
658
• • •
56
Egypt ....
73
52
184
186
• • •
195
Java ....
52
91
93
165
• • •
115
Other coimtries .
Total . . .
223
818
230
811
• •
• • •
9,228
13,787
8,301
12,157
2,557
• • •
BALL A ST—BALLOONS.
31
BALLAST. — In recent yean the port entries of Europe
show m declining ratio of Yessels in ballast, although in the
United Kingdom the ratio has risen.
Tonnaffa of BiDait
BstiotoallPMri
Entries.
JBntrlea.
PMts of
r
180&.
1881.
1865l
1880.
■
Percent
Percent.
United Kmgdom . .
2,1^,000
5,076,000
14
17
FnuMi
280,000
897,000
5
8
GennasT .
818,000
1,705,000
18
23
RumU . .
1,258,000
8,118,000
52
46
AwlriA. .
881,000
862,000
26
19
856,000
427,000
11
10
242,000
1,085,000
17
86
Belginm
HoUimd .
21,000
110,000
2
8
212,000
71,000
10
2
Damnark ,
110,000
906,000
18
46
SwMm .
1,104,000
1,797,000
69
60
Norwmy
998,000
852,000
70
45
Eiinipe ....
8,321,000
16,356,000
21
20
United SUWs . . .
1
• • •
3,140,000
• ••
21
BALI/)ONS. — The most remarkable ascents on record
are-
Uitc-
AcroiiHiit.
1
Place of Ascent.
Height.
Taida.
Dtn»Ance. 1
Mile«. !
1
1783
Montgnlfier .
Lyons . . .
2,000
• • •
1804
Gay LiiKsao .
Paris . . .
7,700
• • •
1836
. HnlUnd . .
London . . .
• • •
500
1S59
Wiae . . .
New York . .
• • t
1,150
1862
Glaifther . .
Wolverton .
12,000
« • •
I)uring the siege of Paris, September 1870 to February
1871, there were 64 balloons sent up, containing 91 pas-
tengen», 354 pigeons, and 3 million letters (weighing 9
ton>). See Acrumiutf Barometer y Sound,
32
BANANA— BANKS.
BANANA. — The most prolific of all fruits of the earth,
being 44 times more productive than potatoes, and 131
times more than wheat.
BANKS.— Since 1840 the banking of the world has
increased about eleven-fold, that is, three times as fast as
commerce, or thirty times faster than population*
A. — Capital Engaged
IN Banking.
ICiluohb£.
Amoont
perlnha-
Capital.
Deposits.
TotaL
bituut.
i
United Kingdom . . .
270
570
840
£25
France
55
150
205
6
Germany
85
200
285
6
Rnssia
45
110
155
2
Austria
36
130
166
6
Italy
81
60
91
8
Spain and Portugal . . .
12
10
22
1
Belgiom
7
20
27
5
Holland
6
20
26
7
Scandinavia
Europe ...
11
24
35
4
558
1,294
1,852
£6
United Stotes
145
386
531
10
Canada
17
18
85
8 .
Australia
Totals . .
19
66
85
30 f
739
1,764 2,503
£7
B.—
Hates of
Interest since 1 850.
1
1851-60.
iwi-7a
1871-80.
of 90
—
years.
Great Britain ....
417
4-23
3-28
8-89
France. . . .
4-30
8-65
3*94
8-93
Germany .
405
456
4-30
430
Austria
6-26
477
4-79
4-94
Italy . ,
Holland .
5-35
5*69
4 85
5-30
3 60
8-98
340
367
Belgium .
3-62
3-59
3-60
3-60
Europe
4-27
4-30
371
4 09
s 1
' I
i i
i.
i
I I
BANKS.
as
C— iMm Am SnoD BMnmi w ail BoncB ih I88O1
• •
• • •
• • •
aadNnrwaj
• • •
fO
116
e7
7
4
14
17
7
4
8
79
tl
17
8
S
4
12
S
8
1
77
62
24
26
18
M
28
70
28
50
88
£i 4
8 10
1 8
1 i
1 If
S 8
0 •
1 10
8 18
4 5
1 8
8 1
1 15
6
0
0
&
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Europe • • • •
United States . . .
Spaaiah America . .
India
Anstralia ....
Canada
TuUU . .
490
221
45
149
68
46
70
10
14
12
12
100
12
12
100
8
2
25
741
325
44
£1 12
2 15
8 6
0 1
4 5
0
0
0
3
0
1 16 0
£19 0
The Issues and Reserves of the principal banks were as
follows : —
Bank.
Ibsub (Miluoxb jE).
Bprcir Resertb
(MiLUOMS £).
1871-60.
188a
1S71-80.
1880.
France . . .
Germany . . .
RoHia ....
Anuria. . . .
United SUtei .
Totab . .
27
94
50
121
65
153
27
92
50
116
66
149
26
67
31
81
15
31
28
79
31
28
17
68
510
500
201
251
BANKS.
33
C. — Issue and Specie Beservb of all Banes in 1880.
United Kingdom . ,
Frmnoe ....
Gernuuiy ...
Rani* . . . . .
Austria ....
Italy
Spain
SwitzerUnd . . .
Belgiom
HoUand
Sweden and Norway
Denmark . . . .
Greece
Europe . . . .
United States . . .
Spanish America . .
India
Australia . . . .
Canada
MiTXiOKB a.
Issue.
43
92
50
116
66
67
7
4
14
17
7
4
8
Besenre.
83
79
31
28
17
8
2
2
4
12
2
2
1
Ratio of
Reserve.
Issue per
Inhabitsut.
77
86
62
24
25
12
28
50
28
70
28
50
33
6
0
0
0
0
£1 4
2 10
1 2
1 8
1 16
2 8 0
0 9 0
1 10
2 12
4 5
1 2
2 1
1 15
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tibials
490
221
45
149
68
46
70
10
14
12
12
100
12
12
100
8
2
25
741
325
44
£1 12 0
2 15 0
8 6 0
0 13
4 5 0
1 16 0
£19 0
The Issues and Reserves of the i)rincipal banks were as
follows : —
IsiiUE (Millions £).
SPKriK Rkhervb
(MlLLIUNii £).
Bonk.
1871-80.
1880.
1S71-80.
1880.
England . . .
27
27
26
28
France . . .
94
92
67
79
Germany . . .
50
50
31
31
Russia ....
121
116
31
28
Austria ....
65
60
15
17
United States .
Totals . .
153
149
31
68
510
500
201
251
c
34
BANKS.
D.— Rates of Imtsbbst in 1882.
London •
Vienna .
Hamburg
Bank.
412
875
4*12
Open
Market
8-37
8-87
876
4-00
Bank.
Berlin . • . 4*62
AmrterdAm . 4*50
Brussels . . 4*50
St Petersbarg 6*00
OpsB
llark«t
8*87
4-25
4*25
612
R — Thb Threb Grbat Bakk&
Bank of England.
Number of shares . 145,600
Capital £14,500,000
Real value of shares £51,200,000
Ordinary dividend • 10 per cent
Bank of Pranoe.
18,300
£7,300,000
£23,000,000
15 per cent
Bank of Oenaaaj;
40,000
£6,000,000
£9,000,000
6 percent.
F. — Banks op England ano France Cokpared.
Year.
Millions £.
Bank d England.
Bonk of France.
Iiaue.
Rcservo.
lame.
Reaerre.
1810
1830
1850
1870
1882
!
21*0
20*1
20-4
245
25*9
35
92
160
22*3
20*4
4 0
8*9
197
57 6
112*2
1*6
6*8
17*9
498
842
G. — Bank of France Discounts.
MilUona aterling.
Tenr.
1839
Faria. Branches. TotaL
42 23 65
Ratio to Popi
£2
1847
53 53 106
S
1857
84 140 224
6
1866
103 158 261
7
1881
220 235 455
H. — Bank op Prussia.
12
1820 .
1830 .
1840 .
Amount of Turn-over
(Thouaanda omitted).
. £11,400
. 85,500
. 45,200
1850 .
1860 ,
1870 .
Amount of Tan-^rer
(Tboutanda omitkeoi
. £77,100
. 208,000
. 830,000
It has now become the Imperial Bank of Germany.
kaka fa OMntelSM ihMudM bHfwt
BMite (bt Am, tb» llartff«a Banki liad > otpital of
la^ nd a iWN ol 80 aaiku itoduifr
X— Oaovm or «■■ Ba>k or firauirK
1lM«vildai^BiiiklittiiMnMfoIlowi:— .
S«H . , <1.IN^0M I 179S . . <ll,aOO,OM
atuMw*. 1
Dqudl..
BMorJtia.
17W
8-*
*-7
10-S
8-S
1790
10-0
8-«
10^
8S
IBM
16-9
M
81 -4
8-1
1810
21-0
126
864
8-B
1830
2SB
i-1
26-2
49
1830
»1
108
24-2
f-S
1840
IBS
88
21-a
4-8
18M
SO-4
18*
26-0
WD
IMO
El-fi
18-8
28-4
U^
1870
U-6
24^
SSB
223
1880
«T-I
SS'i
84-8
27-9
1SS3
2£-7
S8-8
87-1
ao-4
K.— Baxkiko xs Sootlakd.
Tmt.
ll.u«« t
P..-^^.
aHUL
DtporiM.
Tutal.
IMJ
18M
W75
1881
11
12
»
13
83
43
78
78
44
86
«6
88
87
18
80
86
24
36
BANKS.
The issue rose from X3, 100,000 or 22 shillings per head
in 1845, to £5,600,000 or 30 shillings per head in 1882.
L. — Joint-Stock Banks in United Kingdoil
In June 1882 there were 186 banking companies, of
which 120 were English, 10 Scotch, 9 Irish, and 47 Colo-
nial, whose business stood as follows : —
Capital
Reserve
Value of stock . . .
Issue
Deposits
Cash
Government securities.
Discounts
Assets
U ILUOHS £•
English.
Scotch.
Irish.
ColAnial.
TcUL
52
9
7
40
108
22
6
3
15
46
138
24
20
68
250
28
6
7
10
51
279
79
23
132
513
82
14
6
33
135
52
12
2
12
78
225
62
20
251
558
898
105
32
250
785
It appears from the foregoing that although the nominal
capital and reserve employed in banking do not exceed 154
millions, the shares represent an actual value of 250 millions ;
the above does not include private banks,
M. — Increasb op Banking in United Kingdom.
IIILLIOKB £.
Capital AND UicPosiTa.
Amoukt pnt
Inhabit AKT.
1850.
1882.
•
18:*0.
18>2.
England
Scotland
Ireland .•••.•
207
36
17
660
103
43
£11
12
3
1
£26
28
8
United Kingdom . .
260
806
£10
i:23
The banks of the United Kingdom are owned by 88,000
shareholders, the average capital to each shareholder being
XIOOO in ScoUand, £780 in England, and £720 in Ireland.
ir. — Gold Yaldb op Bank of Ekolaiti) £5 Note,
1797-1820.
T«n.
810
1S16
92
811
83
i8ia
1802-3
9a
813
1817
1S04-8
97
SIS
78
131 8-19
1SW
91
81*
80
1820
N. — Bakk-sotb Ibsub of Unitbd Kisodojl
The
umndi Omiltod.
'"Tsim'i^r'
1B4I.
»"■
ie«z.
ISIl
18T4.
IBM.
EDgUod . . .
SootlsDd.
Iieluid .
United Kingdom .
£2M0O
8,000
5,900
£31,200
6.900
6,800
£23.900
B,eoo
7,300
3i
S-2
IS
25
35
2i
S2
30
26
IT
£37,300
£13,900
£41,800
2?
HI
O. — Colonial Bankiko.
An.™.l,t r
"iskT
(flioUMnd*
OlutlWd).
P«r Inha-
ItHl IMi 1 IWJ.
£9,300 £17,100 £4
31,500 71,600 15
33,500 7H00 le
42,800 93,0001 20
£6
25
24
34
£17.700
30,100
31.000
48.100
7
r.-Ac
TRALIAN
Banks
IS 18h
1.
TBOtHSM OHJIITO.
EATWP.
■ IXHJkB.
IVp~.IU-
D.«™a«
A-U. |l4.Wlll^..
IXmtH.
DUCIHOU.
Victoria. .
X. S. W«les
N. Zeakcd.
1 a AntnliA
£20.360
18,770
9,290
4.510
3.108
2.252
330
£18,195
17,210
11,180
5,510
3,970
1.G20
105
£23,908
25,390
14,080
7,215
6,520
2,290
01 0
£22,0.10
20.405
10.330
5,190
4,115
2,380
390
£23
25
£21
23
21
20
IS
14
13
21
1 Tow. .
jL5S,950
£58,390
£78,993
£31,850
21
38
BANKS.
Q.— Canadian Banes in 1881.
Thouaakds Omutbo.
Ratio pcr
lHHAMTAKt.
Capital.
AM«ta.
IJabilitiM.
Capital.
AiMU.
Quebec . . .
Ontario . . .
NovA-Scotia. .
New Brunawick
£12,400
3,600
1,200
600
£25,100
15,000
3,100
1,100
£15,800
10,800
1,900
600
£9
2
8
2
£18
8
7
3
Total . .
£17,800
£44,800
£29,100
£4
£10
R— Banks in Ukitbd States.
Period.
Ko. of Banks.
Pnid Capital
(MUUona £X
•
lasno
(lUlliuiia£)u
1830-39
835
53
21
1840-49
760
43
22
1850-60
1,475
79
40
1861-78
3,100
101
70
1879-80
6,360
131
70
1882
6,813
145
71
Tlicre are 2132 National Banks and 4681 Stato or private
banks. Deposits and capital, 531 millions sterling, or XIO
per inhabitant^ against £23 in the United Kingdom. The
distribution of banks in December 1 880 was as follows : —
States.
No. of Banks.
Capital and
Dopnaita
(MillloQs£).
Amount per
lithabitant
New England . . .
Middle
Southern ....
Western
The Union . . .
1,080
1,920
670
2,690
144
244
31
112
£36
21
2
6
1
6,3.0
531 £10
The shares of the National Banks are held by 208,000
persons, showing an average banking capital of £700 per
shareholder, against £800 in Great Britain. Of 7 million
shares only 26,000 are held in Europe, of which 7000 in
Great Britain.
BANKS.
39
The statement of the National Banks for October 1881
compaxes with that of 8 years before, as followa^ in millions £
sterling: —
OotolMr 1873. October 1881.
90 • 97
82 38
62 67
118 225
174 244
Capital
^^ - - - »* -
iMposm •
Diaooimts
I)iffomiO0L
+ 8 percent.
+ 18 „
+ 8
+ 90
+ 40
»»
If
ft
The figures for 1873 represent the effective value in gold
at the exchange of $88 per $100 greenback.
The total of banking capital and deposits compares with
public wealth as follows: —
JM-Mt^aa
UiudcamA,
PUI IXHABITAirr.
B«nkCaidtaI,ae.| Wealth.
Bank Capital, Ac.
Weiath.
Xew England
Middto. . .
Wertem !
The Union .
144
244
81
112
990
8,280
884
8,182
£36
21
2
6
£248
288
68
170
531 8,336
£10
£160
S. — Banking and Commerce.
MILLI0H8, £.
1
Banking
RaUoto
Commerce.
Bank C&pital
aud Dcpo-iita.
Net Imports
and Exports.
! United Kingdom . .
France
Germanj
AnstriA
ItiJy
Spain and Portugal . .
Belgium
Holland
Scandinavia ....
Knrope ....
United SUtea . . .
Canada
Anatralia
The World . . .
840
205
285
155
166
91
22
27
26
35
570
332
315
151
128
96
54
116
121
55
144
61
90
102
130
95
40
23
22
63
1.852
531
35
85
1,938
809
35
101
105
170
100
84
2,503
2.383
105
40
BANKRUPTCY.
BANKBUPTOT.
A. — Average for Years 1879-81,
United Kingdom
France . . .
Austria • .
United States .
Canada . . .
Ko.of
FaUures.
13,720
5,580
1,414
6,715
920
Amount
£31,300,000
10,200,000
1,820,000
16,300.000
2,730,000
ROioto
Ooxnmeros.
Percent.
3
n
Si
8
B. — Failures in England and Wales.
Annual Average.
Tears.
Ifumber.
Millioiia £
1870-72
6,039
15-3
1873-75
7,766
21-6
1876-78
10,077
23*5
1879-81
11,052
21-2
1882-84
7,263
18-1
Average
Poroentagv
per Failure.
o( Aaaela.
£2,500
80
2,800
29
2,300
30
1,930
31
2,500
29
The wholesale failures in recent years have been : —
Tear.
London.
Provinoet.
Scotland.
Ireland.
TotaL
1880
385
972
99
22
1,478
1882
399
823
78
14
1,314
1883
377
885
83
16
1,361
C. — Assets in Bankruptct, England and Wales.
Aisota.
Number.
Percentage.
1S70.
1881.
1870.
188L
Under 5 per cent
5 to 25 „
25 to 40 „
Over 40 „
Total . .
123
833
316
616
963
2,256
349
322
7
44
17
82
25
58
9
8
1,888
8,890
100
100
No. of
Caaet.
1870
5,002
1880
10,298
Avenge 10 je»n
9,516
BANKRUPTCY. 41
D. — Bankruptcy Report, England, 1870-80.
Amount A^ets. ^|,«,j'
£17,400,000 £5,300,000 80 per cent.
16,200,000 4,600,000 28 „
20,300,000 6,200,000 81 „
The cases liquidated in Court showred that law costs
absorbed 40 per cent of assets.
E.— Ireland, 1876-80.
The aggregate of Court business in the five years was as
follows : —
Liabilities . £2,750,000 I Law costs . £245,000
AnseU . . 805,000 I To creditors . 560,000
The average dividend, therefore, was 20 per cent.
F.— France, 1840-81.
Anncal Avbragk.
Tcir«. No. of Fftiluros. Ratio of Asseta.
1840-50 3,480 31 per cent.
1860-70 6,120 21 „
1878-81 5,580 17
The decline of assets is ascribed to a great increase of
fraudulent trading.
The following table shows the number of failures com-
pared with that of merchants and traders : —
Yc*r.
1844
1S54
1864
1874
Not onlv has the ratio of failures risen, but also the
average amount per failure.
G. — United States, 1866-82, Average.
No. of
Failed.
Ritio to
Faihirc« over
Merchant*.
Murchants.
£2000.
1,414,000
3,011
2*1 per cent.
52 per cent.
1,420,000
3,691
2-6 „
48 „
1,410,000
4,642
3-3 „
43 „
1,606,000
5,508
3-4 „
54 „
Tear*.
Number.
Amovmt.
Avorapo.
1866-72
2,889
£17,100,000
£6,000
1873-80
6,560
32,200,000
4,900
1882-84
8,960
84,550,000
3,800
42
BARLEY-^BAROMETER.
H.— Canada, 1879-82.
Tears. . Number. Amount. ATemgs.
1879-80 ^ 1,060 £3,080,000 £3,000
1881-82 625 1,450,000 2,300
lu the 18tli century the number of bankruptcies in
England averaged 177 yearly down to 1750, and 460 in the
50 years following.
The most remarkable failures since 1760 are described
under the title of Crisis.
BABLEY. — The principal features of this crop are : —
United Kingdom . .
France
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy and Spain . .
Belgium and Holland
Scandinavia ....
Roumania, &c. . . .
Europe ....
United States . . .
Japan
Egypt
Algeria
British Colonies . .
Acres
(Tl)ouauidi
Otnitted)L
2,590
3,500
8,900
15,500
5,100
4,700
230
1,300
2,000
ToUls
38,820
1,700
2,000
1,000
2,000
940
46,460
Cropf
Ifillion
Buahals.
90
80
90
130
81
95
8
39
40
Bushels
per Inh«-
bitADt.
2i
2
2
n
2
2
1
4
5
653
2
40
1
50
n
15
3
45
14
34
5
Bushels
per Acrt.
34
23
23
8
16
18
35
30
'-iO
17
24
25
15
36
837
IS
In the United Kingdom we consume 2 busheb per inha-
bitant in the form of beer. See Malt,
BABOMETEB. — In London it ranges between 28*700
and 30*700, but it has exceeded the latter figure three times
on record —
In 1778 30-935
February 11, 1849 . . . 30-895
January 18, 1882 . . . 30*983
Mr. Glaisher's barometer in his various balloon ascents
marked as follows : —
MUcsUitfh. Inches. MUes High. Inches.
1 24-7 4 13-7
2 20*3 5 11*8
3 16-7
He therefore estimates for 10 miles 4*2, and for 15 miles
1 6 inches. See Meteorclogy,
BARRACKS^BARRENNESS.
43
The mean height of barometer varies according to latitude
as follows : —
D«CrMor
Harometor.
Desreeof
Latitude.
Barometer.
10 •
•
. 29*98
45 . .
•
. 80-00
» .
•
. 80-06
50 .
•
. 29-81
80
•
. 8011
60 .
•
. 29-80
40
•
. 801W
67 . .
•
. 29-67
It varies according to elevat
Ion as follows
•
Feet
Mean
Feet
Mean
above Sea.
Barometer.
above Sea. Barometer.
Sea-lerel
0
80-00
Madrid . .
1,995
2772
Rome . .
151
2976
8t R6my .
5,265
24-45
MiUa . .
420
29*45
StGothard.
6,808
23 07
AOSOOW .
984
28-82
Mexico . .
7,471
22-52
GeneTA . ,
. 1,221
28-54
BogoU . .
8,731
21-42
Mmiicfa . .
1,765
27-95
Quito. . .
9,541
2075
BABBAOKS. — The death-rate in Indian barracks before
the adoption of Dr. Farr^s reforms, in 1860, averaged yearly
68 per 1000 ; in recent years it has fallen to 9 per 1000,
the difference being equivalent to a saving of 6 per cent.,
or 4200 soldiers per annum. The proper allowance of air in
barracks is 600 cubic feet per man in Europe, and 1000 in
India. Horses in England require 1600 cubic feet each.
The report to Parliament in 1861 showed that there were
243 barracks in the United Kingdom holding 76,000 men,
but with accommodation for no more than 54,000 at the
rate of 600 cubic feet of air per man. The average ranged
from 290 to 550 cubic feet The new barracks at Chelsea
are regarded as a model, and cost £296,000, or £245 per
man, including the cost of site.
BARRAGES. — There are numerous works of this kind
on the Seine, Thames, Nile, and other rivers, besides those
made by the French in Algeria. At St. Denis du Sig, at
the foot of Mount Atlas, there is a " barrage " 50 feet high,
built by the French Government at a cost of £20,000. Near
it is the Habra, constructed by a French company at a cost
of £160,000, for the irrigation of a farm of 100 square
miles; the principal breakwater is 130 feet high, 120 thick,
and 1500 feet long, containing 14 million tons of water, yet
the sluice can be opened by one man. See L-rigation,
BABBENNESS. — One woman in 20, one man in 30, that
is, about 4 per cent, of the population. It is found that
one marriage in 20 is barren, say 5 per cent. Among the
nobility of Great Britain 21 per cent, have no children.
44
BASTARDY— BEER.
owing to intennarriage of cousins, no less than 4^ per cent of
the present nobility being married to cousins. See Mcarriagt,
BASTABDY.— See Births^ lUegitimacy,
BATHS. — The use of baths among the workiiig classes in
London is shown by the receipts at various dates, as fol-
lows : —
1850 . . . £9,800
1860 . . . 25,000
1880 . . . 41,000
The baths in Germany are visited annually by upwards of
150,000 foreigners. See Mineral Waters,
BATTLES. — The numbers placed hors-de-^omhat are not
relatively so large as formerly.
Hon Knfiraged.
Hors-de-combat.
RaUo.
Thrasymene .
. 65,000
17,000
27 pel
r ocni.
Cannee . . .
. 146,000
52,000
34
f>
Bannockbum
. . 136,000
88,000
28
n
Agincourt .
. . 62,000
11,400
18
tt
Cressy . .
. . 117,000
81,200
27
n
Marengo . .
Austerlitz . .
. 58,000
13,000
22
n
. 170,000
23,000
13
If
Borodino . .
. 250,000
78,000
81
>t
Waterloo . .
. 145,000
61.000
86
»f
Alma . . .
. 108,000
8,400
8
It
Sadowa . . ,
. . 402,000
33,000
8
i»
Gravelotte .
. . 320,000
48,500
15
w
BEEP.— See
Meat,
BEER. — The following table shows the production : —
No. of
Million
Qallonc per
BreTveiies.
Gallons.
Inhabitant.
United Kingdom . •
16,114
1,025
29-0
France ....
8,100
190
5-2
Oermany
23,940
880
19-4
RoBsia . .
460
68
0-7
Austria . ,
2,297
245
6-4
I Italy . . .
200
20
0-7
Switzerland
400
16
6-6
Belgium . .
2,500
170
81-5
Holland .
560
85
88
Denmark
240
25
13-0
Sweden and Norway ,
Europe ....
640
36
5-8
50,461
2,704
9-2
United States . . .
8,298
540
10-2
T
nta
1 .
•
58,744
8,244
9-7
BEES.
45
The stieogth varies as follows : —
Alcohol.
Halt per BarroL
4-5
4*2
1-8
2-9
1-9
17
1-5
Boiionale 8*2
Bus's „ 8-4
Edinbuigh ale . . . 4'4
Gmxmsss's „ ... 6*8
London porter . • . 4*1
„ beer .... 8*9
Lager „ .... 82
The consumption in the United Kingdom in 1881 was as
follows :^
Million Gallons per
Gallona. Inbabitunu
England 905 34-8
Scotland 89 10*5
Ireland 63 12-1
United Kingdom . 1,007 28*6
In 1882 one firm brewed 44 million gallons, 570 over
400,000 gallons each, and the rest under 400,000 gallons ;
duty 2-08^ per gallon, or £8,700,000 on the amount brewed.
Exported, 16 million gallons.
The consumption in France has risen as follows : —
Million
Gallons.
66
95
110
Per
In)iabitant.
20
2-8
31
Year.
1830
1840
1850
The annual consumption in
been : —
Million Per
Gallons. Inliahitant.
255 44
215 35
262 32
Year.
1860
1870
1880
Million
Gallons.
143
154
190
Per
Inhabitant.
4 0
4 0
51
England and Wales has
Period.
1660-1700
1701-1750
1751-1800
Period.
1801-1830
1831-1860
1861-1880
Million
Gallons.
335
560
835
Per
Inhabitant.
30
33
36
Pence.
3
5
Period.
1701-1800
lSOl-1880
1882
Ponce.
11
17
20
The price per gallon during 680 years has ruled thus : —
Periixl.
1201-1300 .
1301-1600 .
1601-1700 .
Tlie above are according to weight of silver, but the
nominal price was, for example, in the 13th century one
penny. See Drinh\ Liquor,
BEES. — A hive of 5000 bees produces about 50 lbs. of
honey yearly, and multiplies tenfold in 5 years. The ordi-
nary value of a hive in Europe is <£1 sterling. Bees eat
20 lbs. huney in making a pound of wax.
BEBT-ROOT-BBNEFICES
Fruos . .
060,000
fernuny .
1,1S1,000
RDMi* . .
110,000
Anrtri> .
1,E60,000
Belpnm. .
!00,000
140,000
Denmark .
90,000
Greeoe . .
30,000
UnltMlSutei.
S,S00,D00
ToUl .
7,421,000
The largest beeownei in the world ia Mr. Harbison of
California, who luta 6000 htvea, prodncing 200,000 Iha.
honey yearly, worth £8000. There are Jn the United States
70,000 bee^Towers, but the average which they get from
their hives ia only 22 lbs., whereas the average in England
is 50 lbs., and some tiives have given as high as 120 Ibi.
BEET-BOOT. — The production in 1882 was as toUowi : —
Baot-rnot, Ba*t nirtr.
The crop ranges from 5 tons of roots per acre in Russia, to
9 tons in Germany. In England it has given 12 tons per
acre, equivalent for cattle-food to i tons of hay, and worth
16 ^tullinga per ton, bnt it has been found too costly in cnlti-
vation. Experimental growing in Canada has proved most
successful. It takes about 14 tons of roots in Europe generally
per ton of beet sugar, the average of saccharine matter being
7 per cent, as compan^l with 4 per cent twenty years ago.
BELLS. — The largest are the following : —
T<ma.
UontceU . . 13
Cologn* . . 11
OxTord. . . 8
St Fetw'a . 8
Bell-metal should have 77 parts copper, and 23 tin.
BBHBFIOES.— See Church.
Rooea . .
18
OlwuU. .
9
Tininm. .
8
St P.ul'. .
9
W<stini]Mt«r
i
BEQUBSTS—BILLS OF EXCHANGE.
47
Per Daath ol
Populatioii,
19Bhillixig8
3
19
BEQUESTS. — ^The annual average of sums left in charity
in Great Britain, France, and Italy, compared with the
amount of proved assets, shows thus : —
United Kingdom • £650,000 £4
France . . . 1,190,000 6
lUly • . . 124,000 2
The income of endowed charities in England has risen
from £1,520,000 in 1840 to £2,550,000 in 1881. The
number of testator^ in France leaving charities averages
4200 per annum, and the amount left by each £290. See
Charities^ Hospitals,
liTRT.Tg — Ko fewer than 1326 editions of the Bible were
published in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th cen-
turies it was translated and published in many languages by
the polyglot press of Propaganda Fide at Rome. In the 19th
century the English and American societies have printed,
in the Protestant version, 124 million copies of the Bible or
of the New Testament, viz. : — British, 74 million ; American,
32 million; other societies, 15 million copies.
BICYCLE. — The fastest trips on record are : — Tunbridge
to Liverpool, 234 miles, 18 J hours ; London to John
o' Groat's, 800 miles, 14 days. A tricj'cle has run 10 miles
in 42 minutes. f^T
In 1882 there were 9800 bicycle riders in London, and
96,000 in England and Wales. The maxima of speed obtained
up to the present has been : —
Miles. Hourt. Mimites.
10
20
40
0
1
2
34
12
32
llile!9.
50
80
100
IIr>nr!«.
3
5
7
Minutes.
10
47
34
BILLS OF EXCHANOR— The current amount in Great
Britain has been : —
Ritio to
Commerce.
93
85
90
The discounts are estimated as follows : —
Year.
MiUiuii8£.
Commerce.
Tear.
Millions £.
1830
96
100
1860
300
1840
125
102
1870
400
1850
175
105
1880
500
English banks .
Scotch banks
Irish and Colonial banks
Private discounters .
Millions £.
. 235
. 65
. 55
. 145
;oo
48
BILLS OP SALB-^BIRTHS.
The discounts in the United States in 1879 comprised
3,200,000 bills for 700 millions sterling, say £220 eaclu
In France the average is £43 per bilL See Banks,
BILLS OF 8ALR — The average number in England and
Wales during the years 1879-81 was 52,900.
BIRDS, FLIQHT OF.
Miles
per Huur.
. 150
. 90
Hawk
Eider-duok
Rook
Pigeon
per llMitr.
. 60
. 40
See Carrier-Pigeons.
BIRD'S-NESTS, for soup, in China. There are 9 million
imported yearly into Canton, value 10 shillings per ounce,
about 50 weighing 1 lb.
BIRTHS.
A. — Numbers in All Countries (1880).
DaUy.
Ono Tear.
Exoevorer
Deaths.
England . . •
2,441
880,520
852.460
Scotland
842
124,652
48.850
Ireland ....
United Kingdom
853
128,010
25,055
3,136
1,133,182
426,865
France ....
2,561
936,000
97,000
Germany
4.750
1.736,000
592,000
Russia .
8,525
8,116,000
779.000
Austria .
2,328
1,486,000
324.000
Italy .
2,910
1,064,000
228,000
Spain .
1,620
592,000
115.000
Portugal
407
150,000
80,000
Holland
391
. 144,000
49,000
Belgium
471
172.000
48,600
Denmark
171
62.500
24,000
Sweden .
.880
139,000
62,000
Norway .
158
58.000
29,000
Switzerland .
236
86,000
20,500
Greece .
195
72,000
17.000
Kouinania
1
495
180,000
40.000
1 Europe .
80,734
11,126,682
2,881.465
United SUtcfl
6,750
2,100,000
950.000
Canada .
384
140,000
60.000
Australia
801
109,000
66,000
ToUl
37,169
13,475,682
8,957.465
BIRTHS.
49
B.-
•BiRTH-BATB PBR 1000 InH/UHTANTS.
lMl-70.
1871-80.
1861 sa
United Kingdom .
33-4
34 3
33-8
xmio6 •
26-5
25-6
261
Gemuuij
89*8
39-8
89*8
AnatriA.
89-9
89-9
89-9
Hungary
42-2
430
42-6
HoUand
84-6
36-2
85-4
Belghun
81*2
322
81 r
Denmark
81-2 *
31-2
81-2
Sweden.
821
80 3
31-2
lulr .
87 6
869
372
Spain .
87-2
87 2
37-2
Australia
890
86-0
37-6
In the above table, where both decades have the same
rate, it indicates want of returns before 1870.
C. — Births
ACCORDING TO MONTHS (100 par).
France.
Germany.
Bpnin.
Italy.
January . .
February .
March . .
105
111
109
103
105
103
114
108
n-2
107
114
110
April . . .
106
100
102
106
MaY . . .
99
97
100
95
June . . .
95
95
89
89
July . . .
Auguxt . . .
September
October . .
96
96
97
95
96
98
106
100
88
91
98
100
91
93
100
9S
November .
97
100
97
98
December .
. 1 95
99
100
97
Percentage of Births according to Seasons.
Qn After
Endiu^
March . .
•Tune . .
September .
December .
Total .
England.
26-2
260
24^
23-3
France.
27 0
24-9
24 0
24 1
100-0 100-0
Gcrtnany.
25-9
24-2
250
24-9
100-0
Swedvn.
26-8
23-8
23-7
25-7
Italy.
St. Potera-
I burg.
27-5
24-1
23-7
24-7
25-6
260
24-7
23-7
100 0
100-0 1000
D
50
BIRTHS.
D, — BiBTHS TO Each Marriage.
lMl-70.
lS71-8a
England . • •
8-98
416
+ 018
Scotland .
4-61
4-43
- 0 08
Ireland
4*96
546
+ 0-51
United Kingdom
4-18
4-33
+ 015
France
8-09
2-98
- Oil
Belgium
HdUand .
8.95
4-21
+ 0^6
4-09
4-84
+ 0125
Denmark .
3-64
855
- 009
Sweden
4-27
4-01
-0^
The greatest increase of fertility is in Ireland, the greatest
decline in Sweden.
E. — Twins and Triplbts.
Per Thoiuand Births.
Per Thouaand Birtha
Twins.
Triplets.^
"TwiM.
Trip:eu.
England .
. 11-2
• • •
Switzerland .
. 120
• ••
Scotland
. 117
• • •
Spain .
8-4
• • •
Ireland .
. 17-6
• ■ •
Belgium .
9-1
0-10
France .
. 101
0-12
Holland .
. 12-8
• • •
Germany
. 12-9
0-13
Denmark
18-7
0-24
Russia .
. 12-1
• • •
Sweden .
13*6
0-18
Austria .
. 13-4
018
Norway .
11-8
015
Italy .
. 11-8
0-14
Iceland .
14*2
0*33
Twins give 108 males to 100 females, and triplets show a
medium result for France, Germany, and Austria, as fol-
lows : —
Birth of 3 boys .... 26"0
„ 3 girls .... 22-7
Two boys and a girl . , . 27*0
Two girls and a boy . . . 24 3
1000
This gives 156 boys and 144 girls, that is, precisely the
same ratio as in the case of twins.
F. — Decunino Ratio of French Birtds.
Period.
Per Mjmt ag«.
Period.
Per Marriajc^
1800-30
3-82
1861-70
309
1831-60
8*20
1871-80
2D8
BIRTHS.
51
G. — Ratio of Sbxes, Bastardy, &c
Per 1000 Blrtbo.
1
Male.
Female.
Illegitimate.
Still-bom.
England . . .
611
489
45
• ••
BootlAod .
614
486
89
• ••
Ireland. .
615
485
23
tee
United Kingd
Ion
1
512
488
47
• • •
Fnnoe. . .
513
487
76
46
Germany .
514
486
84
41
Rosaia . . ,
508
492
31
• • •
Aoftria. . ,
616
484
129
25
Italy . . .
517
483
68
31
Spain . . .
516
484
55
• • •
Portugal . .
615
485
156
• • •
Holland . .
513
487
85
43
Belgium . .
514
486
70
45
Demnark . ,
513
487
112
80
Sweden . .
512
488
102
29
Norway
614
486
85
85
Switierland .
512
488
46
44
Greece . . .
519
481
16
• • •
Roumania . .
621
479
• • •
• • •
Europe . . .
513
487
62
• • •
The ratio of illegitimacy is falling in England ; rising in
France and Sweden.
IL — Birth-rate in Cities, per 1000 Inhabitants.
Alexandria
. . 4r>-o
Amsterdam
. . 367
Barcelona
. . 29-2
Berlin. .
. . 37-5
Birmingham
Bombay .
Boston
. 37-6
. . 25-6
. . 30-0
Bradford .
. . 331
Breslau . .
. 377
Brighton . .
Bristol .
. 30-6
. . 34-5
BrusKels . .
. 347
Biicharert
. 29-5
Buda-Ptsth .
. 35-8
BucDoe Ay re
8 . 317
Christian ia .
. 34-5
Copenhagen ,
Dresden . .
. 391
. 35-4
Ihiblin . .
. 291
Edinburgh
. . 32-2
Norwich . . .
33-6
Geneva .
. . 24-3
Nottingham
367
Glasgow
. . 37-4
Oldham . . .
35-4
Hague . .
. 397
Paris ....
30-6
Hamburg
. . 37-5
Philadelphia .
36 0
Havanna
. . 25-4
Plymouth . .
327
Hull. . .
. 36-4
Portsmouth . .
34-4
Leeds . .
. 36-8
Rio Janeiro . .
35-5
Leicester
. 38-4
Rome ....
27-2
Liverpool .
. 37-6
Rotterdam . .
38-8
London . .
. 347
St. Louis. . .
80 0
Lvons . .
. 260
St. Petersburg .
37-8
Ma<lras . .
. 39 0
Sheffield . . .
38 0
Mailrid . .
. 37-0
Stockholm . .
83 0
Manchester
. 36-9
Sunderland . .
39-3
Munich . .
. 39-5
Turin . . .
31-5
Naples . .
. 320
Venice , . ,
30-2
Newcafitlc .
. 36-8
Vienna . . .
39-2
New York .
. 39-4
Wolverhampton
35-9
53
BISHOPS.
L — Births m United KnrQDOMi 1861-80.
England . • •
Scotland . •
Irtdand . •
United Kingdom .
Number, TlKNiaaoda.
1861-70.1871-80.
7,500
1^121
1,468
10,089
8,588
1,238
1,402
11,223
1861-80.
16,088
2,354
2,870
21,812
RateptrlOOOInhabiUaU
1861-70.
3570
3570
26*10
33*40
1871-80.
1861-8a
35*80
35*20
26*50
34*30
3575
35*45
26-80
33*85
Families living in the country have 8 per cent mors
children than those in towns. Old families have a mari^ed
tendency to die out in England, Italy, and Prussia, probably
because of intermarriage with cousins. Among Jevra there
are 116 males born for 100 females: their ratio of illegiti-
macy is the lowest in the world, barely 2 per cent After a
destructive war the births of males predominate in a soi-
prising manner.
BISHOPS
A. — Roman Catholic Bishops.
Arebbi«1iops.
Bifthops.
TMs].
United I kingdom
7
42
49
France
17
69
86
Germany .
5
23
28
Russia . . . .
2
13
15
Austria
19 •
51
70
Italy
50
218
268
Spain . . . .
0
45
54
Portugal .
8
15
18
Belgium and Holland
2
10
12
Switzerland
> •••
6
6
Greece . . . .
3
6
9
Turkey . . . .
3
12
13
Europe
120
510
630
United SUtcs .
12
r>2
64
Spanish America
16
79
95
British America
5
25
30
Australia .
2
16
18
India.
2"
22
24
Armenia, Persia, kc .
27
47
74
Various missions
► • • •
328
328
Total
184
1.079
1,263
BISONSLIND.
53
Bi — PBomriHT Bishops of Bbitish Empiri.
KnglMul .
BootUoid .
Ireland
ColMiie* .
AidibUliopa. BIfll opi. To*iiL
2 SO 88
7 7
S 10 12
73 78
TMl. ... 4 120 124
The income of EngUsh bishops ranges from £3000 upwards,
the Aichbiihop of Canterbury haying £15,000 a year. See
BSBOB. — ^Between 1860 and 1882 more than 15 millions
were killed in the United States.
BLAXXSEQ. — ^For boots. The consumption in England
in 1880 amounted to a value of £560,000.
BLAbtuiG. — ^The South-Eastem Bailway Company, at
BoTer, remoTed at one blast 400,000 cubic yards of the cliff
with 8 tons of powder in 3 chaige& Nitro-glycerine is now
used, haying 5| times the force of powder. See Explosives,
BUND.
Nnmher. Per 100,000 Inhabitant!.
England .... 24,720
ScotUnd .
IreUnd •
United Kingdom
Fnnoe
Gcmuuiy
Anstria
Switzerland
Italy.
Spain
Belffiam
HoUand
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Earope .
United SUtes
Total
95
S.240
91
5,936
111
83,896
97
28,491
74
26,170
58
82,336
85
2,640
95
28,100
99
85,290
216
4,182
76
2,410
61
4,120
91
8,730
208
2,450
126
203,815
91
48,930
97
252,745
81
The probable causes in those countries with a high ratio
are — in Norway snow, in Ireland smoky hovels, in Spain
dusty plains and want of tieea The ordinary ratio of sex
is 1 1 blind males to 9 females. The French returns show
54
BLOOD^BOOKS.
18 per cent bom blind, and 82 per coni. the result of
accident or sickness.
BLOOD.
A. — Elements op Hcman Blood.
Man.
. . 77-8
Water.
Albumen
Ck»lour
Saline, &c.
6.2
141
1-9
Woman.
79-6
6-4
12-2
1-8
100-0
1000
B. — ^Temperature, Fahrenheit.
Glowworm
. . 74
Elephant . .
99i
SnaU . .
. . 76
Porpoise . .
. 100
Shark . .
. . 77
Bat ... .
. 100
Oyster. .
. . 82
Rat . . .
. 102
Serpent .
. . 88^
Gat . . .
. 102
Man . .
. . 98i
Ox ... .
. 102
Horse . .
. . 99^
Elk ... .
. 103
C. — Iron in Blood.
Gramtnes
per Ton.
Man
. 610
Ox
. 560
Ok. per
Cwt
0-91
1-00
Pig
Frog
Sheep •
Hog . .
Jackdaw
Sparrow.
Pigeon .
Ghicken .
Onunmes
per Tun.
590
420
104|
104{
105
107
108
109^
111
Ot. per
Cwt.
106
075
BODY, GROWTH OF. — Danson's tables of male prisoners
in English gaols in 1858 and 1878 give the following: —
Height, inches.
Wdgbt» lbs.
Age.
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
18^
64-3
65-2
66-2
65-9
66-3
667
66*4
1878.
64-1
651
657
65*4
65-6
657
65-5
■N
1868.
122
133
139
142
142
143
142
1878.
125
137
142
141
143
144
144
See Anthropometry,
BOOKS. — About 100 new works are published daily, or
30,000 per annum, without counting new editions of old
works.
A. — Annual Average of New Books.
1826 32.
1806 60.
187S-m.
Great Britain .
. 1,060
3,220
6.771
France
4,640
7,350
7,000
Germany .
. 5,580
9,095
14,560
United States .
. M13
2,165
2.500
Total
12,243
21,830
29,831
BOOTS—BO UNTIES.
is
The annual book-fair al Leipzig disposes of 8000 tons of
books, valued at £1,600,000.
The aveiage edition of a book being 1000 copies, it
appears that the above fonr countries print 30 million
volumes yearly.
R — Books in thk Unitbd Kingdom, Issued in 1880.
Tbeology .
. 708
Travels
. 211
ClMsics
. 607
Economy .
. 204
Fiction
880
Medicine .
. 148
Arts .
. 862
Poetry
. 182
Hiitory
. 286
Sundry
. 1,855
Tour.
No. of Machinet.
1862
15
1865
470
1870
1,220
1875
2,300
1880
8,100
In 1870 Great Britain exported books to the value of
X631,000, and in 1880 of £970,000.
BOOTS. — The American machine enables a man to make
300 pairs of boots daily, a single factory in Massachusetts
turning out as many pairs yearly as 32,000 bootmakers in
Paris. The advance of these machines has been as follows : —
Million PftlTB
Boots Yearly.
15
45
100
150
The Austrian Government makes 2 million pairs yearly.
These machines are now in general use. The number of
bootmakers in Great Britain is rapidly declining ; in 1861
one for 103 inhabitants, and in 1871 for 126 inhabitants.
BORINO.— See Diamond-drUl
BOUNTIES.— Between the years 1690 and 1830 Great
Britain paid the inhabitants of Belfast and Dundee 28 mil-
lions sterling to enable them to sell and export Irish and
Scotch linen at less than cost. The export of linen has
quadrupled since the bounties were abolished in 1830, the
average bounty before that year having been £150,000 per
annum. Bounties on the exportation of grain, in England,
averaged £160,000 per annum for some years, until their
abolition in 1805. Sugar bounties prevail on the Continent,
the annual average being £600,000 in France, £170,000 in
Belgium, and £150,000 in Holland. The new shipping
bounties in France (1880) are as follows : — 48 shillings per
ton for building iron vessels, and 16 shillings for wooden;
56
BRAIN^BREAD.
15 pence per ion per 1000 miles run, on French-built vessels
entering French ports ; 7^ pence p^r ton for French vessels
not built in France. The amount paid in 1881 for these
shipping bounties was £400,000 : the increase of French
tonnage entries in French ports 20,000 tons, say £20,000
earned for freight, or one- twentieth of the bounties.
BRAIN. — The latest classification of races, according to
Bastian and other experts, shows weight of brain as follow : —
Scotch ,
Germans
English
French .
Zulus .
Chinese
Oi.
50 0
49-6
49*5
47-9
47-5
47-2
Os.
Pawneet
47 1
Italians
46 9
Hindoo.
45 1
Gypsy .
44*8
Bushmen
44-S
Esquimaux .
43-9
Con^pared with size of body, the brain of the Esquimaux
is as heavy as the Scotchman's.
The measurement of that part of the skull which holds
the brain is stated in cubic inches thus : —
Anglo-Saxon .
. 105
Ancient Egyptian .
. 93
German
. 105
Hottentot
. 58
Negro .
96
Australian natire .
. 58
In all races the male brain is about 10 per cent heavier
than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 oz.
of brain.
After the age of 50 the brain loses an ounce every 10
years. Cuvier's weighed 64, Byron's 79, and Cromwell's 90
ounces, but the last was diseased. Post-mortem examina-
tions in France give an average of 55 to 60 ounces for the
brains of the worst class of criminals.
BREAD. — The analysis of bread gives conflicting results,
the following being taken from respectable sources : —
A.
R
C.
Nitrogen .
C-8
8 1
12-6
Water
. 430
87-0
14-6
Starch
. 44-0
47-4
65 6
Sugar
3-4
3-6
4-8
Fat .
1-8
1-5
1-4
Mineral .
1-5
2-4
10
100-0 100-0 1000
In 1862 the bread supplied to the French army was found
BREA K WA TER— BRICKS.
57
superior in nitrogen to that of other Continental armies, as
follows, French being 100 : —
Spanish
50
69
Aostrian
Dutch.
70
90
Belgian
Italian
91
96
A sack of flour, containing 280 lbs., will make 368 lbs.
of bread in England, and 420 lbs. in United States, that is,
7 lbs. of American* are equal to 8 lbs. of English flour. The
ingredients for 368 lbs. of English bread are : — 280 lbs. flour,
3 gallons water, half gallon yeast, half gallon alum, and 4 lb.
salt
The consumption is as follows : —
United Kingdom
France
Germany .
Russia
Austria
Italy
The agricultural peasantry of the United Kingdom con-
sume of breadstufls (says the Food Jtmmcd) as follows per
week : — England, 12 lbs. ; Scotland, 13 lbs. ; Ireland, 20 lbs.
See FooiL
BBHAEWATEE.
Pounds Bresd
Ponndu Brend
Weekly per
Weekly per
Inhabitant.
Inhabitant.
m . 6*3
Spain . . . 7-0
. . 77
Low Countries . .7*5
. 8-2
Denmark . .7*6
. 8-4
Sweden and Norway 6*5
. 80
United States . . 7*5
. 61
Greneral average . 8*0
Name.
Date.
Tards Long.
Cost.
Builder
Plymouth
1812-41
1,720
£1,550,000
Rennie.
Cherbourg .
1784-1857
4,100
3,200,000
• • •
Delaware
• • •
1,200
• ■ •
• • •
Alexandria .
1873-76
2,000
2,550,000
Greenw
The Plymouth breakwater has the same quantity of stone,
3,800,000 tons, as the great pyramid of Cheops, and encloses
1120 acres of harbour; Cherbourg, 1927 acres; and Dela-
ware, 420 acres. See DockSy Barrages,
BRICKS. — The consumption in the United Kingdom is
about 3 milliaKls a year, or 250 millions monthly, and in the
Unitcil States 600 millions monthly. That is, each inhabi-
tant of Great Britain uses 90, and of the United States, 130
bricks yearly. The following table shows the consumption
in Great Britain (without Ireland) during 60 years : —
58 BRIDGES.
•v^^ Million Honaes Bricks per
»«»^ Bricks. Built luhabiUnU
1821-80 1,210 40,200 78
1831-40 1,530 66,200 90
1841-60 1,662 89,100 86
1861-60 1,884 49,100 86
1861-70 2,070 63,300 84
1871-80 2,490 80.300 90
English bricks measure 9 x 4]^ x 3 inches, and weigh
8 lbs., or 3 tons per 1000. An Adams or Liddell machine,
16-horse power, can make 30,000 daily, the average of hand-
made bricks per moulder being 4000 a day. Fire-bricks
will resist a crushing force varying from 600 up to 3000 Iba.
per square inch. See Houses,
BBIDGEa
A. — Historical Bridges.
Nsme. Length (Feet). Date. Orer.
RatisboD 994 1185 Danube.
St Esprit .... 2,690 1285 Rhone.
Cordoba 460 1301 Guadalquivir.
Verona 365 1354 Po.
Rialto 99 1688 At Venioeu
Prague 1,706 1650 Moldau.
Scbaffhausen ... 364 1758 Rhine.
NeuiUy 740 1768 Seine.
B. — Bridges op Great Height.
Name.
Bristol .
Niagara.
Height Span
(Feet). (Feet).
257 703
190 1,190
Kama.
Brooklyn
Annecy .
Height
(Feet).
210
656
Spin
(Pt^U
1,620
636
Brooklyn bridge was 13 years in construction, and weighs
34,000 tons : there are 4 cables, each of 5000 wires of ono-
eighth inch. Carriage-ways 85 feet, including railway lineflL
Forth bridge (Scotland) has superstructure 42,000 tons
steel; main girder, 5330 feet; total length, 8100 feet; heaviest
train deflection, 4 inches; estimated cost, £1,500,000.
Il[i
Mm K H 3 n
^§isal*l -I -'ff ■ -i ■ -iSl"
ililSllil^siiiSilPli
|iri'i«l?l:-i
A bi'id^ surpassing nny of the above is proposed at
Eio Janeiro, length IC.OOO fetit, and to coat £1,GOO,000,
6o
BUILDINGS.
connecting that city with Nitherhoy, and resting on an
intermediate island. Iron bridges cost from £100 upwards
per lineal foot In 1816 Captam Brown built an iron bridge
of 112 feet, only for foot passengers, at Galashiels, for the
sum of £40, the cheapest bridge on record. Suspension
bridges have been been used in China since the time of the
Emperor Ming, 2000 years ago : they were made of iron
chains.
D. — Bridges op London.
Name.
London . . .
Southwark . .
Wftterloo . •
Blackfriftra •
Charing Cross
Westminster .
Vauxhall . .
Hammersmith
Total . .
Team.
1814-30
1831-47
1848-70
Lenfrth
(Pect).
900
800
1,826
1,000
1,865
1,220
806
480
7,897
Cort.
PerPooC
D«t«.
£2,000,000
£2,200
1831
800,000
1,000
1819
1,060,000
800
1817
270,000
270
1869
180,000
130
• • ■
480,000
890
1862
412,000
500
1816
80,000
170
1827
£5,412,000
£680
E. — Bridges in France.
Cost
. • £18,500,000
22,500,000
40,200,000
Far Aonnnu
£800,000
1,830,000
1,800,000
56 years . £76,200,000 £1,850,000
The quickest bridge ever built was by Mr. Dredge, in
1846, who in 8 days placed an iron bridge, 74 feet span,
across the Blackwater, Co. Tyrone, Ireland. The greatest
number of bridges built by one man was by Mr. Telford,
sumamed Pontifex, who erected 1200 bridges in Scotland,
between the years 1800 and 1820.
BUILDINGS.
Dst«.
A. — HiSTOBICAU
N&me.
Locality.
Parthenon
•
. Athens
Pantheon
• 1
. Rome •
Coliseum
.
. Rome .
St. Sophia
. <
. Constantinople
Mosque of Omar
. Jerusalem .
Escnrial .
. (
. Castile
St Peter's
• t
1 • Rome . •
St. Paul's
• i
. . London
B.C.
4S8
A.D.
IS
t>
70
M
582
tf
637
ft
1570
»f
1626
n
1710
BUILDING SOCIETIES--BULL'FIGHTING. 6i
KanM.
HoiMM of PM-liAineiit
GbthttinJ
Law Coarti •
Post OfBoo
(HwiA HooM •
Hotel d« Villa
Palais de JtuUoe
B. — Modern.
Place.
Weetininster
• Cologne
- London
• Poria .
. Paris •
• Paris .
. Brussels •
C— Arches.
Westminster Abliey
St FtmVu, London
j^miens Cathedral
St. Peter's, Rome
Breadth
(Feet).
33
41
42
55
84
0(«t.
£3,500,000
2,100,000
950,000
1,200,000
1,600,000
1,600,000
1,200,000
Height
(F«et).
99
82
147
165
147
D. — Domes.
JDI.nmeter
(Feet).
67
80
92
112
112
115
139
139
142
Height
(Feet).
190
173
120
116
215
201
310
330
143
Pantheon, Paris
Invalides, „
Achmet's Mosque
Caracal la's Baths
St. Paul's, London .
St. Sophia, Constantinople
Santa Maria, Florence
St. Peter's, Rome
. Pantheon, „
8ee Churches J Pyramids,
BUILDING SOCIETIES. — There are 1267 societies in
England and Wales, with 372,000 members; assets, 37 mil-
lions sterling. 8ee Friendly Societies.
BULLET, VELOCITY OF.
OrtiiuB,
Powder.
Smooth-bores. . . .110
Rifle • 60
BULL-FIGHTING. —In 18G6 the balance-sheet of 99
bull-rings then in Spain contained the following items : —
No. C'»st. Aviratre.
Bulls killed . . . 2,375 £61,000 £26
Hordes „ . . . 3,561 70,000 20
Bull-riDg>, rtnt . , 99 130,000 1,310
Velocity,
Foet per 8ccond.
1,500
963
Total .... £261,000
The numl)€r of bull-rings in 1878 was still the same. Tlie
above does not include the pay of Matadores, Bandilleros, <5k:c
63
B ULLION—B URIA L.
BULLION. — The movexnpnt of precious metals over sea
since 1860 has been as follows : —
Great Britain .
France . . .
United SUtes .
Australia . .
Other countries
Total . . .
Gou>» MiLLioxs £.
Imports.
1861-70.
171
189
81
9
112
612
1871-80.
180
151
42
6
126
504
Exjxirts.
1861-70:1871-80.
112
119
118
108
60
512
172
90
74
76
92
Net
Imports.
1861.S0.
67
181
86
504
N«t
1881-80.
114
170
Silver, Millioxs £.
Great Britain . .
France «...
United SUtes . .
Spanish- America .
India and China
Other couAtries .
Total . . .
93
92
12
2
233
12
182
111
18
2
126
13
444 402
91
78
22
74
4
175
444
119
48
73
68
5
89
402
15
77
850
65
138
• • •
239
Total, Millions £.
Great Britain .
France . .
United States .
Australia . .
Spanish-America
India and China
Other countries
Grand total
264
281
43
9
2
233
124
812
262
60
6
2
126
139
956 I 906
208
291
82 ■
197
138
208
185
147
• • •
108
76
• ••
74
68
• • •
4
5
850
235
181
• • •
956
906
... i
179
170
138
239
During the first decade the interchange of precious metals
was equal to 12 per cent, during the second to 8 per cent,
of the commerce — that is, of the sea-borne merchandise — of
the world. This is due to telegraphs and the use of cheques.
See Gold^ Silver^ Money,
BUBIAL. — The ordinary depth of graves is : —
England
France
Austria
5 ft 0 in.
5 M 6 „
6 .. 0
If
>i
Germany
Russia
6 ft 3 ia
6 ,. 10 „
See CetneieineSf Funerals,
BURNT— BUTTER.
63
BUBHT. — ^The number of lives lost by fire in England
and Wales in 1878 was 619 males, and 859 females, without
counting deaths from explosions or scalds — that is, 27 per
10^000 deaths of the population, or one in 360. See Deaths.
Tuiia.
Lbs. per
MilchOoir.
GosisaiDpUoiny
Touo.
Lbaner
United Kingdom .
Fnuioe ....
Germany. • . .
Rnmift . • . .
Anatria ....
lUly
HolLmd ....
Belgium ....
Scandinaria . . .
Enmpe • . •
United States . .
Canada ....
ToUl . . .
90,000
90,000
160,000
90,000
88,000
12,000
46,000
20,000
55,000
50
45
55
20
88
17
175
90
68
205,000
65,000
160,000
86,000
88,000
12,000
10,000
15,000
40,000
18
4
8
2
5
1
6
6
11
651,000
870,000
84,000
1,055,000
48
62
70
681,000
850,000
24,000
6
16
12
55
1,055,000
7
1
The average product of a milch cow in England, in milk,
butter, &c, is about £11, as compared with £15 in Holland.
The price of butter in London since 1730 has been : —
1730-1790
1791-1815
1816-1840
Pence.
IS
1841-1860
1861-1880
1881-1888
Pence.
121
16
18
The various kinds of butter gives the following analyses : —
Ratio of
Caaeine.
16-2
10-6
7-8
Deroniihire .
N<irman
London
f«
Inle of AViglit
Jcrnc-v
OlenniNr^rine
Fnt
827
82-4
471
67-5
86 3
78-5
860
Water.
16-2
12-6
424
24-0
8*8
10-4
10-0
VariouR.
M
50
10-5
8-6
90
IM
40
Total,
100-0
100-0
1000
1000
1000
100 0
1000
6-9
8-3
25
06
An English cow giving 1800 quarts milk per annum pro-
duces 140 lbs. butter, consuming 4 tons hay, which contain
1G8 lbs. fat. See Coics.
CABLES— CALENDA R.
OASLES. — For shipping, see Anekort: telegnphu^ se«
OABS. — There are 9700 in Londoa, and 6500 in Paris :
the former average 80,000, the Utter 60,000, passengen
daily. The medium fare earned per passenger is 15 pence
in Paris, 18 pence in London. The earnings in London per
cab ate 19 shillings a day in "the season," 9 the rest of the
year, or 12 shillings all the year round. Of all males who
die in England, one in 260 is killed by a cab or other Tehicle,
and of all females one in 2550. The ratio of these deaths t«
the general mortality is as follows : —
■xr
0«.u.t
. 12
Maneherter .
. 24
Sheffield .
. 17
Dublin.
. S3
Glugow .
. 1»
LoDdoD
. 37
LivBtpool .
. 21
Lm(U .
. 79
The value of articles left in
cabs in London
and handed
r to the police at Scotland Yard, averages £21,000 per
The cost of cabs in Paris to their owners averages i francs
a day for the driver and 2 francs for the maintenance of
each horse, say 5 shillings a day for one-horse cabs. See
Convei/aneet.
GAIiENDAB. — 1. Jewish, 3S3 days : the Jewish year
5644 begins on October 2, 1883.
2. JuhuB Ceesat'a, 366 days, ac. 46, commenced in March.
3. Mahometan, 355 days, a.d. 622 : the Mahometan year
1300 began March 1, 1883.
4. Charles IX., a.d. 1564, commenced 1st January.
5. Pope Gregory XIIL, A.D. 1582; now used except in
Russia.
6. The Bussian year begins on January 13 of our calen*
dar. The Gregorian calendar was adopted in England in
1752, before which date the year began on March 25, which
would now bo April 5.
For the purpose of finding the day of the week of any event
the student will be facilitated by knowing the day on which
the year began. The following table shows for 280 years past
the day of the week on which the 1st of January fell : —
E...dv
Hoodqr.
T— U,.
WidDMiUr.
Tbundv.
FriAir.
J 601
1802
1603
im
1605
1606
1607
1608
1W9
ISIO
1611
laia
1613
1614
1«16
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
KM
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1S32
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
163S
163S
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1S4S
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1667
1658
1669
1««0
1661
im
1663
1664
16U
1666
1667
1663
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
167V
1680
1681
16S8
1683
1684
1686
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
16S3
1694
1695
1696
1697
1693 i
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704 1
1705
1706
1707
1708
1708 1
3710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715 1
ITld
1717
1718
1719
17:iO
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726 '
17-jr
1738
1729
1730
1731
1732 '
17s:i
1734
1735
1738
1737
1733
17^9
1740
1741
1742
1743
1745
1748
1747
1748
1749
1750
1753'
1751
1754
1752
1755
17S6
1757
1758
1759
1780
17S1
1762
1763
17'-5
1768
1787
17(18
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774 i
1775
177S
1777
1778
1779
1780 1
I7.H1
17S2
1783
1784
1786
1T&6
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
17M2
I79S
1791
1795
17y6
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803 '
1S04
1805
1806
1807
1808
im
isio
1811
1812
1813
1814
1813
ISIS
1817
1818
1819
1820 1
1H21
1822
1S23
1824
1825 1
n-k
low
1828
1S29
1830
1831
l«^-2
1833
1834
1^35
18M
18:17
1S43
1838
1844
IS 19
1839
1850
1810 .
1HI5
li-51
is'ie
ipr.2
1811
1817
1842 '
1818 i
1S53 ■
I^M
1855
1856
1K'.7
18S3
1859 1
ISrtO
1861
1M2
1833
1861
l»r;5
1666
1867
1M>8
1370 .
C6
CAMELS.
1
8
15
22
29
5
12
19
26
• ••
5
12
19
26
• ••
2
9
16
23
30
7
14
21
28
• ••
4
11
18
25
• • •
2
9
16
23
30
6
18
20
27
• • •
3
10
17
24
• • •
1
8
15
22
29
6
12
19
26
• • «
3
10
17
24
31
In connection with the preceding calendar, it will be easy
by means of the following table to find the day of the week
of any event : —
January
February
March ,
April .
May .
June .
July .
August
September
October
November
December
Allowance must be made for Febraary 29 in leap-years,
which were those preceding the blank spaces in the previous
calendar.
OAMELS. — A camel has twice the carrying power of an
ox ; with an ordinary load of 400 lbs. he can travel 12 or 14
days without water, going 40 miles a day. They are fit to
work at 5 years old, but their strength begins to decline
at 25, although they live usually till 40. They are often
fattened at 30 for the butcher, the flesh tasting like beeL
The Tartars have herds of these animals, often 1000 belong-
ing to one family. They were numerous in antiquity, for
the patriarch Job had 3000. The Timbuctoo or Meharri
breed is remarkable for speed, and used only for couriers,
going 800 miles in 8 days, with a meal of dates or grain
at nightfall. Kapoleon conveyed 1500 infantry on camels
across the desert from Cairo to St Jean d'Acre.
Camel, in engineering, signifies an instrument invented by
the Dutch for floating vessels over sand-banks. The vessels
sunk at Sebastopol in 1854 were removed after the war by
means of Colonel Gower*s camels, which had a lifting power
of 5000 tons.
OANAL-TRAFPIO. — The yearly average per mile is in
tons: —
Germany, 6,000 I England, 8,800 I United State^ 10,000
France, 6,400 | Ruiitia, 9,000 ] Suez. . . 60,000
A--
-Canals
AND NaTIGABLE RiTKHS.
MlLBI.
P.rlM
QuuU.
R..«n.
Towl.
^ll«.
tTnited Kingdom . .
3.13*
1.786
4.910
4
3.150
i,HO
8.390
4
G«niuu);.
J, 320
15,780
17.080
8
873
S0,e42
21,815
1
AnrtrU .
413
2,925
1
Italr .
320
1,690
1.910
2
Portnpd.
470
470
H(^d '.
S35
710
1,246
930
340
1,270
6
Deniawk.
200
200
1*
aireden uJ Nocwkj
100
4C0
HO
i
11.236
61,038
62.273
2
16.850
20,180
1
CuumU .
2,820
1
BnuU
22.210
22,210
1
iDdU
2.210
2,600
4.840
Chin. .
6.270
8,800
9,070
i
Trt
al
22,filO
99,318
121,928
The average coat of making canals haa been X9600 in the
United Kin^om, £10,000 ia Fiance, £9800 in the United
States, and X15,500 in Canada, per milo.
B. — R&markablb Canals. -
Dtu.
NODHL
IKIJ-.
C«t.
ForU.lo.
Country.
I«8
160
£680,000
£4,250
France.
1776
Brid^ewatci
33
880,000
9.050
En^iUnd.
1785
Eyder. .
26
610.000
19,500
Denmarlc.
1822
' 60
1,140.000
19,000
Scr.tUnd.
1825
Helder .
' 60
900.000
15,000
Holland.
1825
Krie . .
363
1.820,000
Uoited StatM,
1830
CiDciniut!
, 306
610,000
2.000
Hid«u .
' 132
800.000
6,060
CuukdiL.
WelUnd .
. 41
1,400.000
34.150
1832
BurpinU,
, 158
2,220.000
14,050
Fninca
BengJ .
; BOO
2 000,000
2.200
1863
92
17,030,000
185,000
Kgypt.
1874
2.030,000
145,000
HolUna
68
CANALS.
C. — Suez Canal,
Tear.
1870
1875
1880
1881
Shipa.
486
1,494
2,026
2,540
Ton*.
436,000
2,940,000
4,845,000
5,460,000
Average
Tonnage.
900
1,960
2,150
2,145
Feeik
£206,000
1,156,000
1,630,000
2,049,000
Length, 92 miles ; depth, 26 feet The canal was 13 years
in construction. Tolls average X860 per vessel, or 11 shil-
lings per ton of net tonnaga Steamers go-tlm>ugh in 40
hours, of which 17 steaming Tugs are provided for sailing
vessels at a charge of X200. The saving to commerce by
reason of the canal is above 4 millions sterling per annum,
that is, 2 millions after payment of the fees. The flags of
vessels passing through, since 1870, have been 77 per cent.
British, 9 French, 4 Dutch, and 10 per cent of other
nations.
The returns for 1882 show receipts £2,421,000, from
which deducting £1,200,000 for working expenses, the net
profit is equal to 7 per cent on the total cost of the work.
The cost of construction was as follows : —
Preliminary expenses .
Machinery .
Excavation .*
Docks and harboors
Transport, buildingn, &c
Total
£3,800,000
2.200,000
7,700,000
1,400,000
1,986,000
£17.036,000
The British Government owns one-fifth of the shares of
the canal, having bought 176,602 froyi the ELhedive in 1876,
for £3,976,600, being 12| per cent premium. The coupons
having been cut off, the Khedive pays the interest till 1892.
The Canal shortens the voyage between England and the
East by one-third ; that is, it enables two vessels to do the
same work that would require three by the Cape of Good
Hope, the distance in nautical miles being as follows : —
London to
By CanaL
By Cape.
Saving Mil
Bombay
6,330
10,595
4,265
Madras
7,330
10,880*
8,500
Calcutta
7,960
11,450
8,500
Singapore
8,845
11,670
8,825
The proportions of Eastern and Southern trade passing to
CANALS, 69
and from Great Britain through the Suez Canal appear as
follows : —
Britiah Trade with BjCanaL By Gape. Total.
AmtnUa . . . £12,000,000 £48,000,000 £65,000,000
China andJapui. 23,000,000 2,000,000 25,000,000
Indian Ac. . . . 69,000,000 15,000,000 84,000,000
Total . . £104,000,000 £60,000,000 £164,000,000
The value of what passes through the Canal is equal to
one-eeyenth of the total foreign commerce of Great Britain.
D. — Panama Canau
The estimate of works is as follows :—
Clay .
Rode
Sabnarine
Subsidiary canals, kc
Dam at Gamboa .
Piers, floodgatei*, &c.
62 15d. £3,875,000
11 9a. 4,950,000
9 15s. 6,750,000
8,000,000
4,000,000
3,920,000
Total £20,495,000
The clay excavation costs 25 per cent, more than in making
the Suez Canal, the average for wliich was a shilling per
cubic yard. The number of workmen averages 3000, and the
death-rate is said not to exceed 30 per thousand per annum.
It is expected to finish by 1888. The length will be 46 miles,
including a tunnel of 4 miles or 7000 yards, which will bo
100 feet wide by 160 feet high, which is estimated at some-
thing over 5J millions sterling, or £800 per yard, being four
times as much as per lineal yard of the Mont Cenis tunnel.
When completed it will save about 10,000 miles of voyage
between Europe and the Pacific, and a fee of 20 shillings
per ton on half the amount of traffic that passes through the
Suez Canal will amply repay the outlay.
R — Canals Projected.
Locality.
Mile*.
Estimated Cost.
Per Mile.
Alexandria and Suez .
. 160
£
£
Manchester and Liverpool
44
6,200,000
120,000
Malacca
. 66
4,000,000
60,000
Bfjrdeaux and Narbonne
. 255
22,000,000
87,000
Corinth
4
1,200,000
300,000
Dniester and Vistula .
. 460
21,000,000
45,000
Black Sea and Caspian
. 310
9.000,000
80,000
70
CANOE.
F. — French Canalbl
isoo
isis
isso
1S47
1S70
Hiks.
7M
890
1,450
2,890
M50
Capital Cost.
£4,600,000
7,700,000
15,100,000
27,800,000
81,400,000
The traffic, counting one ton per 60
follows : —
miles,
1849
1859
9.200,000
12,100,000
1869
1879
£6,100
8,600
10,400
10,300
10,000
has risen as
Tana.
17,060,000
18,130,000
G. — XJkitkd States Canals.
i
Mnt
Tons
1
OoaKMO-
Carried
rrboQ-
MUKbL
Bwnlaca
R
laU...
TotaL
perMlk.
New York . .
608
857
965
16
7.770
£430
PennsTlvania .
629
477
1,106
11
6,100
515
Ohio ....
674
205
879
4
840
60
MaryliuMl . .
194
• • •
194
2
1,310
870
New Jenej . .
171
• ••
171
2
1,860
750
lUinoia . . .
102
• ■ •
102
n
750
220
Vll^l* . . .
43
197
240
2
4,045
4v)0
i Other SUtes .
1
94
728
822
H
2,368
424
; ToUl . .
2,515
1,964
4,479
44
25,043
£355
The earnings per mile are computed on the canals in use.
In the United States water>carriage averages 4 shillings |)er
ton per 100 miles, in France 18 shillings. The canals of
tlie IJnited Kingdom carry 30 million tons per annum, and
earn 2 shillings per ton net over expenses.
The Imperial Canal of China is the longest in the world,
and the greatest in point of traffic : its length is 2100 miles,
including river sections (or 825 miles the canal proper), and
it connects 41 cities situated on its banks. The next in
importance is the Yishney, in Russia, 1434 miles (iacluding
a part of tlie Volga), by which St Petersburg is connected
with the Caspian Sea, the value of merchandise carried
amounting to 22 millions sterling per annum. Russian
canals carry goods worth 105 millions sterling yearly, and
employ 300,000 boatmen.
OANOE.— The Rob Roy, which navigated 3000 miles of
European rivers, was 13 feet long, 26 inches wide, and
12 inches deep.
CAPITAL.
71
CAPITAL.
A. — Capital and Income op Great Britain.*
ValuAT
DfttA-
Capital,
Millions £.
Income,
Capital per
Inhab.
Income
MilUona £.
per Inbab.
Petty . .
1664
250
42
£45
£8
Daveiuuit .
1701
490
55
90
10
Young. .
1770
1,100
122
153
16
Pitt. . .
1800
1,800
230
170
22
Golqiiboon
1811
2,180
250
180
21
lAytrpocl .
1822
2,600
280
186
20
Pebrer. .
1833
8,750
350
150
14
Porter . .
1840
4,100
480
152
18
LeTi, fte. .
1860
5,560
760
195
26
MuUudl .
1882
8,720
1,247
248
35
B.
Elements op British Capital.
MiUlans£.
Per Inbab.
Aliqaot Parts.
I860.
1882.
1860.
188S.
1860.
1882.
Houaes
1,160
2,280
£41
£65
20-8
26-2
RAilwaya .
348
750
12
21
6-3
8-6
Shipping .
42
120
2
4
0-8
1-4
Bullion
95
143
8
4
1-7
1-6
Lands
1,840
1,880
65
53
330
21-6
Cattle, &c. .
460
410
16
12
8-3
4-7
Merchandise
210
350
7
10
3-8
40
Foreign Loans
420
1,100
15
31
7-6
12-6
Furniture .
580
1,140
20
32
10-4
131
Roads, Works, kc
405
547
14
16
7-3
6-2
Total .
» •
5,560
8,720
£195
£248
1000
100 0
For other countries, see Wealth, Income,
C. — Increase and Distribution of British Capital.
England .
Scotland .
Ireland
United Kingdom .
Millions £.
Capital per
Inbabiumt.
Aliquot Parts.
1840.
isn.
1840.
1877.
1840.
1877.
3,320
196
308
6,552
970
438
£210
81
38
£262
277
83
86-8
51
8-1
82-3
12-2
5-5
3,824
7,960
£147
£239
1000
100-0
tMglxnd till 1770, Great Britain IbUO and 1822, United Kingdom frum 1S3^.
72
CAPITAL,
The above table is based on the Probate Court returns for
1840 and 1877, but the real ratio for Scotland in 1840 was
probably 6 per cent, of the United Kingdom, as mortgages
were not then counted in that country.
D. — Brittsh Capital in Stocks and Sharehl
National debt .
Colonial debts .
Foreign „ .
British railways
Foreign and Colonial
Banks
Docks, gas, &c .
Total
MiLUOMB £.
Amntmt Qaoted
on Stock
Exchange.
762
220
2,016
730
825
272
125
4,950
Amount held
in Great
Britain.
700
200
400
700
275
260
120
2,655
Interest
Kamed in
GrMt BriUin.
21
10
22
30
14
15
10
122
E. — Capital Called up in 12 Years : All Nations.
1
Tears.
MlLLIOITB £.
Loans.
Compauiaa.
Totil.
AnnuMl 1
Average. |
1871-74 .
1875-78 .
1879-82 .
Total .
930
520
430
1,230
420
820
2,160
940
1,250
540
235 :
312 1
1
1,880 2,470
4,350 1 862 1
Great Britain provided about one-fourth of the total ; some
estimates say one-thinl.
F. — New Capital Requirements, 1879-82.
Amount in
Amoimt in
MiUinna £.
Milli(»na iL
Great Britain
182
Spain
25
France
801
Portugal . •
11
Grermany
38
Switzerland
17
RuKsia .
107
Belffium .
HdUand .
27
Austria •
75
14
Italy . .
40
United SUtes .
. 210
CAPTURES^CARRIER PIGEONS.
73
0AFTUBE8. — Durmg the wars with Buonaparte the
British navy captured or destroyed the following : —
Ships of the line
Frigates .
Corvettes
Brigs
156
382
662
1,806
TotAl . . 2,506
In the Franco-German war the Germans took from France
7234 pieces of cannon, including 3485 field-guns : they also
took 446,000 prisoners, of whom 384,000 were sent into
Germany, including 11,860 officers.
GABBONATE OF LIME.— The numher of grains per
gallon of water in the following rivers is : —
Danube, at Vienna . 8*37
Seine, at Paris . . 11*30
Rhine, at Bdle . . 1279
Thames, at Battersea 15'10
CABBONIO AOID.— The quantity exhaled in 24 hours:—
Pervon.
Oirl . ,
Boy . .
Woman .
Age. Ob. £xhAle<L
10 9
10 10
19 12
PcTRon.
Boy.
Man
Asre.
16
28
Oz. Exhaled.
16
17
The quantity varies according to exertion, viz. :-
SWping . . . .
Walking 2 miles, per hr.
3
f»
n
If
Oz. per
Hour.
0-6
21
80
Riding .
Swimming
Treadmill
Oz. per
Hour,
4 0
4*4
65
OABBIAGES. — The number used in Great Britain has
increased since 1812 faster than wealth, as appears on com-
paring the licenses with the number of persons paying
income-tax on more than £200 a year : —
Tear.
Carriages.
Otct
£200 Income.
Rntio of
Camajfos,
rnrriasres per
1000 Inhiibituita
1812
63,130
. 39,765
158 to 100
5
1830
85,060
• • •
• • •
5
1S60
245,000
85,530
287 to 100
11
1870
825,000
130,375
250 „ 100
12
1880
463,000
210,430
221 „ 100
15
CASBIER PIOEONS.— In 1877 the newspaper A"rt^*owa/f
of Paris had 10 pigeons which carried despatches daily be-
tween Versailles and Paris in 15 to 20 minutes. In Kovem-
ber 1882 some pigeons, in face of a strong wind, made the
74 CATS-CATTLE.
distance of 160 milee, from Canton Vaud to Farie, in 6}
hours, or 25 miles pei hour.
CATS. — The number in the United Kingdom is fully 7
miilions, although a remarkable decrease has been noticed
in many places, especially seaports, probably owing to the
demand for exportation. They came into England before the
Conquest, for the tariff of indemnity, in the 10th century,
valued them at two pence, being equal to tn'o hens or two
gallons of beer. SouUiey mentions that the first settlers in
Brazil paid £300 for a cat, and for kittens, their wei^t in
gold-dust. An offer of £500 for a Penian cat at the Syden-
ham Cat Show in 1869 was refused.
CATHOLICS. — See Roman Cathoiiet, BeliyiM.
CATTLE.
A.— N
All ConsTRiBB
K 1580
m-
TB..™!™
"C«w^
Hor«.,
8h«T^
Pig..
United Kingdom . .
a,905
2,905
27,896
*,ifto
FrtUlM . .
11,<B0
2,8^3
23,370
e,Bio
Garmanj .
i6,;so
3,360
26,200
7,130
RuHim .
22,770
19.160
48,820
10,514
Auatrift .
13,183
3,7S0
21,413
7,080
Itkly
3,490
653
e,S80
1,570
Sp«-n .
3,090
t90
22,300
4,465
Fortunil .
&30
08
2,417
«58
1,482
ST9
898
337
Balglam .
1,242
283
6S6
632
DeSn^k.
1,313
852
1,720
604
Sweden .
2,237
4B8
1,503
417
Nor«»y .
1,017
152
1,686
101
Greece .
258
97
2,292
30
RomnuiU
Enropo
3,600
eoo
6,180
S,SIO
31,352
32,563
193.766
44,948
United SUte*
35.9ae
11,202
36,193
47.634
Cuutdft .
2.702
86S
3,330
1.42S
A(ut»lm.
7,803
i.oas
66,915
615
Riier Pitta
18.390
e,i50
79,230
382
C»p« Colony
1,330
S41
11.880
164
Al^ri. .'
1.20*
ibO
8,788
300
TheWOTi
158,767
62,437
394,602
95,648
K — Ratio of
Cath* to
100 Ikhabitants.
Co«.
Bh»p.
Plit^ 1
1»M.
ISM.
ISU.
1880.
IWS.
1880.
UBHad ElDgtkm .
27
!R
112
80
10
»
14
IS
a«nn«ir-
S3
S4
flS
55
12
IS
27
66
62
17
13
Antrik .
BO
S4
56
56
27
19
'^ ;
IR
12
35
26
10
6
10
18
100
146
7
28
P-t«gJ.
19
13
50
66
19
21
Bollud .
42
87
21
22
17
8
27
22
ts
n
11
SO
70
SO
90
10
26
Swwlai .
40
SO
42
33
15
9
Nwny .
67
G3
70
90
26
6
42
37
26
14
12
12
Gneca .
20
15
136
14
Sbttw .
60
45
160
102
Bmnunla
40
37
HO
67
19
16
Eorope
S2
29
70
63
16
15
UDitedSUte.
91
108
70
114
94 !
The numerical iiictease in Europe ivas as follows ; —
IBM ISM. Katlo of InCT
Cowi . . 82,707,000 91,530,000 10 per a
SbMp . . 181,360,000 104,151,000 7 „
Pigi . . 39,096,000 45,091,000 15 „
Population in Europe rose 22 pec cent, in the f
interval.
C— Cattlb is Ukitkd Kingdom, 1835-81.
,«.
K,«
UlCTHOL-.
»»),
A«
iHiuiitM
"»
Oiwt.
BbHP.
Pip.
cu»-, Bi,..r.
rip..
1835-40
6,331
22,270
2,260
1,328
8.C70
l,5f>-2
1841-46
6,918
26,110
2,313
1.386
i*W
i,riH6
1840-50
6.907
28,866
1,449
li
im
1,622
7.261
30.730
2.685
r/
1.7fi8
1856-SO
7,777
32,111
2.910
1,619
\-l
■■\M>
],!I73
1861-65
8.248
33.802
3,0if7
1,734
i;
f7^
2,015
1866-70
8,835
35,200
3.104
1,816
i;
w,:,
2,071
1871-75
9,081
31,060
8,080
1.903
i:
in
•Alii 7
18:«-81
9,506
31,770
3,120
1,994
iii
lUO
76
CA TTLE.
D. — Cattle Reducbd to a Common Denomination.
The unit is a cow or horse, and sheep or pig^ are counted
ten for one : —
1
Cattle i
(Million
H«d).
Valne in
Millions £.;
Valuo to
Each
Inhabitant.
Head CatUe
per 100
Inhabitanta
United Kingdom
15-9
235
£6 14
0
45
France
17-2
212
6 1
0
49
22-4
230
5 2
0
50
Russia
451
845
4 12
0
61
Anstria
19-7
205
5 11
0
54
Italy . .
Spain
Portugal .
Holland .
,
51
6-4
1-0
1-9
52
57
11
33
1 18
3 10
2 13
8 5
0
0
0
0
18
39
22
47
Belgium .
Denmark .
•
1-6
1-9
30
31
5 8
15 18
0
0
29
99
Sweden
. . 2-9
42
9 15
0
66
Norway .
;
1-4
0-6
21
6
11 0
3 9
0
0
72
34
•
5-0
48
12 0
0
125
Europe
United Stotes
148-0
56-4
1,558
878
! £5 4
1 7 10
0
0
49
110
Canada
4-0
35
; 8 0
0
91
Australia .
15-7
66
; 24 0
0
573
RiTerPUte
. ! 32-2
62
24 0
0
1,076
Cape Colony
Algeria
2-7
2-4
19
24
17 0
8 2
0
0
246
81
The W.»rld
■
261-4
2,142
£5 19
0
70
K — Cattle in United States.
Thousand. OmiUed. i^S-aSTaiS
1
185a
186a
8,592
17,030
187a
188a
18C0.
1880.
25
47
Milch cows . .
Other „ . . .
Total cows .
Hones ....
Asses, kc . . .
Horses and asses
Sheep ....
Pigi
6,390
11,394
17,784
8,943
14,890
2M33
7.155
1,132
12,444
23,482
27
55
25,622
35,926
82
20"""
4
"24"
72
4,331
564
6,253
1,155
7,408
10,364
1,811
21
3
4,895
21.722
30,353
8,287
12.175
35,193
47,685
24
22,474
33,512
28,481
25,133
71
106
70
96
All cattle* .
27.887
38,629
87,482
56,389
, 123
1 112
* Keduc«d to o»mmon denominatioii, aa iu Tabic D.
CA VALRY— CENTENARIANS.
OATALXT.
Aimj.
TWOMt.
T«op.n:
■Sn^™.
OroUBciUin. . .
18.000
9-5
6
e
Vnna, ....
68,000
140
18
2i
0«niiuj
BT.OOO
16-0
20
10-a
1]
G
Aiubik ....
18-e
U
14
lUly . . ■ .
Sv-h, . . . .
9-1
13
63
13,000
14'6
8
22
3,000
9-0
S
43
HoUud ....
4,000
6-2
10
IS
Belgium. . . .
G,000
10-8
s
18
2,000
10
6
Sweden mod Xorway
Enrope .
7,000
U-8
u
12
359,000
J2'0
12
11
United State* .
1 Total
8.000
30-0
2
121
11 1 8
The last colamn iudicatea the number of troopers, on peace
footing, compared with the number of horses in each country.
CEMETEEIES. No ^^ loo.ooo
England . , . 11.304 15
W»le. ... 958 71
Fnnce . 38,041 101
London has 22 cemeteries, with an aggregateof 2210 acres —
that is, an acre for 1700 inhabitants. Besides those above
stated for England and Wales, there are 1411 cemeteries that
have been closed by order of Council. See Burials, Funerals.
OENTBNAHIAHS. — The most remarkable were: — 1.
Countess of Desmond, killed by falling from a cberry-tree,
in her 146th year ; 2. Thomas Parr, died after a dinner-party
at Lord ArunJers, aged 152 ; '6. Cardinal de Sails, who re-
commended daily exercise in all weathers, age 110; 4. John
Riva of Venice, who chewed citron bark daily, died aged
116, leaving a Eon of 14 years.
Lejoncourt, in the 18th century, published a list of 49 per-
sons who Lad died between the .iges of 130 and 175 years.
Besides the foregoing, Mrs. Ann Butler (nee Winn) died
at Portsmouth, January 1883, aged 103 years, daughter of
Admiral Winn: also at Ruabon, Wales, in March 1883,
^frs. Betty Lloyd, aged 107, ber funeral being attended by
two of ber children over 80 vears. ^^
73 CHARCOAL—CHARITIES.
OHABOOAL. — To mako a ton will be required of wood
as follows ; —
Tona. I Toiu. I Taa&
0>k . . . *■* \ B«alt . .6-1 BMi . 6-9
Chertnut . . 46 | Elm . . G'2 | Pine ... CD
For heating power 12 Iba. charcoal are equal to 10 lbs.
coal or 13 lbs, coke. It ia much naed in America, France,
and Italy. The ironworkg of the United States consume
600,000 tons charcoal yearly, the yield of 50,000 acres, the
average being 12 tons per acre. At Noirmouti«r«, in France,
200 fumncea are constently at wui^ making charcoal from
seaweed, 20 tons of fresh weed or 4 tons of dry ptodndng
1 ton of charcoal, value 10 shillings. In Iielondib ia often
made from peat
CHAJUTIEa
A. — Ch&ritablb Revbndzs in Unitid Kinqdoh.
Subwriptioni, kc .... £S,<00,O0a
Iriib endowmaDt* .... 270^000
Tolftl £10,010,000
—Charitable ExFKHDiTDnB in United KrHODOE.
Ctwritj *ch(m1« £1,200,000
Aiylunu and home* .... 1,000,000
Bible ■ocietiei 2,010,000
HoipitoU 1,300,000
C. — London Charitieb, ]
Nan
IBM.
b.r.
Vm.
ThOUHUdl OlBilUll>
isse.
1881.
Orphuiagc. ....
Homes for a^
A»ylumi for blind, fto. .
HoapiUll Ul<1 dUpenuria
Cbuity echoola
BlUeMiwiun*
181
!2S
B
S2
80
11
270
SSI
11
187
105
113
£100
es
25
301
*00
ISO
£158
770
1S6
Boe
460
1,8»1
ToUl . .
182
1,003
£1,683
£i,iai
CHEESE. 79
London charities averaged 12 ahillings per inhabitant in
1859, and 22 shillings in 1881. Hospital Sunday collec-
tions in churches average £30,000 for city hospitals.
D. — English Charitabls Endowments, 1876.
18S7. 187Il •
G^ntal. . . £42,600,000 £51,800,000
Income. . . • 1,940,000 2,198,000
1876.
OftpiUL Income.
ReftlesUte . . £81,100,000 £1,558,000
Stodn .... 20,200,000 640,000
ToUl . . . £51,800,000 £2,198,000
The real estate comprises 154,000 acres of land and some
house property.
E. — Frknoh CHARnrss.
Endowments £2,400,000
Annoal bequesti 1,194,000
Stmtesabeidy 460,000
Donations 1,600,000
Total. * £6,554,000
F. — Italian Charities.
Endowed capital .... £65,300,000
Income 8,640,000
CoHt of management .... 1,760,000
Net prooeeda for charity . . . 1,880,000
G. — Charitablb Bequests per Annum.
p-r tfinftft Po*" Million £
Country. Amount. A-ilt. of National
^^'•- Eamingn.
r nited King Jom . . £660,000 £4 £0 10 6
France . . 1,190,000 6 12 0
Italy .... 124,000 2 090
See UospitaU,
A. — Component Parts.
ClicMter.
P.irmji.
Brie.
Dutch.
Gniyere.
\V.atfr .
. 30*4
30-3
340
41-4
321
Nitn»;3'cn
8-0
7-9
61
7-0
8-0
F;it
86-6
311
63-3
42-8
41-8
VarioiM .
25-0
807
. 7-6
8-8
181
100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0
1000
8o
CHEQ UES^CHESTN UTS.
B. — ^Production and Consumption.
TOKS.
Lb*, eon-
■iiiBA(l i^r
Production.
CoDMiiiii^on.
Inhabitant.
United Kingdom
126,000
216,000
13
Fnkno6 •
15,000
50,000
8
Germany .
80,000
80,000
4
Austria ? .
45,000
45,000
3
Italy? .
14,000
21,000
2
Switzerland
40,000
22,000
18
Holland .
40,000
10,000
6
United States
> <
117,000
50,000
2 '
Canada .
• >
83,000
510,000
16,000
9
Total .
510,000
4
1
It tikes a gallon of milk to produce 1 lb. of cheese. Tlie
Camembert cows in France average yearly £36 per head in
cheese. In Canada the average value of cheese is £7 {kt
milch cow — that is, 280 lbs. at 6d.
GHEQUES. — The use of cheques compared with money at
various dates and places shows thus :-r-
Date.
PL-xce.
Percent
Cheques.
Notes and Cuii
1839
London
98-2
6-8
1859
If • • .
96*8
8-2
1881
«« ...
98-9
11
1859
Provinces .
47-3
527
1872
„ ...
68-2
81-8
1881
England and Walea .
970
3-0
1881
New York .
98-7
1-3
1881
Western States .
817
18-3
1881
United States .
91*6
8-4
1881
1
irnitcd SUtes Bank^ .
94-4
5t5
By referring to Clearing- Howfe^ it will be seen that the
cheques paid in London and New York in one month aggre-
gate 1270 millions sterling, which is much in excess of all
the gold and silver coin in existence. See Bullion^ Mvney^
Clearing- Hotuse.
GHESTNUTa
Franee. luly.
Acres .... 1,220,000 1,226,000
Bushels .... i:s20<i,000 23,100,000
Do. per 100 inhabitants . 40 65
CHILDBIR TH—CH URCH. 8 1
The French crop is valued at 3, the Italian at 4, millions
sterling; the average yield in France 12, in Italy 18, hushels
per acre. Italy exports 500,000 bushels.
OEOLDBIBTH, DEATHS IN. — The average for 20 years
in England and Wales has been 32 per 10,000 births — that
is, 1^ per cent of all mothers die sooner or later in child-
birth. See pages 147, 148.
OHIMKEY.— The highest in the world is that at Port
DundaSy Glasgow, 454 feet
OHIHOHONA, or JESXHT'S BABK
A. — Annual Pboductiox.
Lbs.
Pern 8,900,000
India 2,200,000'
Jmva 110,000
Jamjucft 21,000
Total . . . 11,231,000
B. — Indian Plantations.
planted, TrvnUf* Tree* Crop, lAm.
^^ LocaUty. (Thouaands). Bark.
1860 Nilghiri ... 640 180,000
1861 Darjeeling . . . 4,680 878,000
1869 Ceylon. . . . 77,000 1,260,000
1875 Burmah ... 2 200
ToUl . . . 82,222 1,818,200
Indian hark yields from 4 to 5 per cent of sulphate of
quinine, but the superior quality introduced into Java by
Mr. Charles Ledger gives from 6 up to 15 per cent The
])lantations in India and Ceylon are valued at 5 millions
sterling.
London imports 8 million lbs. yearly, and such is the demand
that the price in Bolivia has doubled since 1 870, being now
48. per lb. Some Germans have planted near La Paz 600,000
trees of the Ledger or Caupolican species.
GHOLEBA. See Plague.
CHUBOH.
A. — Church of England, Income and Distribution.
Tithen £4,054,000
Committee grantfi .... 776,000
Other ■ources .... 978,000
Total £5,803,000
F
S2
CHURCH.
Bishops
Canons
Rectors
Curates •
See Tithes.
Clergy.
Ka
33
166
. . 11,780
. 5,050
InoomM.
£168,000
240,000
3,880,000
565^000
PerHaad.
£5,100
M40
380
112
Number of Livings.
Proprietor. Ko.
Crown 967
Noblemen 5,357
Bishops 2,088
Various 4,476
Total 12,888
The Ecclesiastical Report for 1880 shows that in 40 years
the Commissioiiers have expended 22 j- millions in creating
new endowments to an annual value of £746,000 in aid of
4700 distressed parishes, say £160 each. The Commis-
sioners distribute about £700,000 a year in creating new
benefices, to an average amount of £23,000 per annum.
Balance still in hand, £8,200,000. The above tables do
not include collegiate endowments, worth £550,000 a year.
Total clergy of Church of England 19,000, including 2000
schoolmasters. The Church of England has, moreover, 232
clergymen in Scotland, 820 in Irekmd, and 2700 in colonies
and foreign countries, making a grand total of 22,752.
B. — Catholic Church in British Empire.
England .
Scotland .
Ireland
Canada
Australia .
India
Other colonics
Total
BiHliOpt.
15
6
28
24
16
22
20
131
Priests.
2,112
306
3,290
1,210
376
1,179
315
Churches.
1,188
295
2,760
1,050
787
700
240
8,788
7,020
Lailj.
1,066,000
318,000
3,952,000
2,150,000
584,000
1,318,000
466,000
9,854,000
The average income in the United Kingdom is £400 fr»r
a bishop, and £80 for a priest In India it is £260 {icr
bif^hop, and £36 per priest In Canada and Australia it is
higher than in England.
C — Pbotestaht Chdbgh im Ikeland.
NntDb«ro( derg; . , S20 I DoDKtioiu . . £118,000
NombcrofUhj . 635,100 Total inoome . 248,000
Endowment . . £130,000 | Endowed c&piUl . 8,260,000
Then are 12 bishops, vho receive £41,500 per annum,
vrengo £3600 each.
In IfoTember 1880 the reaidtie of property formerly be-
longing to the FiDteatant Church in Ireland was valued at
12 miUiona, producing a revenne of £574,000, to be devoted
to purposes of general utility or beneficence.
D. — NovBEB OF Chubchs IN EkoiiAkd and Wales (1883).
Chmeh of Eoglud
Hethodltf. .
11,678
11,614
S,M8
2,248
896
Roswo Cktbolic ,
Qtuker
Jewub
Varioui
ToUl .
SS,916
In the above are not included 364 Roman Catholic chapeh
attached to religious houses, possessing no marriage licence.
E. — NnMBKB OP Chubcbes in United States.
Chunbu.
Kt..
Laity (Tli'iunuidi
Omliti^d).
^ig^'-
jsro.
issa
1880.
1S70. 1 isao.
Omltled).
B^irt. . . .
ia.B8a
24,784
16.401
6.460
8,532
£8.400
Mctbodiri. . .
21,33?
28,281
16,769
8.160
10,944
14,100
P«.bj-t*ri.n . .
7,071
10,474
8,026
8,375
8.664
10,600
Roman Catholic.
8.808
6,976
6,366
8,983
6,sn
12,200
Lutheran . . .
1.H6
6,666
8,103
826
2.740
1,200
2.822
4,aai
8,658
1,082
2.2es
1.200
Congtegitional .
2,715
3,689
3.589
1,395
1,384
6,100
uSilTBrethreii
S,601
8,104
S.564
1,041
1.41U
7,200
637
2,573
2,563
330
1,1«8
400
UDit»ri«n. . .
SIO
342
891
194
172
1,200
Quakcn . . .
662
6^1
876
280
272
800
JtWi ....
1G3
269
20'i
73
70
1.000
Monnoiu . . .
171
651
8,B06
120
440
200
Variou. . . .
E,3»l
1,154
8,824
11,808
10,841
7.2DO
Total . . .
63,082
92,167
77,230
38,115
50,166
£70,800
84 CHURCH.
F.^Chttbch in Frakcs.
Clergy 42,543
SiBten of chAiity, ft& . 126^400
Church endowed inoomes, • . £190,000
Schools, oonventB, aaylums • • £800,000
The capital value of endowments for churches, schools,
convents, and asylums amounted in 1880 to £23,300,000.
The annual State suhsidy is £1,740,000, equal to one shilling
per inhabitant, or £40 a year for each joiest. The ordinary
income of a Cur6 is £80.
G. — Chuech Pbopbrtt in Italy.
The Italian Government confiscated properties worth 55
millions sterling, of which nearly half has been sold, viz, : —
Obfiibd. Ii
Sold (1868-80) . . £21,200,000 £1,4»),000
Held by State . . 88,900,000 1,240,000
Total . . £55,100,000 £2,690,000
Out of the above income the Italian Government pays
£428,000 per annum to 32,590 monks and nuns, say £13
each. The Pope has always refused the allowance of
£120,000 a year offered him, and is maintained by Peters
pence from sll nations. The number of parochial cleigy in
Italy is 20,067, of whom 2236 have less than £30 a year
income.
H. — Church in Austria.
Biflbope . . 98 I Friars . . 9,600
Priesta . . . 55,200 I Nuns . . . 5,200
The Church forests and other properties are valued at 19
millions sterling. Total church revenue, £1,890,100, the
highest income being £30,000 per annum to the Archbishop
of Olmutz. Priests average £30 a year.
I. — Church op Russia.
Bishope . • ^^1 Convents . • 550
Parish priests . 49,200 | Cbarches . . 85,400
The State subsidy is £800,000 per annum, besides which
the Church lands give a revenue (\f f.\7 to each priest
CHURCHES.
1
85
K-
— Chubohes in Australia.
Churches,
Churches, Hinisten
Laity.
per 100,000
Inhabitants.
Churdi cl BoglMKi
I 1,898 659
982,000
142
791 878
581,000
136
MeUiodiiti .
1,608 859
399,000
402
Presbjteriaoa
, 1,046 870
864,000
285
Variom
1,
170 889
585,000
2,861,000
218
Total .
013 2,155
210
Churches.
Ministers.
Sunday
Schools.
New Sooth Wal68
1,880
706
1,285
Yietoria .
2,843
759
1,557
Sooth Amtralia
725
165
570
New Zealand .
558
277
860
172
76
100
819
139
112
Wert Aostralia .
I .
71
33
40
Total
6,013
2,155
4,024
OHUBOHBa
A.
— Churchbr an»
Clergt.
Church en.
Churches.
Clergy.
per 100.000
lohabitanU).
England .
35,916
41,320
144
Ireland
4.540
4,110
88
France
1
39,314
42,543
105
Germany .
1 <
37,720
81,910
84
Anttria
«
86,180
61,240
98
Russia
i
42,670
49,330
55
Italy.
»
22,260
40,150
81
Spain
18,600
42,765
112
United States
92,167
77,230
181
Anstralla .
6,013
2,155
210
B. — T.ARGK8T Churches.
Kame.
City.
Square
Yiuxla.
Persons.
St Peter's .
. Rome
. 13,600
54,000
Dnomo .
. Milan
9,200
37,000
St. Paul's
. Rome
8,000
32,000
St. Paul's .
. London
6,500
26,000
Cathedral
. Antwerp .
6,000
24,000
St Sophia .
. Constantinople .
5,700
23,000
Notre Dan
ae .
•
Paris .
4,200
21,000
GIDE& See Apples,
«
m™.
^
_
D-*.
.«-^
Aleundrik . .
S33
46-0
8*-2
108
Algien .
62
801
sii
826
867
237
isi
49-9
Antweip.
182
247
S32
211
64*
BuMlou
260
29'i
63-0
Bdbrt .
185
28"a
6a-i
Beriin. .
1,129
87-6
27 ■«
oi
4S-3
BuminKhtm
402
ST*
19-8
17-8
48-3
B«nb.y .
644
25-S
337
81-8
BonWii
212
267
67-0
Botton .
363
so'b
23«
6-is
48-4
123
54-4
Bndford.
184
83-i
2ii
12-0
BraiUa .
273
377
32-6
B-2
46-7
Brighton.
lOS
30-6
190
IK
BrUtol .
207
846
19-8
14-»
Bl'-T
BnuufU .
407
347
23-9
10-8
607
222
29-6
24-5
60
46-4
Bijd>-Fe>th
870
86-8
35-2
0«
476
Boeooi Ayre
212
317
30-1
1-6
62-8
C«ro . :
815
7M
C>IcutU .
429
3ii
82-4
Chicgo .
603
20-2
45-9
CbrUtunlk
120
aV's
18-8
167
41-6
CiDciDDftti
256
20-2
647
0
819
se-i
CopeDhagen
235
39-1
22'l
17^
46 6
Drnden .
221
364
254
10-0
49-1
I>ublin .
350
20-1
271
20
60-1
229
32-2
20-2
12-0
47-J
Florence .
168
69-2
Frwkfort
138
49-6
OeiMT* .
69
24 8
2i'-2
s'l
627
Q«Da>. .
179
611
GlHgOW .
612
37-4
25-3
12-'l
49-8
H.«ue .
118
397
23 '3
16-4
Hombuis
454
37-5
2('6
]3-0
48fl
H>ranu.
230
25-4
457
791
HuU . .
156
36-4
23-8
126
Jeroulem
£8
62-6
Le«di. .
310
se's
21-6
15-2
LokMtai.
123
38 4
21-8
166
I^[«0 .
l***
281
...
4<l"4
F«
««««»ta™.
''T^
mr.^
I»«b.
L>=
LilDk ....
130
73-3
Uibon .
£21
61 '4
Liireipool
5GG
876
2fl-7
10 9
50-8
Lcndott .
3,S32
84-7
21-2
13-5
60 8
te;:
377
26 0
£47
1-3
39S
39-0
S8'8
0-2
ei'i
Madrid .
3M
37 '5
S7'4
0-1
58-2
649
Bti-O
25-5
11-4
48-8
870
SflO
28'-b
68-3
UJbauM
281
57-0
M«a<» .
212
30-9
60-9
HlUn. .
821
30 -a
651
MoDtml.
117
37 0
44-6
Moacow .
694
40-0
Munich .
230
si'-'s
32'8
, flV
48-4
N.pl« .
491
820
33a
eo-3
145
36-8
21 '8
15fl
...
New OrlfUi
2IS
82-7
69-1
New Yort
1,243
34-6
20-2
e''4
51-8
N.Atingbsm
187
36-7
2-2-4
14-3
OlilUm .
115
35-4
22-8
laa
I'^eimo .
245
38-6
63-1
F.ri. . .
2.289
ao'i.
28-e
i'''9
61-3
Philkdeltihia
668
aofl
20-5
B'5
621
128
844
19-7
14-7
(Jn-beo .
SO
239
40'3
Qnito . .
B4
60-9
Rio JMieiro
275
35"5
30'i
77-2
Kome. .
301
27-2
211-8
0-4
00-5
Rottenkm
163
38-8
23-3
15-5
61-0
Roan .
lOS
31-3
StLoata.
851
30-0
19-3
loV
65-b
703
37-8
61-4
8D'S
S»FrHK>>co
234
18-1
OS-2
Sheffield . .
2S4
3S-'0
21-6
]6-'4
163
330
24-7
8-3
42'3
117
3S'3
209
18-4
Sjdn*r .
222
66-8
Timu . .
210
:"
66-8
Turin. .
241
si'-is
E5'«
5-9
63-.1
V.lp.r«w
101
64 -fl
641}
V.ui™ .
142
802
22-7
7'*E
6l-i
Vienna .
731
3B2
230
6ro
W»r«» .
318
44-2.
Wtohington
147
22-9
6S-2
88
CIVIL SERVICE-BLOCKS.
CIVIL 8EEVI0E.— In the United Kingdom 29,000 per-
sons, with an aggregate salaiy of £4,000,000, say £130
each.
CLEASmCKHOUSR
A. — Annual Business in 1881.
Place. Millions £.
London . . 6,883
Paris . . 2,200
BerUn . 989
Vienna . 463
Manchester . 112
New York . 7,723
United States 12,873
For Inha1>. P«r Dsj.
£1,680 £20,500,000
1,002 7,000,000
980 8,200,000
620 1,500,000
205 350,000
6,100 25,000,000
250 42,000,000
£. — Increase of London Business
Tear. MiUlona £.
1839 . 980
1867-70. 8,540
1871-80 . . 5,210
1881 . . 6,383
Per Inhab. Per Daj.
£490 £3,200,000
1,200 12,000,000
1,500 17,000,000
1,680 20,500,000
C. — Increase op
New York Business.
Tenr. MiUlons £.
1853 . . 261
1863 . 3.486
1873 . . 5,665
1881 . . 7,723
Per Inhab. Per Day.
£510 £800,000
4,200 11,000,000
5,700 18,000,000
6,100 25,000,000
). — Increase of Continental Clearing-Hou8B]
MilUon8£. '
Daily Average.
1873. 1881.
Paris . 881 2,200
Berlin. 1,070 989
Vienna 177 463
187S 1881.
£2,800,000 £7,000,000
3,400,000 3,200,000
550,000 1,500,000
Total . 2,128 3,652 £6,750,000 £11,700,000
See Cheques.
OLOGKS. — The most remarkable have been : —
760. One presented by Pope Paul L to Pepin.
810. That sent to Charlemagne by Haronn-al-Raschid.
1292. That put up in Canterbury Cathedral
1370. The famous dock of Strasburg.
1580. Musical clocks made in Gkrmanj.
1639. OalUeo*s, for astronomical uses.
1762. Harrison*s chronometer, London.
COAL.
89
GOAL.
A. — Production in all Countries.
MillionB of Tons.
Great Britain .
$VaDce . . . ,
Germany . . . .
Ruana . . • .
Austria
Belgium
1842.
. 35
4
11
1
8
1860.
85
8
14
1
8
10
1880.
147
19
59
7
16
17
£urope . • • .
United States .
China . . . .
Australia^ &c. .
. 54
3
3
1
121
15
8
2
265
70
3
6
The World
. 61
141
344
B. — Consumption in all Countries.
Great Britain
United States .
Germany .
France
Austria
Belgium
Russia
Holland
Spain and Portugal
lUly .
Various
ililUou
Cwts.
Tons.
per InhabiUnt
130
74
70
28
55
24
27
14
16
9
12
44
9
2
3
14
2
2
3
2
17
• • •
Total
344
18
C. — Industry op Coal-Mining.
Great Britain .
United States
(^rmany . .
France . . .
Belgium . .
Austria . .
Total, .
Value of
Output, 1880.
£47,000,000
28,000,000
13,700,000
11,200,000
6,100,000
4,200,000
£110,200,000
Number of
Miners.
485,000
240,000
220,000
102,000
101,000
83,000
1,231,000
Tons
RaiRcd per
Miner.
303
295
270
190
168
192
1871-80,
Value at Pit's
31outl).
£0 7
0 9
0 5
0 11 0
0 7 8
0 6 0
269 i £0 7 8
90
COAL.
D.— Coal-fields op the World.
Great Britain 9,000
Franoe 1,800
Germany 8,600
Russia 27,000
Belgium, Spain, &&, . . . 1,400
Eurq)e 42,800
United States 194,000
India 35,000
China 200,000
Total
471,800
E. — Coal Production in Great Britain.
v^- Ton« Cwfs. per
***'• (thotiaanda). Inhab.
Cwts. per
Inhab.
1660
2,150 8
1846 36,400
27
1700
2,610 9
1858 54,000
88
1760
4,774 11
1860 84,000
58
1800
10,080 21
1870 110,000
72
1829
16,035 14
1880 147,000
82
F.-
—Production ani
> Extent op Fields.
MiUion To
ns. Content of Field,
Tesrsof
li'SO.
Mill on Toua.
Supply.
South Wales ... 15
32,000
2,150
Midland .
. 15
18,000
1,200
Northumberland . 16
10,000
620
Stafford .
. 15
6,000
400
Lancashire
. 22
5,000
230
Yorkshire,
&C. . . 46
9,000
196
Scotland
. 18
10,000
550
Total
147
90,000
612
The ParliameDtary report sliows 90 millianls of tons, that
is, enough for 600 years at our present rate of production,
•without going deeper than 4000 feet The deepest coal-
mine now working in Great Britain is the Rosebridge,
2500 feet The Lambert colliery, in Belgium, is 3490
foot deep.
G. — Price op Coal in I^ndon since 1730.
Tourt.
Per Ton.
Tears.
Per Ton.
Yonrs.
Per Ton.
1730-50
£17 2
1820-30
£1 12 0
1851-60
£0 18 6
1751-99
1 14 9
1831-40
14 0
1861-70
0 18 5
1800-20
2 13 3
1841-50
0 19 0
1S71-S0
0 18 4
COAL.
91
H. — Consumption op British Coal.
Million Tons.
50
Bomestio use 85
Railways and Steamers 17
Gas and Waterworks 16
Mines 10
Export 19
Total
• • •
. 147
I. — British Coal Consumed Abroad.
In—
France
Gennany ....
Russia ....
Italy . . . ,
Spam
Sweden and Norway
Other parts •
Tons.
. 8,800,000
, 2,200,000
1,500,000
, 1,550,000
. 1,000,000
, 1,400,000
. 7,650,000
Lbs.
per Inhab.
220
108
40
118
140
470
• • •
Total
19,100,000
• ••
K. — French Consum
PTioN OP Coal.
ANSUA.L AveUAOE.
Yearn. "^ Tons (t
1830-40 . . a
1860-65 . .17
1875-82 . . 24
housai
1,600
,500
,700
ids). Lbs.
per liiliabitant. ^*
245
1,110
1,470
France consumes 19 million tons of native, and 8 million
tons of imported coaL The French collieries in 1879 gave
tliis result : —
Amount. Per ton.
Wages .... £4,040,000 £048
Other expenses . . . 8,320,000 0 3 11
^'et profit .... 1,480,000 019
Value . £8,840,000 £0 10
L. — Harze*s Tabt.r of Production.
Tons (Thousands Omitted).
Tear.
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
18S0
liclgitim.
France.
Qerinany.
2,305
1,509
1,700
4,028
8,410
3,341
6,234
1,485
6,041
10,057
9,423
15,080
13,733
13,259
32.843
16,867
19,362
52,048
This seems to omit the ** brown coal " of Germany. See A.
92
COAST TRAFFIC'-COBDEN TREATY.
M. — Gravity and Carbon.
Weight,
Per-
•
Weight, Per-
lbs. per
centAffo
Ibe. per oenUge
cubic yd. Carbon.
cubic yd. Carbou.
Rhode Island . 8,054
86
Newcastle .
, . 2,160 87
Massachusetts . 2,882
97
Peat . . .
. . 2,160 57
Pennsylvania . 2,715
89
Marseilles .
. 2,080 63
Mayenne (Fr.). 2,293
91
Greek. .
. . 2,020 60
Swansea . . . 2,266
89
Westphalia .
Wood. .
. . 1,840 63
Lancashire . . 2,240
88
. . 1,100 60
See Coke,
COAST TRAFFIO.— In the United Kingdom in 1880 the
port entries for coast traffic amounted to 36 million tons, being
an average of 32 voyages per annum for 12,580 vessels, with
aggregate of 1,130,000 tons, engaged in this trade — average
per vessel 90 tons.
In France the coast traffic is done by : —
Mediterranean.
Other Porte
TotaL
Vessels .
Tons
Average tons .
. 50,700
2,260,000
45
10,130
1,255,000
124
60,830
3,515,000
59
There is no return of the tonnage entries.
In Italy the coast traffic is double the amount of the
entries from the high seas, and is rapidly increasing : —
1870
1879
Tons.
5,930,000
8,848,000
This shows an increase of 40 per cent
The United States show the following tonnage of American
vessels engaged in coasting trade : —
Tons.
1860 2,645,000
1870 2,688,000
1881 2,646,000
GOBDEN TBEATY, in 1860, reduced duty on French
wines by one-half, the French reducing duties on coal and
iron, and stipulating that no import duties in France were
to exceed 25 per cent ad valorem.
COCHINEAL—COFFEE.
93
. — Canaij Islands exported in 1880 three
million Iba, valued at £350,000. Great Britain imports
thrae million Iba, against five million lbs. ten years ago.
OOOOA,
Tmt.
18S1
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
CSonmimptUm in Unito<l Kingdom.
440,000
1,220,000
5,810,000
4,520,000
7,252,000
10,885,000
Duty,
per lb.
6d.
2d.
2d.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Prioe, CoDsumptinn,
per Ih. OB. per lubab.
Od. i
7d. i
5d. 8
6d. 2i
5id. 4
Bd. 5
OOD. — The aTerage take is as follows : —
GrMtBiitoin
Traiioe •
Norway •
CSHukla .
Million Vfah.
8
21
65
28
Total . 122
Tons.
18,000
84,000
110,000
45,000
202,000
Value.
£200,000
840,000
1.050,000
520,000
£2,110,000
The production of cod-liver oil averages 900,000 gallons
yearly, chiefly in Norway and Canada, 100 livers yielding
one gallon of oiL See Fisheries,
COFFEE.
A. — PBomjcnoN.
Tone (Thoosundfi).
Brazil .
Jmva
Ceyloo
Wert Indies
AM» .
M«niH% fta
Total
1855.
163
70
29
28
22
9
321
1880.
833
90
53
42
86
85
580
Value of Crop
(1880).
M illious £.
22
7
4
3
8
3
42
R — Increase of Production.
Year.
1865
1875
1881
IFm^m
Thouaand
Tear.
Tuna.
1832
. 95
1844
. 265
1855
. 821
ThouMud
Tona.
. 422
. 505
. 589
C. — CossumMiom of Coffkb.
Toua. Inlutduul.
nn]t«d Eingdom .... 15 08
FniKw G5 B-3
German; 110 6-2
BdsbU 20 0-4
AiutrU 40 S-3
Italy 14 11
Belgium BDd HollBiid ... GO 11-3
Scandinavia 20 S-3
Europe SU S-3
UnHedSUtea . . . . ]«6 7-3
BniU 82 U-0
CaloDiei,ftc 88 2-0
, Total . ess
The coffee fields of Brazil cover 2 million acres, with 800
nilUoQ trees — that is, 400 per acre, each tree averaging
almost 1 lb. per annum, the industry employing 800,000
bands.
D.— CoNSDMPnoN m Unitbd Eikqdou.
A. — AoB OP EniTisH Gold Coin (1882).
Dlt< minted.
Before 1840
184CH8E0
1851-I8flO
1861-1870
1871-1881
On an average every £100 of gold coin in dso in 1S83
wanted half-a-sovereign to make weight, according to iho
bonkers' ceosus.
B. — Gold Coikb ot all NATiona.
CnrntTf.
Sum.
Wdsfa^<>.
«»!».
Valoa.
Dneit . . .
0-llS
es6
£0 0 6
Crown .
O'ssr
900
BoUVte . . .
DoaUooD
0-887
870
SD-mllni
0-575
917
Choi. . . .
Condor . .
0-4BS
SOO
1 18 3
Dtemaik . .
lO-tWer
0-427
8SS
1 18 0
r»nat . . .
SO-fMM*
0-207
699
0 16 0
G«f»>.j . .
ItMdMlw
0427
908
1 18 i
Gmm* . . .
XT.
O'lSfi
900
0 14 4
HollMid. . .
ji^rr-
O-Slfi
899
0 16 8
ladCft . . .
0-874
916
1 0 0
Cotang.
0-862
5S8
0 18 6
Pntfa . . .
0 16 0
6-m>ble.
0-210
916
0 16 8
Alfoow.
0-SM
696
sW^do. . .
Dnckt .
0-111
TWkey. . .
0-S31
916
0 18 3
C— SiLVBR Coins op all NATiOKa
Couutiy.
K.me. IWdKhtoi.
Flneiuu.
VmluK
Ai»ttu. .
Florin . .
0-387
BOO
£0 2 0
DoUw .
0-696
900
0 3 0
Bolivia . .
H»lt-doUw
0-432
667
0 18
BTadl . .
1 MUni .
0-410
918
Chili. . .
Dollar .
0-801
900
Chiiu . .
TmI . .
Denmuk .
1 2-rie»iAl«r
0*27
877
0 4 7
FruM . .
0-81H)
900
0 4 0
Q«nnwiv .
1 ThAkr .
0'S95
000
0 8 0
t:>«t B'rlUin
1 Sbillfng .
0182
825
0 1 0
, 0-719
BOO
0 8 8
HoUaiKi. .
. ai-guild«r
1 0-804
914
0 4 2
'Rupe. .
916
0 1 10
J.p.n . .
.Iteebu .
0-279
8B0
0 16
K«n. .
0 0 10
0-6fi7
875
0 3 4
P«et- .
' 0-188
899
0 0 10
RwcdeD. . .
Riidkler
750
Tnrke/ . .
! 20-piMtTe)i
1 0-770
830
0 S 7
Gold coin loses 1 per cent of its weight in 50 years ; silver
coin 1 per cent, in 10 yenrs.
96
COIN.
D. — Actual Amount of Coin.
]
MlLLIOVS £
•
PerlnhabiUnt
Gold.
SUyer.
Total.
United Kingdom . . > 124
19
148
£4 1
0
France ....
191
110
801
8 0
6
Germany
, 70
46
116
2 12
0
Rusaia ....
22
12
84
0 7
0
Anstna
10
10
20
0 11
0
Italy ....
16
10
25
0 17
0
Spain and Portngal
Holland and Belgium .
40
17
67
2 16
0
16
25
41
4 0
0
Scandinavia .
6
2
8
0 18
6
Switzerland .
4
8
7
2 12
0
Turkey and Greece
Europe
S
2
6
0 10
0
601
255
756
2 8
0
United States
110
86
146
2 17
0
Spanish America
16
11
26
1 1
0
India .
16
140
156
0 15
0
Japan .
10
10
20
0 12
0
Australia
15
1
16
5 10
0
South Africa
6
1
6
5 15
0
Canada .
1
1
2
0 9
0
The World
1 .
673
455
1,128
1 16
4
E. — Coin Minted from 1850 to December 1881.
MtLLIOWS £^
Gold.
United Kingdom
France .
Germany
Russia .
Austria
Italy .
Spain .
Portugal
Belgium
Holland
Scandinavia
Europe
United SUtes
Australia
India
The World
158
299
89
116
14
10
17
13
23
6
5
Silver.
13
45
66
20
88
20
10
1
18
80
2
ToUL
Per Head of
medium
Population.
744
213
63
2
1,022
253
46
• • •
196
495
166
£5 7
0
844
9 11
0
145
3 18
0
135
1 15
0
62
1 10
0
80
1 4
0
27
1 16
0
14
8 15
0
41
8 2
0
86
10 3
0
7
1 1
0
997
8 10
6
259
8 9
0
63
85 2
0
198
1 2
0
1
1,517
8 1 0
COIN. 97
F. — Coin Minted in Grbat Britain since 1200.
•
TeousAKDa.
Poiiod.
AnnuAl
Average.
Ould.
SilTer.
Total.
1200-1420 . .
£36
£183
£218
£990
14S1-1509 . .
19
164
183
2,100
1510-1608 . .
1.476
5,485
6,960
74,800
1604-1688 . .
18,482
17.421
80,853
867,000
1680-1760 . .
26,058
8,239
34,297
444,00tf
1761-1820 . .
76.447
6,828
82,275
1,870,000
1821-1887 , .
47,815
8,338
50,653
8,170,000
1838-1880 . .
246,908
17,259
264,167
6,140,000
The last period ends with December 1880, and includes
JU7,352,000 gold minted in Australia.
G. — United States Mint.
Period.
MlLUONM &.
Anoaal
ATenge.
Gold.
SUver.
ToUL
1798-1820 . .
1821-1840 . .
1841-1850 . .
1851-1860 . .
1861-1881 . .
1-3
1-9
19-8
66 0
147-2
2-2
8-9
4-5
9-3
37 1
3-5
10-8
24-3
76-3
184-3
01
0-5
2 4
7-5
8-8
H. — Quantity of Coin in the World since 1600.
MiLLtOXd £.
Date(A.DX
'^In.
Commerce.
Ratio of Coin
lo Commerce,
1600 .
130
35
371
1700 .
297
94
316 .
1809 .
380
286
133
1830 .
313
868
85
1880 .
. 1128
2650
42
I. — Quantity of Coin in Great Britain since 1560.
Thousakda.
Ratio to
Com-
Teer.
Per Inhabitant. 1
Gold.
Silver.
Total.
merce.
1560
£300
£800
£1,100
£0 4
6
41
1688
8,500
3,000
11,500
2 2
0
140
1711
12,000
4,000
16.000
2 15
0
107
1798
37,000
8,000
45,000
4 10
0
70
1844
51,000
10.000
61,000
2 5
6
45
1858
90,000
14,800
104,800'
3 13
0
40
1872
107.600
17,000
124,600
3 19
0
23
1881
123.600
19,300
142,900
4 0
o
2".
G
COIItS—COKB.
K. — Com IK Fbancb mien 1784.
Tmt.
FWlBhibltuM.
Gold.
BUTn.
Total
]7Si
ISOS
1840
1880
S
s
i
190
111
no
SB
103
116
SCO
£S 13 0
a 11 0
» 7 0
SOS
L. — Coin in United Statb sinck 1620.
r«r.
A Per InbuUMnt.
1830 .
. £7,400.000 £1 fi 0
1849 .
. 29,800,000 14 0
1SE4 .
. 60.800,000 1 16 0
1880 .
. 148,000,000 S 17 0
See Gold, Silver, Mint, Money.
IL-
Old Engubh Gold Coiks.
N.m^
Dits. Nomlul Tilus. In lament Montr.
Noble . .
. 1345 £0 6 H £1 1 10
Angel .
. 1465 0 6 8 0 11 0
Crown . .
. 1S30 0 G 0 0 7 6
. 1551 1 10 0 18 0
NobiB . .
. 1600 0 15 0 0 16 0
SoTareign
. 1626 10 0 lit
N'.— Old Fbbsch Coins.
IM.. K.««.
*^;«'
D.U. s«-. *.-;-
1336 Angel .
£0 "ir 8
1507 Purcnpino .£090
0 0 9
1539 Salamander 0 9 0
1S89 Eiterlin.
0 0 3
1550 Henri , . 0 9 £
1294 Rofal .
0 IB 0
1576 Ftano . . 0 3 3
1346 Coiinmne
0 15 0
1840 Loui* . . 0 l<i 8
14S8 MoutOD.
0 5 6
1862 „ diver 0 4 8
1430 Koykl .
0 10 4
1666 Lily, gold . 0 10 i*
1435 Ecu . .
0 8 4
1B56 „ aUTor. 0 1 b
0.— Eon
OPKAN Coi.s-a OF 18th Centubt.
Penra. Fnif*.
French Lyre .
. 10 Spuuhduot . . 40
Geneva „ .
. 17 Geno«e „ . . 49
. 19 Venetiui „ . . CI
AoMiuuiaorin
. 21 Komuioido . 55
OOEE.
T
IgldnwnkTeB TWd IVam ■ Ton
Wertphdi. . .
86 per rent PMnwylvnnia . 89 per cent
41 „ Mayenne ... SO „
LMncaMhir, . .
5S „
Wale. . . . . Bl „
COID— COLONIES.
99
COLD. — The gnateat d^p^es of cold lecarded in England
mn 16 below nro at London on Christmas Day, 1796, and
8 below lero at Nottingham on Chtiitmas Day, 1860. Sea
Meteoroiogj/ tnd Frott
OOLONIEfl, BSITI8E.— Thair growth in 20 ;eaia haa
baan aa foUowa : —
A.
AKD CowaRCB.
IUUqo
n.c™,.
18W
issa
ie«K
im.
Pop.
P..^.t
Autnlla . .
I,9GS
a.888
49,950
78
Cuud* . . .
23,713
35.ioa
30
61
Smth Africa .
S69
6,041
21.113
261
320
WcatATrica .
210
US
16
12
Cejlon . . .
1,919
2,558
6,102
9,980
33
83
StnulxSettiL .
S82
H,<80
29,685
10
105
Wotlntliet .
1,0?6
1,365
11,169
16.460
27
48
Vwioos. . ,
192
i33
5,623 <1,870
132
616
Cjprui . . .
aao
410
Colonial. .
9,099
u.m
120,993 S52,O0S
53
109
India. . . .
ToUI .
1*3,271 2U,600
89,610 109,820
49
57
152,300
228,B-*
180,503
331,823
50
90
B. — Revesde and Sbbt.
nu
R.t.,o,l™-. 1
{Tliouui.d* £>.
law.
ISM.
18W.
im
Ranntio.
Debt
Auitnlik . .
6,780
19,315
10,679
94.312
233
781
6.310
14,232
36,800
158
167
Sodth Africa .
8,770
418
13.870
310
3,360
W«t Africa .
66
104
360
MuritJui . .
553
764
800
36
Ceylon . . .
767
1,383
ioo
671
80
671
920
1,880
1.496
1.450
Cjp™ . . .
Colonic. .
11,276
33,761
27.035
148,5871 2<10
448
tnaia. . . .
Total .
39.706
67,615
98.107 |163.ei0j 70
68
60.981
101.376 526,142 |302,177| 99
143
lOO
COLO UR'BLIND^COMMERCB.
c-
-l^TioB FEB Inhabitant in
1880.
Comineros*
Bemrae.
Debt
Ban way
(kpiUL
Australia • •
£80
£6 16 0
£32
£20
Canada .
8
15 0
8
18
South Africa ,
16
2 15 0
10
6
West Africa .
6
0 10 0
• » »
• • •
Mauritiaa
16
10 0
2
2
Ceylon •
4
0 11 0
• • •
1
West Indies ,
12
17 0
1
1
Cyprus .
In&a .
8
0 16 0
•••
•••
\
0 6 2
i
1
OOLOUR-BLIND. — In the schools of the United States
4 per cent of male children were found colour-blind, and
less than 1 per cent, of female. It is stated that similar
results have been shown in Europe.
COMETS.
MiLUOXs OF Mii.n fkom
Name.
Yean of
Bevolution.
Bum.
Next
Bet urn.
Greatest
Least
Distance.
Distance.
HaUey .
77
8,200
56
1910
Mechain .
14
• • •
• • ■
1885
Faye
8
603
192
1888
D* Arrest .
7
• • •
• • •
1883
Biela
7
585
82
1886
Brorsen .
6
637
64
1884
Winnecke
6
• • •
• • •
1885
DeVico .
6
475
110
1883
Encke .
• 1 8
887
32
1884
COMMERCE.
A. — Ratio of Commerce per Inhabitant.
United Kingdom
France. . . .
Grermany . . .
Russia ....
Austria . .
Italy ....
Spi^ and Portugal
Holland . . .
Belgium . • .
Scandinavia • .
Europe ...
United States .
1880.
£3
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
8
1
1
2
12 0
2 0
4 0
8 6
13 0
13 6
14 8
14
18
12
4
0
0
0
0
8
0
165a
£6 1
2 8
8 3
0 11
0 19
1 6
1 3
14 16
8 3
2 17
2 2
2 18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 i
0 ;
0
0
6
4
1S70.
188a
£14 16
0
£16 6
0
6 4
0
9 0
6
5 6
0
7 1
0
1 7
0 1 10
0
2 7
0
8 7
6
8 1
0
3 6
6
2 2
0
2 13
0
19 8
0! 30 2
0
12 12
0 21 1
0
6 15
0 6 10
6
4 18
2| 6 9
6
4 9
8
6 1
0
COMMERCE.
loi
B. — Agorxgats
OF Kjet Imports and E
XFORTE
L
MlLUOMB &.
183a
1840.
1850.
I860.
1870.
1880.
United Kingdom .
88
113
169
318
459
571
Frmnoo •
87
66
75
167
227
839
Germany .
83
56
105
160
212
815
XVUsBUk • • t
20
25
82
46
100
121
Austria .
16
22
29
51
83
128
lUly
11
17
26
46
74
96
Spain and Portugal .
Holland .
11
14
20
80
41
54
16
27
44
56
71
121
Belgium .
14
20
85
48
64
116
Scandinavia
£nrope. • •
8
12
17
80
42
55
254
872
552
952
1,373
1,916
United States .
25
43
64
187
172
809
South America
14
22
88
62
85
101
British Colonies
The World .
29
62
93
190
241
862
822
499
747
1,341
1,871
2,688
C. — Aliquot Parts of Commerce
SINCE
1830
•
I
1
1830.
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
18S0.
21-2
1 nited Kingdom
27-3
22-7
22-5
23-8
24-5
France . •
11-5
13 3
101
12-5
12-2
12-6
10-3
11-2
140
11-9
11-5
11-7
Russia
6-2
5-0
4-4
3-4
5-3
4-5
Austria . . •
5-0
4-4
3-9
3-8
4-4
4-7
July
3-4
3 4
3 5
3-4
3-9
3-6
Spain and Portugal .
3-4
2-8
2-7
2-2
2 2
2 0
Holland .
5 0
5-4
5-9
4-2
3-7
4-5
Belgium .
4 3
4 0
47
3 6
3-4
4-4
Scandinavia .
Europe
2-5
2-4
2 3
2-2
2 3
2-1
78-9
74-6
74-0
71-0
73-4
71-3
United SUtes .
7-8
8-6
8-5
10-2
9*2
11-5
South America
4-3
4-4
5 1
4-6
4-5
37
British Colonies
The World .
9 0
12-4
12-4
14-2
12-9
13-5
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
1000
100 0
D. — Articles of Bulk Exchanged since 1860.
Coal, tons .
Iron, „
Meat, cwis. .
Mllliona per Annum.
, ^'
18«l-70. 1871-80. 1880.
14*3 224 30-6
1-9 8-6 47
2-4 7-6 13-2
Millions per Annum.
1861-70.
Grain, tons . 4*4
Cotton, cwts. 9*8
Wool, „ 2-4
1871-80. 1880.
101 10-5
19-8 23-2
5-0 5-9
I02
COMMERCE.
E. — COHHERCE OF 1
Decade
ENDIKO
December 1880.
HlLUONS £
Annual lUiio
to Medium
1
Imports.
Exports.
ToUl.
PopulftiioD.
United Kingdom
8.714
2,778
6,492
£19 12 0
France
1,568
1.894
2,962
8 10
Germany . •
1,740
1,270
8,010
7 2 6
Russia . •
490
480
970
1 4 0
Austria • • •
570
505
1,075
8 2 0
Itely.
472
444
916
8 7 0
Spain and Portugal .
258
242
495
2 9 6
Belgium .
562
441
1,003
19 8 0
Holland .
680
432
1,062
27 5 0
Scandinavia
848
262
610
7 12 0
Greece, Turkey, &c. .
Europe .
174
159
833
3 5 0
10,621
8,407
18.928
6 6 0
United SUtes .
988
1,122
2,110
4 14 0
Canada
179
151
830
8 2 0
South America .
587
658
1,245
4 16 0
Australia .
402
843
745
80 1 0
China and Japan
289
271
560
• • •
Java ....
91
165
256
16 0
India
868
597
965
0 9 0
Egypt
52
186
188
8 15 0
Various
The World .
818
811
629
• ■ •
18,795
12,161
25,956
• ••
F. — Growth of
British Commerce.
Year.
Reign.
TROVBAKMdL
CoBBmsrce
InhsbiUnt
Imports.
Exports.
TotsL
1355
Edward IIL
89
294
833
£0 2 10
1573
Elizabeth .
1,650
1,880
8.530
0 15 0
1614
James I. .
2,141
2,091
4.232
0 16 6
1687
James II. .
4,200
4,087
8.287
1 10 2
1714
Anne . .
6,850
8.008
14,858
2 15 0
1761
George IIL
10,292
16,039
26,331
4 1 3
1801
»»
81,420
86,930
68.350
4 6 6
1835
William IV.
48,912
47,021
95.933
8 15 4
1855
Victoria .
133,720
115,822
249.542
8 18 8
1880
>t
847,876
223,060
570,936
16 6 0
The returns before 1800 are for England only, after that
date for the United Kingdonu
COMMERCE.
103
G
• **"^
Balancb of
•
British Trade. (^
HiLUOKS £ Bteruko.
Imports from
Exports to
Surplus
ImportB.
SurpluB
Exiiorts.
1801-70. 1871-80.
1861-70.
230
1871-80.
France ....
298
421
283
206
■ • •
Germany. . • .
162
217
261
884
• • •
216
Ronia ....
169
200
69
101
199
• ■ •
Austria ....
10
12
13
14
• • •
5
Ital^
Spain .....
83
39
41
74
• • •
43
54
94
83
43
72
■'f"""" • • • • •
Portugal ....
28
87
22
27
11
« • •
Belgium ....
HoUand ....
71
131
68
128
6
• • •
110
175
145
193
• • •
53
Denmark. . . .
20
40
14
23
23
• • •
Swedenand Norway
56
97
22
53
78
« • •
(x^reeoe ....
11
18
8
10
11
• ••
Roomania . . .
8
9
4
9
4
• ••
Turkey ....
£urope ....
54
57
67
70
• « «
26
1,079
1,547
997
1,362
267
• • «
United SUtes . .
360
773
233
299
601
• • •
Brazil
69
23
63
26
55
29
68
39
■ • •
• • •
1
19
River Plate . . .
ChiU
33
35
19
39
45
24
18
13
25
21
17
30
33
50
■ • «
• • •
• • •
12
Peru
Central America .
Mexico ....
11
5
13
10
• • •
7
Spanish Colonies .
60
51
33
37
41
• • •
Portuguese „
4
3
2
2
3
• • •
Java
1
113
14
132
10
54
15
78
• • •
113
10
• • «
China and Japan .
Egypt
158
114
60
40
172
• • •
Various ....
Foreign countries
India
42
54
63
48
• • •
15
1,997
2.890
1,605
2,066
1,216
• • •
845
299
197
241
206
• • •
Australia . . .
103
201
128
188
• • •
12
Canada . . ,
75
108
60
87
36
• • •
West Indies. .
69
67
32
32
72
• • •
Singapore .
21
29
16
23
11
• • •
Ceylon . . .
33
86
8
10
51
« • •
South Africa
23
42
18
49
• fl •
2
Hong Kong . ,
7
11
21
35
• ■ •
88
Various . . ,
28
31
44
47
• • •
32
. Total colonies .
704
824
624
712
292
• • •
Grand total .
» •
2,701
3,714
2,129
2.778
1,508
• ■ •
I04
COMMERCE.
IL — Balance of United States Trade (1871-81).
'MnxioMS £ Bterlivo.
Imports
^po'^to. S^;!!
Burplua
Exports.
Great Britain
France ....
Germany . . .
Cuba ....
Bradl ....
Varioiis. . . •
Total. . . .
829
104
86
145
84
273
735
112
114
29
15
213
• ••
• • «
• • ■
116
69
60
406
8
28
• • •
• • •
• • •
1,021
1,218
197
I. — Balance op French Trade (1871-80).
IfiLUOvs £ Brsauxo.
Imports
from.
Exports to.
Surplus
Impurts.
Surplus
Exports.
Great Britain .
283
421
• • •
138
Germany • . .
141
151
• ••
10
Belgium . . .
173
184
• • •
11
United States .
140
109
31
Italy ....
146
79
67
Russia ....
90
14
76
Spain ....
Various. . . .
Total. . . .
59
53
6
528
379
19
1,560
1,390
170
• • •
K. — Components
OP British Commerce.
Imports, Miluoks^.
Valub
PSE IVHABITAirr.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
Grain.
36-7
69-5
£1 8
4
£2 1 0
Cotton
63 -6
42*8
1 IS
6
1 5 0
Manufactures
26 5
337
0 16
8
0 19 6
Meat .
7-7
26-5
0 5
0
0 15 0
Wool .
15-8
26-4
0 10
0
0 15 0
Suffar .
Dairy produce
17-6
280
0 11
6
0 18 6
11-9
21-2
0 7
8
0 12 8
Tea, eoffee .
15-4
19-3
0 9
9
0 11 4
Timber
13-2
16-8
0 8
4
0 9 8
Minerab .
8-9
15-5
0 5
9
0 9 0
Flax, kc .
10 4
10-1
0 6
8
0 6 0
Sundries .
85 4
1 106-2
! 2 15
0 ; 3 8 0 1
Total imports .
1
803-0
4110
9 13
1
2
11 19 8
COMMERCE.
105
CoMPONnrra or British CoionERCE — continued.
L
Cotton goods
Iron
Woolkni
Hftrdwaro
linen, jute
Co^ .
Sundries
Britidi
Goods in tnniit
Totsl exports
ExFOftn, MiLUoxs A. Yalvs per Ikhabitaitt.
1870.
71-4
26-5
26*6
16*4
10*4
5-6
427
199-6
45-5
1880.
76*6
29*7
20-6
19-5
9*8
8-4
60-0
223-1
64-0
245-1 287-1
187a
£2 5 0
0 17 0
0 17 0
0 10 6
0 6 8
0 8 6
17 0
6
1
6
9
8
4
7 16 0
1880.
£2 4
0 19
0 12
0 11
0 6
0 6
1 15
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
6 12
1 15
0
0
8 7 0
See ImpartSj Exports^ &c.
L. — ComiERCs OF Fbance.
1
Totf.
HiLUoiis £.
Pttr
InhabiUnt
Importa.
Exports.
ToUL
(BhUUngt).
1716 .
4
5
9
9
1750 .
13
14
27
21
1788 .
17
17
34
27
ISOl .
17
12
29
21
1810 .
13
15
28
20
1820 .
15
18
33
22
1830 .
18
19
37
23
1840 .
32
34
66
38
1850 .
32
43
75
42
I860 .
76
91
107
89
1870 .
115
112
227
124
1882 .
109
144
343
181
M. — Commerce BET?rEEN France and United Kingdom.
period.
1831-40 .
1841-50 .
" 1851-60 .
1 1861-70 .
1871-80 .
1881
Ml LUCKS £.
Imp<>rU
from United
Kingdom.
Eznorto to
United
Klugdum.
Totol
Ezchnnged.
Trade or
Ffsdco.
Ratio with
United
Kingdom.
16
81
84
230
284
30
30
55
163
298
421
40
46
86
247
528
705
70
563
735
1,270
2,070
2,962
842
Per cent
12
12
20
25
24
21
51 years .
; 675
•
1,007
1,682
7,942
21
io6
COMMERCE.
N. — Distribution of British Comhercb.
Wlth-
MiLUONS &.
AUQUOT FABTa
1860.
1870.
188a
I860.
1870.
1880.
Colonies
89
120
174
23-7
21-9
24*9 -
United SUtes
68
81
146
18-1
14-8
207 .
Fiance .
31
60
71
8-2
110
101
Germany
34
48
68
9 0
7-8
7-6
Holland
18
81
42
4-8
6*6
6-0
Russia . . .
22
81
27
6 0
6*6
8-9
Belgium
8
20
24
2-2
8-6
86
Scandinavia .
9
17
24
2*4
81
8-6
Spanish-America .
13
26
22
8-4
4-7
8-2
Spain and Portugal
11
14
21
8 0
2 6
80
Brazil .
7
12
12
1*9
2-2
17
Egyp* •
13
23
12
8-4
4-2
17
Turkey ,
11
14
11
80
2 6
1-6
Italy .
7
10
10
1-9
1-8
1-4
Various .
The World.
34
46
60
90
8-7
7*2
376
648
698
100 0
1000
1000
The above includes not only imports and exports, but also
goods in transit
O. — CoMMERCB OP United States.
Year.
Millions £ Sterliug.
BritlAb
Batio.
Trade, per Inhabitant
(SbUliiipi).
ToUU
With Great
Britain.
TotaL
With Great
liiiU;n.
Per cent.
1790 . .
9
6
65
45
25
1800 . .
25
15
60
94
57
1810 . .
1>6
16
62
72
44
1820 . .
'J6
15
57
64
31
1830 . .
25
14
66
89
22
1840 . .
44
23
53
64
29
1850 . .
64
82
50
64
27
1860 . .
137
68
50
88
44
1870 . .
172
81
47
89
42
1880 . .
309
145
47
121
68
The above is exclusive of bullion.
COMPANIES, JOINT-STOCK.
107
P. — CoMMBBCi or All Nations (1883-84).
Graa Britain
G^muHiy
Anrtria
iu]]r
Spsinaad Portiigal
Belginm •
SeandiiuiTl*
Tnrkoj, kc
wmoBiA.
IrapnrU.
Ezporto.
. 890
296
. 199
141
. 168
164
. 71
78
. 62
76
. 61
47
al 41
86
. 62
64
. 87
67
88
80
. 42
84
Europe
. 1.206 1,012
IIUllunB£.
Imperil.
Exports.
United States .
140
150
Canada .
28
21
Australia.
64
62
B. America
64
74
S. Africa.
9
9
India .
66
86
China
24
21
Japan
6
7
Java
12
14
Egypt .
. 7
14
Vanons .
66
67
World .
. 1,692
1,626
OOMPAHIES, jonrrsTOOE.
A. — New Companies in 1881.
Great Britain*,
yrance
Germany
Austria .
Total
MlLLIO!CB £.
"fi^jccted.
168
160
70
40
438
Eatablished.
66
94
60
28
288
New Capital
per luhab.
£1 18 0
2 11 0
12 0
0 16 0
£1 12 0
B. — Registebbd in Great Britain singe 18G2.
Tetf*.
Number.
Capita],
MUlioua £.
New CapitoL
Pi-r Annum,
Millioua £.
Averajfc Capital
lier Compuiy.
1862-70 . .
1871-80 . .
1881 ....
1882 ....
6,179
10,448
1,886
1,471
1,010
930
168
217
112
93
168
217
£163,000
90,000
121,000
148,000
loS COM PENS A TION'-CONSCIENCB'MONBY.
C. — Capital op New Companibs (Great Britain).
M ILLI0II8 £.
Tears.
StlU-born.
EstablUhed.
TotaL
1862-^0 .
. 1,080
860
1,940
1881
. . 102
66
168
1882
. . 159
68
217
Total
1,841
984
2,825
D.—
Companies Estabushed (Great Britain).
If ILUOS8 £.1
; 1881.
1882.
Railways
. 23
22
Electricity .
. 8
12
Lands .
4
6
Mining
. . 6
8
Banks .
• 4
'2
Sundry
. 26
13
Total
66
68
£. — Companies Established in all Nations.
Millions £.
Tears.
1871-74
1875-78
1879-82
Amount, CftpiUl. Annual Averag*^
1,230 308
420 105
820 205
Total . . 2,470 206
F. — French Companies in 1881.
Millions £.
Banks 83
Railways 8
Newspapers 3
RealesUte 14
Mining 4
Various 32
ToUl
94
COMPENSATION. — Tho railway companies of Great
Britain pay £1300 a day for injuries done, through their
culpable neglect, to passengers or merchandise.
CONSOIENOE-MONEY.— Between the years 1870 and
1880 the average received by the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, for unpaid taxes, was X9 100 per annum.
CONSOLS-^CON VBYA NCES.
109
00H80L&
A. — Quotations op National Dbbt bincb 1740.
Period.
MaTiimiin.
Ifinimum.
Ayenge.
Debt»
MUliona^.
1740-60 .
104
' 82
98-5
78
1761-80 .
91
61
821
189
1781-1800 .
97
47
67-2
240
1801-20 .
84
50
64-9
841
1821-40 .
97
69
85*8
781
1841-60 .
102
79
93*4
786
1861-81
108
84
93 1
776
B. — Holders of Fund&
Averafftt.
1830.
1848.
1880.
£100,000 .
172
177
283
60,000 .
1,810
1,550
1,892
10,000 .
. 22,189
20,561
19,140
8,000 .
. 124,014
120,487
112,077
600 .
.. 182,960
141,352
103,122
Total • . 281,145 284,127 236,514
Unclaimed dividends in March 1882 amounted to
£3,027,000. For French funds, see Rentes.
CONSUMPTION. — In England and Wales 14 per cent,
of males, and 13.} per cent, of females, die of consumption.
In 1880 in the United States the deaths from consumption
were 92,210, or 13 per cent See pages 147 and 349.
CONYETANOES. — ^London cabs carry 30 million, Paris
cabs 18 million passengers yearly; the first earn £2,200,000,
the second, £1,080,000 per annum. The London Omnibus
Co. has 1620 busses, carries 54 million passengers yearly, for
£550,000. The Paris local traffic is as follows : —
Tramways . . .119 £740,000 1-5
OmnibuB .... 90 690,000 1*9
Steamboats, &c. . .25 175,000 1*7
Total . . .234 £1,605,000 16
The Paris local traffic was 72 millions in 1860, rising to 108
millions in 1870, and 234 millions in 1880.
The tramways of the United Kingdom carried 206
million passengers in 1880, averaging 2d. each. See Tram-
tcays, Railtpays, Passengers, Cabs,
no CONVICTS-COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES.
OONVIOTS. — See Crinifi, Prisons.
OOOLIES. — ^The emigration from India averages 22,000
yearly, the number registered abroad in 1880 being 335,000,
viz. : —
Manriiitts . 141,000 t Bourbon •
Demerara . 54,000 Trinidad •
43,000 I NaUl . . 18,000
26,000 I Jamjuca, &a 68,000
Numbers of Chinese coolies emigrate to Cuba and Peru,
where they are ill-treated. Cuba imported 116,000^ in the
years 186&-73, and refused to let them return to China on
the expiration of their contracts ; 67,000 died. The number
imported into Peru in the year 1871 was 38,650, of whom
many were put to death. In 1880, in one province 2000
were massacred.
OO-OPEEATIVE SOCIETIES.
A. — Grbat Britain.
T«ar.
SocietlM.
ThouKmd
^Membera.
Capitol
TbouMiidsiL
Mimona£.
1861 .
1871 .
1881 .
66
749
1,118
38
249
1,083
865
2.5S0
6,850
11
8-2
24*4
B. — ^Balangb-Sheet op Fivb Principal Societies.
Purchases
Wogos .
. £3,973,000 I Rent,ga«,&c.
237,000 I Net profit .
Sales . . . £4,273,000
£23,000
40,000
C. — German, Schultz-Delttsch, Societies.
Tewn.
1860
1870
1880
Sodctfot.
133
740
3,123
Thousand
Members.
32
315
1,108
R0Aci'V0,
Thoutanda £•
80
2,200
8,480
Tho first society was established at Rochdale, Lancashire,
in 1844, by 28 workmen, with a capital of X28. The shares
of some of the London societies are now worth 105 times
the amount paid on subscription. The Schultz-Delitsch
societies in Germany have an effective capital of 18| millions
sterling, and their turn-over for 1880 was 140 millions
sterling.
A. — PsoDuonoir.
FijuCoF
M,To«.
IWOl
IBM,
1870.
IBSO.
GiMtBriUin .
Sp^n ....
AtutrU,4c. . . .
Eotupa.
Vaited SUtta .
Cbili . . . .
AoltnU*
Total . .
11,800
3,300
1,650
8,000
200
2,800
l.flOO
13,510
a.500
3,200
5,600
300
2,200
l.flOO
■7,220
4,900
6.850
6,500
1,100
2,000
2,000
S,44tl
6.100
10,140
6,100
31,300
1,800
2,200
86.860
2,700
14,800
2.400
E9.140
6.530
26.100
7,600
2B.B70
12.850
30,eoo
9,700
49,880
20.260
se.soo
13.100
45.250
67,370
82,120
130,040
The pcoductioa increasea rapidly in the Uuit«d States,
U)« yield for 1881 being 34,200 tona fine copper, valued at
£2,200,000. The above table does not include Japan, which
producca 3000 tons yearly, all being retained for homo con-
eumption. The ratio of copper to copper ore is aa follows : —
Gennuiy .
i:om:
England ,
Ai»trali» . . . la
United States . . IS
Ores vary from 50 to 80 shillings per ton, and refined
c<>p[H:r avenges £70 a ton.
B. — British Coppeh Trade.
Toi»,Tb
Fins
t«r.
^■e
Imporua.
Exported.
iifii-irt*.
EiinrI*.
1S50 . .
61
11
£1,412
£1,080
1851-60 .
78
26
■2,254
2,.'iai
BS
1860 . .
109
3.104
3,153
107
1S61-70 .
133
46
4,016
3,544
89
l^Tli . .
137
52
4,0a9
3,r7-J
-0
i?:i-fto .
147
4,41 :l
1B=I . .
\S2
05
4,593
4,->S4
6S
Tho impo
rts inclo
Ue, boa
idea copp
et, a qui
ntity of
" rcgulus," 01 half-smelted ore.
112 CORONERS' INQUBSTS-^CORPULBNCB.
C. — British Copper Mines.
Annual Yield of ComsL, and Value.
Period.
Tons.
Vftlae.
Period.
Tom.
Velue.
1725-45
560
£84,000
1801-20
5,880
£720,000
1746-65
1,030
160,000
1821-40
13,220
1.360,000
1766-85
2,020
290,000
1841-60
12,840
1.355,000
1786-1800
2,710
430,000
1861-80
8,070
686,000
OOBONEBS' INQUESTS. — Average, 5 per cent on the
number of deaths yearly in England and Wales : —
A.— Returns for 1879-1881.
Suicide .
Murder .
Drink .
Hunger .
Accidents
Natural deaths
Total
1879.
1880.
1881.
1,941
1,930
1,918
302
309
356
418
447
• • •
312
286
• • •
13,850
18.676
11,404
10,233
9,940
• • •
27,056
26,588
27,466
B. — Analysis op 1879.
Males.
Females.
ToUl
Executed
13
4
17
Murder . . . .
75
78
lf»3
Homicide
97
52
149
Drink . . . .
241
177
418
Hunger .
188
124
312
Suicide .
1,461
480
1,941
Accidentally drowned
2,785
905
3.690
Killed bj cabs
225
130
355
„ by railways .
1.120
15
1,135
„ in mines
1,037
• • •
1,037
Srndry accidents .
4.941
2.675
7.616
Natural deaths
6,050
4,183
10.233
Total .
18,233
8,823
27.056
Inquests cost on an average 64 shillings each. See Deathi
(violent).
OOBPULENOR
Name.
Weight.
Age.
Reeidenoe.
James Mansfield .
Mr. Bright .
Dan. Lunbert
. 476
596
739
82
29
40
Debden, Mon.
Maldon, Ess.
Stamford, Lin.
COTTAGES^COTTON.
"3
COTTAGES. — To pay 6 per cent on coet : —
8 £120 8
5 160 4
6 200 5
The Peabody buildings are lented at 2 shillings per room
weekly, but the cost of site in London is considerable. The
8oci^t2 Montmartre in Paris has also built workmen's tene-
mentSy averaging 9 shillings a week, or double the Peabody
average. See DwellingB.
CX>TTOH.
A. — Produchon in Miluons Lbs.
18S0.
1840.
1860.
1870.
18801
United SUtet .
860
880
1.870
1,540
8,161
IndU
, 194
212
420
625
540
Iranoiu •
18
80
61
240
282
74
636
70
40
69
56
ToUl .
1,102
2,391
2,474
4,039
B.-
-CoNSUlIPTIOir IK
Miluons Lbs.
1830.
1840.
18<iO.
1870.
1880.
GiratBriUin .
250
454
1,140
1,101
1,404
L'nited SUtei .
52
135
410
530
961
56
120
220
260
890
France .
S7
110
215
250
840
Variuiu .
. 162
231
286
239
649
Tutal .
607 1,050 2,271 2,380
C. — Cotton Manufactures.
8,744
Million
Hl'iDdlw.
Million LU.
Cutton.
Opemtfvea,
TUouimikIn.
C«>ttoii,
Ope>»iiTO.
Manu-
fiictiireii, 1
MilUouk£. i
1
Great BriUin .
40-2
1,404
482
2,940
95
United SUtes .
i 11-2
911
260
3,510
74
< icrrmany . . .
5*4
390
150
2,600
24
France . . .
4-8
310
200
1.700
20
Ruuia . . .
8-4
140
ISO
780
18 ,
Ati-ttria . . .
1 22
150
100
1,500
13 ;
Spain ....
1-6
100
bO
1.250
9
India ....
1-2
80
80
1.000
8
Italv . . . .
1-0
90
50
1,800
8
Beldam and
Holland .
11
56
86
1,550
6
Switzerland, &c
2-2
73
1 3,744
55
1,673
1,360
7
Total . . .
' 74-3
2,240
282
u
114
COTTON.
D. — Bbitibh (Jotton Ikdustbt.
Tear.
MiUiona.
Valtte, If ilUons £.
Contamad,
Raw Cotton.
Lba.
Prodocad,
Cloth,
Yards.
Exported,
Tarn,
Lba.
Raw
Cotton.
All
Product
Net.
1820 .
1821-30
1830 .
1831-40
1840 .
1841-50
1850 .
1851-60
1860 .
1861-70
1870 .
1871-80
1881 .
119
181
245
336
452
521
588
852
1,140
793
1,101
1,270
1,471
425
620
795
1,065
1,445
1,666
2,025
2,980
4,150
2,890
4,025
4,602
5,845
23
39
64
90
118
136
124
171
197
136
186
222
255
7
6
7
11
11
11
17
24
81
43
46
39
39
27
28
32
34
38
38
42
58
79
76
- 93
94
95
20
22
25
23
25
25
25
34
48
33
47
55
56
E. — PROPucnoN OP
Cotton Cloth (Great Britain).
Year.
MilUon Tarda.
Value,
lUUion8£.
Pence
per Yard.
Made.
Exported.
Home JJwt.
1820 . .
425
249
176
22
12-4
1821-30.
620
340
280
23
8-9
1830 . .
795
445
350
26
7-8
1831-40
1,065
589
476
27
61
1840 . .
1,445
791
654
28
4-6
1841-50
1,666
965
701
28
40
1850 .
2.025
1,848
677
33
3-9
1851-60
2,980
1,988
992
46
3-7
1860 .
4,160
2,765 1,385
63
3-7
1861-70
2,890
2,444
446
59
4*9
1870 .
4,025
3,267
758
71
4*2
1871-80
4,602
3,693
909
73
3-8
1881 .
5,345
. 4,777
568
75
3-3
• 1
F. — Results «
3P British Cotton Manufacturer.
V
^^ctr Cotton.
due in Millions £.
Rat to of
Renult.
percent.
72
63
44
58
Manuf.tc'tures. ; Net Remilt.
■■ ■ ■■ ■
1821-40 . . .
1841-60 . . .
1861-70 . . .
1871-81 . . .
Total, 61 years
170
850
430
429
620
960
760
1,035
450
610
330
606
1.379
3.375 1 1.906
59
COTTON.
xtS
G. — ^ExpoBT OF British Cotton Goods.
•
JfUltoDO.
Exports per Inhabitant |
^M-
Value,
Tmt.
Taixk,
Lbi.
Thouaanda.
Tarda,
Lba.
Value,
Cloth.
Tarn.
Cloth.
Tarn.
Shllliugs.
1820 .
249
23
£16,480
12
1
17
1821-30
840
39
17,210
15
2
15
1880 .
445
65
19,420
19
3
16
1831-40
589
90
21,390
23
4
16
1840 .
791
118
24,780
29
5
18
1841-50
965
137
24,215
85
5
17
1850 .
1,848
131
28,280
50
5
21
1851-30
1,983
171
38,030
70
6
27
1860 .
2,765
197
52,010
95
7
86
1331 70
2,444
186
59,620
81
4
40
1870 .
3,267
186
71,415
105
6
47
1871-80
8,693
222
71,930
110
7
43
1881 .
4,777
255
79,090
185
8
45
H.-
-Plain
AND Printed Exports (B]
rittrh)
»
Million Tarda.
Value, Thouaanda.
Per Yard. Pence. 1
T«ir
A VUI .
Plain.
Printed.
Plain.
Printed.
Plain.
Printed.
1820 .
114
135
£5,510
£7,705
11-6
13-7
1821-30
172
168
5,890
7,220
8-2
10-3
1830 .
245
200
6,625
7,690
6-5
9 1
1831-40
814
276
6,812
7,616
6-2
6-5
1840 .
483
868
7,830
8,492
3-6
5-6
1841-50
584
881
8,340
7,710
3-4
4^
1850 .
768
690
9,697
12,277
3 0
5-0
1851-60
1,252
736
16,330
14,790
2-9
4-8
1860 .
1,790
975
22,954
19,188
31
47
1861-70
1,606
838
28,110
20,040
4-2
5-7
1870 .
2,294
973
88,922
22,823
85
5-6
1871-80
2,692
1,101
32,740
25,320
3 0
6-5
1881 .
3,361
1,416
87,170
28,755
2-6
4 0
L — Ratio of Puiin and Printed Exports.
Quantity.
-
Valao.
Plain.
Printed.
Total.
Plain.
Printed.
Total.
1821-40 .
1841-60 .
1861-70 .
1871-81 .
52
61
66
70
48
39
34
80
100
100
100
100
46
51
58
67
54
49
42
43
100
100
100
100
Ii6
COTTON.
K. — CoNBUicsRs OP British Cotton Goods (1880X
MiUlon
Tftrdu
India . . •
China and Japan .
Torkey and ^gjpt
Booth America .
Snrope .
West Indies
United SUtes .
Yarioos
Mimon
Lbs. Yarn.
48
47
12
• ••
94
15
Total Value
(ThousaiMii
omittwIX
£20,010
8,185
7,680
6,740
10,830
1,810
1,750
18,180
Batio.
Total . . 4,496 216 £69,585 100*0
L. — Production of Cotton Yarn, Gbbat Britain.
M illifNi Lbs.
Ratio
Span Tan,
SwinVsRi,
Lba. per
Inhsb.
Tear.
Exported,
Value
Spun.
Exported.
percent.
(Thousands).
1820 . . .
108
28
21
£13,510
5
1821-30
163
39
24
11,330
7
1830 .
223
64
28
13,960
9
1831-40
303
90
30
17,705
12
1840 .
407
118
29
23,680
15
1841-50
469
136
29
25,450
17
1850 .
529
124
23
25,930
20
1851-60
767
171
23
84,880
27
1860 . .
1,027
197
19
51,240
85
1861-70 .
714
136
19
59,470
24
1870 . .
991
186
19
78,360
82
1871-80 .
1,142
222
19
71,110
84
1881 . .
1,324
255
19
68,470
88
M. — Prices of Cotton, Yarn, Cauco, Great Britain.
Tears.
Penoe.
Ratio.
RswCotton,
Lbs.
Tarn, Lbs.
' Calico,
Yards.
Cotton.
Tarn.
Calico,
Yards.
1802-10 .
1811-20 .
1821-30 .
1881-40 .
1841-50 .
1851-60 .
1861-70 .
1871-60 .
1881 . .
22-2
21-3
8-3
7-9
5 3
5-9
12-8
7 1
6-3
39
83
17
14
13
11
20
15
13
20-5
16-8
8-2
5-2
3-4
2-9
4-2
8 0
2-2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
177
155
205
177
245
186
156
211
206
93
79
99
66
64
49
83
42
35
COTTON.
117
N. — Coot of PRODucnoir (1880).
Pek 100 Taeob, Pbtci.
CaUcol
Prints.
Britich
. 276
384
Amerieta .
. 424
592
Greek
. 353
• • •
Chiaeie .
. 310
510
Gennao
. 298
408
FkBnch
. 812
425
0. — Lbngth of Fibre.
IndiM.
Inobw.
SMiiluid . . .1-61
Bndlka
•
. 1-17
ESJptiMi . 1-41
, New Orleans
.
. 1-02
PeniTiMi • 1-30
East Indian.
•
. 0-89
P. — Crop of Ukitkd States.
1803 . . .
1810 . . .
1820 . . .
1830 . . .
1831-40 (aver.
1840 . . .
1841-50 .
1850 . . .
1851-60 .
1860 . . .
1861-70 .
1870 . . .
1871-80 .
1881 . . .
miUoiMOf LiML
Crop.
Exported.
41
40
99
95
135
125
350
298
720
610
878
744
1,140
920
890
665
1.610
1,260
1,880
1,446
920
505
1,540
1,010
2,128
1,465
3,161
2,170
Ratio of
Ezporta,
Iier Cent.
98
96
92
85
87
84
80
75
78
77
55
66
70
69
Price per
Lb.
17d.
15
13
6
6-2
4-5
4-2
6-2
5-3
5-2
18-2
10-3
7 0
61
Produetion.
Lbe. per
Inhsbitant.
7
14
14
27
48
52
57
39
60
60
27
40
46
63
Q. — Cotton Cultivation.
Acre*,
Tiiouaxnda.
Crop.
Itillioua LU.
Value.
MiUiooB £.
Lba. Cotton
per Acre.
United States
India
Egypt .
Brazil
West Indies, 9lc .
Total .
13.613
5,200
872
150
100
3,161
540
282
42
14
63-4
123
9 2
1-2
0-4
234
104
824
280
140
19,935 4,039 865
202
1 18 COURTS'MARTIAL-'COUSINS.
One man can cultivate 12 acres, or, with machinery, 30
acres. Seed cotton weighs 3 times as much as ginned cotton
or cotton-wool, the seed forming two-thirds. Thus, in the
above table, in the United States, a yield of 234 lbs. cotton
means that before ginned the crop averaged 700 lbs. seed-
cotton per acre.
In Table C. the value of manufactured cotton goods in
United States, Bussia, and Spain, is artificially enhiuiced by
protective tariifs. The consumption of cotton per operative
is higher in United States than England, because the
Americans have a greater proportion of men than in England
in the mills. In 1881 Great Britain manufactured 5350
million yards of cotton-cloth, and exported 4800 million yards,
home consumption being only one-tenth of the quantity
produced. Great Britain consumes .one-third of the world's
crop of cotton, but produces only 27 per cent of the cotton-
cloth, the rest being exported as yam. England gets her
raw cotton one halfpenny per lb. cheaper than Germany.
OOUBTS-MABTIAL. — In the British army the number of
men tried was : —
Tear.
1865 .
1876 .
1880 .
Almost one-fourth of the offences (23 per cent) proceeded
from drink. The number of men discha^^ for bad conduct
was : —
1870 . . . 1,616 1 1880 . • . 1,826
The average for the decade was 1752, or less than 1 per
cent of the force.
OOUSINS, MAKBIAGE OF.
Par 1000 Per inoo
Xarriagoa. lUrrUffM.
London . . . . 15 I Nobility . • . .45
EngUnd . . . . 21 | Pranoe . • . .20
Barrenness is 3 times more frequent than in ordinary
marriages. Tl:e idiots in asylums in England show 14 per
cent children of cousins.
According to Huth 7 per cent of deaf and dumb children
(1861) were found to be children of cousins. In Italy 9
per cent of such marriages are barren, or more than double
the ordinary ratio.
Number.
Batio of Arm J.
18,590
8-4
12,217
6-7
18,711
72
COWS—CRIitB.
Cow.
Antlb).
Uh.b.
iJfiib.
UiOtodKiDgdom .
9.906
2H
1,980
690
H
80
EGO
34
Oa«»j. . .
34
810
40
29
3S
690
IS
700
ISO
13
BelgiDED ud BoUuid
3,623
IS
720
166
19
2.708
S9
640
170
36
54
240
1,036
60
Ennpc . .
3.858
46
30
670
130
34
92,346
18,260
4,606
36
United Statai. .
33.360
S5
6.660
1,760
75
CuHUb . . .
2,702
SI
640
136
65
AmMU.. . .
7.8B3
S70
400
100
S4
Bifei FUte . .
18,390
610
1,000
200
160
Algni. . . .
1,204
40
60
87
C.p.Cdony . .
The World . .
1.830
i:.T,i95
110
43~
100
25
60
38
27,160
6,Sd6
For conauniption of beef, see Meat.
OBEHATIOK. — A body veigbing 1 40 lbs. produc
uhea ; time for bnmitig, 55 minutes.
A. — Ukited Kinodoh bixce 1840,
F«lod.
BoDtlud.
InUnd.
UulWd ElDgdau,
1840-49 .
. 27,910
4.045
25.320
67,176
1860-59 .
. 23,92*
3,860
13,640
41,424
1860-69 .
19,230
8.S15
6,060
27,605
1870-79 .
15.290
3,110
4,412
22,812
B.— Atbraqe Committals fkr 100,000 Ikbabitanis.
Fvlod. SogUnd. SeotluuL InUud. Unlt<il Klnplan.
I20
CRIME.
C. — United Kingdom, Convictions since 1840.
Annual Average.
Period.
1840-49
1850-59
1860-69
1870-79
Euglaiid. Scotland. Ireland. United Kingdom.
21,280 3,029 11,780 36,089
18,291 2,902 7,705 28.898
14,530 2,463 2,918 19,911
11,720 2,190 2,492 16,402
D. — Eatio of Convictions to Committaus, per Cent.
Period.
1840-49
1850-59
1860-69
1870-79
England. Scotland. IreUnd. United Kingdom
76 75 47 68
76 74 58 70
76 74 58 72
78 71 56 72
Marder.
Homicide
Attempt to kill
Infantioide
R — England and Wales (1879).
Number
of Crinie.i.
148
234
814
88
Bape, Ac.
Burglary
AflSMilt, &a
Number
of Crimea.
521
5,297
8,211
Totid 15,318
The above does not include cases of larceny, which are
counted among minor offences, Table H.
F. — Arrests for Crime, England and Wales (1879).
Arrested .
DiBoha^ed
Tried
Acquitted
Convicted .
G. — Sentences on Criminals (1879).
34
Males.
Females.
TotaL
18,877
5.281
28,658
6,135
2,210
8,345
12,242
3,071
15,318
■ • •
• ••
2,788
• « •
• • •
12,525
Death .
Penal servitude for life 10
Da over 10 years . 91
From 2 to 10 years . 1,401
Imprison, under 2 years 4,553
Do. under 6 months . 5,887
To Reformatories 195
Fined .... 354
Tutal 12,525
II. — Minor Offences, England and Wales (1881).
Drunkenness .
Larceny .
Injury to property ,
Against bye-laws
Anault .
Against education laws 67,350
Sundry . . . 224,736
Offence*.
174,480
50,800
21,030
46,357
84,284
Total
669,037
Fined
Prison, 6 months
Under 6 months
Bailed
Reformatory .
Various .
Discharged
Total .
Sentences.
367,334
2,095
97,003
16,003
3,601
44,930
138,071
669,037
CRIME.
121
L — Cbdiinal Population of Englakd (1880).
I^^ealltj.
Conviet priM»ui
Local pnaooi .
AtlMge.
ToUl
Mftlaa.
9,184
14,607
31,992
65,783
Females.
1,118
8,420
9,056
18,589
TbtoL
10,297
18,027
41,048
69,372
E. — Batio of Ages in Local Prisons (1880).
Under 21 yean 20-6
21 to 40 , 547
41 to 60 , 20-8
Over 60 „ .... • 8-9
100-0
Lb — Scotland, Pbison Population.
Tssr.
Males.
Fomsles.
Total.
POT 100.000
Inhabitants.
1840 . . . 1,862
686
2,048
80
1850 . . . 2,042
1,017
3,059
108
18«0 . . . 1,106
1.059
2,165
71
1870 . . . 1,7J0
1,099
2,825
83
IfcSO . . . 2,005
l,0u8
3,073
83
M. — Murders
IN ALL Countries.
Annual
Ratio per
AviTtge.
MilUiin D«atliS.
England . . • .
877
711
Ireland .
91
883
France .
6G2
796
Geruiany .
9i)5
837
Kusi«ia
. 2,400
970
Austria .
590
930
Italy
. 2,470
8,024
Spain
. 1,600
3,200
Belgium .
90
720
Scandinavia
120
800
I'nited SUtes .
. 2.060
2.460
Total
11,455
1,432
The above includes homicides, and in some countries
infanticide. The deliberate murders (excluding infanticide
and manslaughter) are about one-third of the above, and in
SSpain and Italy one-sixth.
N. — Fraxcr, Ratios of CRiHuiAt&
Under 20
SO to 40
40 to 60
O»ot60
Of the total only 64 per cent could T«ad and write. The
ratio of habitual cnminab has increased as follows: —
0. — Convicts is Pedal Skrtitudk.
j ,-.
KumbB-. Anng..
CoBTkupu- 100.000 InlobL 1
EngU.d.
p™™.
EniUad..
rfBc
i ]S3o-4a .
i8ii-eo .
1 1861-70 .
1871-80 .
lo'.sso
B,OM
16,830
18,330
18,210
16,630
M6
ses
611
filS
489
458
P. — Crime ik Beloicu.
imbwof P»10.000 I y Number of Per 10.00
— Crime in Fbascb.
OtbDOU
par lOI^DOO labAltuU. 1
23
SOS
231
21
ses
310
18
4S4
443
11
S9S
1870-79 .■ . .
12
433
444
In Italy the average number of crimes in the years 1874-76
WHS 7085, of which 2470 were murders or hoiiuciiie&
fiRISES— CUSTOMS.
"3
—The most nmukablB since the middle of the
18th century have been u follows : —
178& Aautaid>iii,(>lpiutliigwlUitliafaoiiMofDaNeQlTUIa. Ailuio,
10 tn HoiUDd, SO in Bnjdsad. 37 in EuabnrB.
1TT& FsUdrs ia HoUasd UMedliiff 10 mUlunu.
1799. HsBibiin-, 83 fsflora, S mUlIiiu. Psnie kt LlTcipooL Pariia-
mant liot hBlf-K-mflUon in Exchequer billa on gomli.
1814. Sat/mad, 840 buki nupanded.
18SS. IfMchMter, fuliiTCa 3 milliii^
ISSl. CUoBtt^ unarm U wmoBM.
1SS7. Unhad BtotM, -WUdiat'' criiii; >U buika cloud
1639. Buk of gngi^wl uTwl bj Bank of Fruo& Severe >1m> In
Fnnce, whara 98 ooo^iaiuaa tailad for B millloni.
18M. Kogland. Stataloanitomandiaiiti. Bank at England reformsd.
1847. Enriand, fallDna SO "^"i""' ; diKaant IS per cent
1857. Uiutad Btatca, 7800 booiM faOad for 111 miUioni.
1868> London, Oraraud-Ooiiiaj eriiii ; faUoraa axceedod 100 mUlioni,
ODSRENT. — In the Pacific Ocean a bottle was thrown
OTerboard in 4° S. and 119° W., and after 455 days was picked
up, June 1881, in the Feqea Islands, having been carried
6700 miles, or 16 miles a day.
(TUBTOHB.
A, CfBTOIIS-KEVEItDB OF ALL XATIOKfl.
AluoiiM
^!^.'"
ShilllBK.,
(Thuunudi^X
per InhAhlUiiL
1871-80.
im.
18TI-80
mi.
Per Cent
United Kingilom .
20,110
19,134
330 '
12-5
11-6
10,320
12,615
3-78
B-7
7-5
8,640
e,630
3 -23
4-0
4'2
Ku»ia . .
10.625
12,170
lOfla
3-0
31
Autria
2.ei0
S,0SO
2'33
1-B
1'6
i'^.: :
6,080
6,B70
6'80
3-6
3-9
4,410
4,760
12-10
C-5
67
Portugal .
1,790
2.160
16-^2
8 '5
lO'I
SZ :
780
1,010
0'87
31
8-9
415
430
0-36
2-2
2-2
Denmark .
sno
980
5-12
10-0
10-0
Sweden and Norway .
Enrnpa .
2,31)0
2,515
7-05
76
7-6
43,020
74,104
3^0
4-4
1-6
United SUtei
2S,030
40,590
1310
12-0
166
CH»da
2,716
2.880
8-23
13-0
12 8
Aoftnli. .
4,250
8,2-26
6-U
31-0
IS'O
B«zU . .
8,680
7,310
20-32
13-1
15-2
India .
£.220
2.830
2-33
0-2
0-2
Egjpt. .
780
90G
4-51
1^
41
The World
110.695 131,315
6-10
3-9
~rr
124
CUSTOMS.
R — British Customs-Rbvbnur.
Ratio to ShUlinfi.
CommerM. par Inl^W
0*42 01
4-22 0-8
670 2*0
10*40 51
10-02 18*0
28-10 18-1
20-05 18*0
4-95 14-2
8-86 11-4
Tear.
Thoiiauuii£.
1580 ... 14
1614
178
1684
580
1720
1,555
1800
6.788
1827
21,009
1844
24,277
1866
21,276
1881
19,184
C — ^Incidence of British Ccstohb.
Spirits
Wine
Tea .
Coffee
Fruits
Tobacco, &C.
Total .
Amount Paid bj CIsMai.
Rich.
£170,000
455,000
160,000
11,000
35,000
870,000
£1,201,000 £6,808,000
Middle.
£1,350,000
885.000
1,288,000
90,000
285,000
2,890,000
Working.
£2,708,000
26,000
2,526,000
212,000
190,000
5,620,000
Tbtal
£4,228.000
1,866,000
8,974,000
818,000
510,000
8,890.000
£11,267,000 £19,276,000
I). — iNaDENCB, PER HeAD, OF EACH ClaSS.
Rich.
Middle.
Working.
ToUlL
Spirita ....
Wine ....
Tea
Coffee ....
Fniite ....
Tobacco, &C. . .
Total . . .
£0
0
0
0
0
0
2 11
7 10
2 9
0 2
0 7
6 5
£0 2 10
0 1 10
0 2 9
0 0 2
0 0 7
0 5 6
£0 2 8
• ■ •
0 2 1
0 0 2
0 0 2
0 5 0
£0 2 5
0 0 10
0 2 8
0 0 2
0 0 8
0 5 5
£1
0 8
£0 18 8
£0 9 8
£0 11 4
Tho working classes form 69 per cent, the middle class
28 per cent, and the upper class 3 per cent of the popula-
tion of tho United Kingdom, as appears from the Probate
returns (1877).
DEAF AND DUMB.
125
D
DEAF AND DUMB.
A. — Number in Viriocs Countries.
Number.
Fcr Million Inhab.
1831.
1871.
1831.
1871.
United KiDgdom
14,328
19,237
597
611
France
20,189
21,130
630
603
Germany .
20,470
30,900
724
770
RnHift
27,884
• • •
631
• • •
AnstrU
21,684
34,450
802
980
lulj.
12,018
19,800
628
702
Spain
7,255
10,700
633
655
Switzerland
3,976
6,820
1,996
2,620
Belginm and Holland
2,166
3,050
335
358
Denmark .
1,260
• « •
1,114
■ • •
Sweden and Norway .
2,397
5,540
605
920
United SUtes .
6,030
18,150
4C0
480
B. — United Kingdom, per Million Inhabitants.
1881.
IS6I.
1871.
England
545
581
504
Scotland
552
753
633
Ireland
664
975
1,028
United Kingdom .
597
701
611
C. — Eeturns for United States.
Tear.
Number.
Por Million
luhabitantt.
Rntlo 1^ Sex.
Males. Females
1850
9,803
427
55
45
1860
12.820
413
55
45
1870
16,205
422
55
45
1880
33,880
678
56
44
Sex ratio is in most countries 55 males to 45 females, but
in Italy 58 to 42.
i
126
DEATHS.
D2ATHS.
A. — Death-ratbb op Countries.
^^* ^^ aiua
lMl-70.
1871-«).
SOTmra.
England .
22-6
21-8
21-9
Scotland .
221
21*8
21-9
Ireland
16-8
18-8
17 5
United Kingdon
\ 21-4
21-0
21-2
France
22-9
24*3
28-6
Germany .
271
271
271
Aostria Proper .
80*4
81-2
80-8
Hungary . ,
887
401
88-9
Italy .
801
297
29-9
Spain.
297
297
297
Belgium .
22-8
22-6
227
Holland
24-9
24-8
24*6
Denmark .
201
19-8
197
Sweden
20O
18-4
19-2
Switzerland .
24-0
24-0
24-0
Where the same rate is quoted above in both decades it
means that the rate previous to 1870 is only an estimate.
R — Dbath-rate op Cities (1878-80) per 1000 iNHABiTANTa
Alexandria . .
Amsterdam . .
Baltimore . .
Belfast . . .
Berlin. . . .
Birmingham .
Bombay . . .
Bordeaux . .
Boston • .
Bradford . . .
Breslau . . .
Brighton . . .
Bristol . . .
Brooklyn . •
Brussels . . .
Bucharest . .
Buda-Pesth . .
Buenos Ayres .
Calcutta . . .
Chicago ...
Christiania . .
Copenhagen . .
Cork . . • •
Dresden . • .
34-2
Dublin .
. . 271
New York
. . 26-2
237
Edinburgh
. . 20-2
Nottingham
. 22-4
211
Geneva .
. . 21-2
Oldham .
. . 22-8
28-2
Glasgow
. . 25-8
Palermo .
. . 28-5
27-6
Hamburg
. . 24-5
Paris . .
. . 28*6
19-8
Havanna
, . 457
PhiUdelphia
. 20-8
387
Hull. .
. . 28-8
Portsmouth
. . 197
267
Leeds
. . 21-6
Quebec
. . 22-9
23-5
Leicester
. . 21-8
Kio Janeiro
. . 39-4
211
Leipeic . .
. . 261
Rome . . .
. 268
32-6
Liverpool ,
. . 267
Rotterdam .
. 238
19-0
London . ,
, . 211
Rouen
. . 313
19-6
Lyons .
. . 247
St Louis .
. . 19-8
25-6
Madras . .
. . 38-8
St Petersbu
r/. 61-4
23-9
Madrid. ,
. 87-4
San Francisc
x> . 181
24-5
Manchester
. 25-5
Sheffield . ,
. . 21-6
86-2
Marseilles ,
. 28-0
Stockholm .
. 247
801
Mexico . .
. 30-9
Sunderland ,
. 20-9
811
Milan . .
. 30-6
Turin . .
. 25-6
27-2
Montreal .
. 37'2
Valparaiso .
. 64-6
18-8
Munich . .
. 82-8
Venice . ,
. . 227
221
Naples . .
. 331
Vera Cruz .
. 70-5
261
Newcastle .
. 21-8
Vienna . .
. 29-0
25-4
New Orleat
18 . 227
Zurich . .
. ^^
DEATHS.
127
C. — ^DXATH-RATB FOB AOES, PER 1000 INHABITANTS.
Underfiw
6-10.
10-26.
S6-46.
46-66.
66-06.
06-75.
I^ted Stotes .
68-6
6-6
5-5
10-2
17-4
81-8
64-8
58-8
101
5-4
10*8
17-6
27 2
61-4
Frsnoo • • •
75-6
9-2
8-8
127
16*6
28*8
66-8
Pmarift . • .
• • ■
9-2
6*4
11-5
18*6
83 0
64*5
Austria . . .
1117
9*8
6-6
11-8
211
41-5
92-8
Switzerland
• ■ •
8-6
6-8
11-6
19-3
88-4
82-5
Italjr . . .
Spftm • • .
110-6
11-6
7-8
117
17-3
88 1
70-1
106-2
117
8*8
12-9
28-8
42 0
95 0
Belgium. . .
68-1
127
ST
12-9
190
82-8
74-5
Sweden • • •
67-6
8-0
4*8
8-2
147
27-4
62 6
Bfedium*
81-6
97
6-8
11-4
18*5
88-5
72-4
I). — Deaths according to Season.
RnglAod.
Frmsce.
Holland.
Auatria.
Italy.
Medium.
Spring . .
Summer .
Autumn .
Winter . .
Total .
110
96
95
99
117
88
86
109
88
91
126
95
115
82
91
112
88
105
100
107
104
92
100
104
400
400
400
400
400
400
Wint4.*r
Summer
TotaL
Winter
Summer
Half.
Half.
Half.
Half.
London . . 54
46
100
Scotland . 55
45
York . . 56
44
100
Sweden . 52
48
Manchester 57
43
100
Stockholm 57
43
Chester . 58
42
100
Switzerland 56
44
England 55
45
100
Germany 52
48
ToUl.
100
100
100
100
100
E. — Deaths according to Months, 100 = Par.
Month.
January
February
March .
April •
May .
June .
Ixx'dnn. France. Germany.
103
99
124
91
84
99
6 Months 600
114
112
110
107
95
88
626
104
100
113
109
110
94
630
Month. London. France. Germany.
July . . 89
August . 95
September 113
October . 84
November 92
December 127
6 Months 600
87
97
102
96
94
98
574
94
89
94
92
98
103
670
128
DBA THS.
F. — Deaths in Classes (Professor Conrad).
Affluent. Middle. Working.
Still-born .... 28
0- 1 year
1- 6 yean
5-15
15-20
20-80
80-60
Over 60 years
M
>f
f>
«t
118
95
48
85
86
247
843
53
240
192
49
24
63
204
175
53
206
220
58
21
64
222
156
Total . . • . 1,000 1,000 1,000
G. — Death-rate op Married and Single.
Age.
O/mrhian
France.
CKXITLaxiv.
Male.
Femalei
Married.
Single.
Married.
Single.
Married.
Single.
15-20
20-30
80-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
« • •
7 2
10-2
15-5
22-8
44-0
• • B
13-6
16 0
19*8
27-4
52-4
88
7
7
11
18
39
8
12
12
18
29
55
12
9
9
10
16
37
7
8
10
14
23
49 *
The above table does not include widowed persons.
H. — Death-rate in Professions (Neison).
Per 1000 Persons, Aqk 25 to 65 Years, Deaths per Aknux
Ladies* maids
• . <
80
Protestant clergy
. 10-6
Barristers .
, 11-9
Grooms .
, 12-6
Physicians .
VaJets
, 12-9
. 167
Attorneys .
. 16 8
Catholic priests .
. 18-3
Coachmen .
. 18-4
Surgeons .
. 191
Apothecaries
Vvine merchants
. 191
. 25-0
Innkeepers
. 27-0
Cabdrivers
. 26^
All England 18*0
L — Death-rate of Clergy.
Age.
Church of England .
Catholic priests, English .
German Protestant clergy
Population of Germany
Austrian Catholic priests •
Austrian Greek clergy
English male population .
This table is more modem than Nelson's, and
lower death-rate for clergy.
25-45.
45-W.
2S-A5.
. 5-4
15-8
101
. 9-7
26-9
157
. 5-8
20 0
11*8
. 9-7
25-9
16-8
. 80
21-8
15-2
. 87
22 1
15-1
. 11-5
25 2
18-4
gives
DEATHS.
129
K. — DSATH-RATBS IN SCOTLAND.
Aoi 45 TO 55 Ykabs.
FMrlO^
PerlOOa
Per 1000.
Fannen. •
. 12
Garpenten
. 17
Beer-Bellera • 28
SlioeiDaken
. 15
Minen . .
. 20
Scotchmen .• 19
Qrooen • •
. 16
Butchers .
. 23
Scotchwomen 16
L — ^Instttutb of Franob (1795-1870).
Age.
Death-rate.
Life-expectation, Tean.
Institute.
Oenend
PdpuUtlon.
Initttute.
Qenerml
Population.
35-40 ....
40-50 ....
60-60 ....
60-70 ....
70-30 ....
12
14
21
44
82
13
15
22
47
90
32
26
18
12
7
29
24
17
11
M. — ^American and Engush Bates compared.
Age.
Annual Deaths per 1000 Inhabitants. I
Massachusetts.
Maryland.
United States. EngLmd.
Under 5
5-10
10-15
15-25
25-45
45-65
55-65
65-75
65-8
107
51
5-8
11-9
16-4
26-3
469
51-7
9-5
5-4
5-4
101
18-2
281
56-5
58-8
101
53
5-6
10-8
17-6
27-2
51-4
63-6
6-6
3*8
6-4
10-2
17-4
31-8
64-3
N. — Forty Years op Enqush Death-rates.
Death-rate per 1000 Inhabitants per Annum.
Age.
1841-50.
1851-«0.
1861-70.
l871-«0.
Under 5
662
680
68-6
63-5
5-20
7-3
7-2
6-3
5-3
20-85
9*8
9-3
90
8-1
35-55
151
14-6
15-2
15-3
65-65
301
29-1
30-5
32-0
65-75
64-0
620
63-0
650
130
DEA THS.
English Dxath-rateb — eonttnuecL
Age.
IUIm.
1
•
1841-M.
1861-4M).
1841-60.
1841-60.
1081-80.
1841-80.
0-5
72-0
71-0
71-5
621
611
61-6
6-10
8-8
7-5
8-1
8-6
7-r
7-9
10-15
5-0
4-2
4-6
6-2
4-2
47
15-20
6-9
5-8
6-3
7-6
6-2
6-9
20-25
92
8-0
8-6
8-8
7-4
81
25-85
9-8
9-6
97
10-2
92
97
85-45
127
137
18-2
12-6
11-8
UH
45-55
18-2
19-4
18-8
157
15-6
16-6
55-65
81*4
33-9
32-6
27-8
28-4
281
65-75
66-5
67-8
671
69-9
69-9
69-9
75-85
147-4
147-4
147-4
135-2
134-0
134-6
1
Period.
Per 1000 InhabiUnU per Annum.
Hale.
Female.
Total Pop.
1841-50 .
1851-60 .
1861-70 .
1871-80
231
231
237
22-6
21-6
21-4
21-4
20-1
22-4
223
22-6
21-3
O. — Army Dbath-ratbs.
French.
station.
France
Algeria
188S-6«i I
123 I
248 I
Station.
Italy .
General
RuMian.
188»-68L
351
14 5
Arm.
Infantry .
Cavalry .
Artillery .
Average .
P. — Dkath-ratb in
SUtlon.
. 6-50
. 6-53
. 778
. 9-63
. 6-66
1857-61.
21-0
14-0
160
19-0
BritLib.
187»-80.
6*6
6-2
7-2
67
Ireland .
Englaiui .
Scotland.
India
General avera;;e
British Army (1879-80).
Arm*
Cavalry . . 515
Engineers . . 6*27
Infantry . . .6*51
Artillery. . . 719
General average 6 66
This does not include deaths in war.
DEATHS.
I3»
The death-iate among our troops before Dr. Forres barrack-
reforms was enormous, the averages for the years 1818-40
being as follows : —
Gmit Britain
0^6 .
15-9
141
15-5
21-S
Gibnltar
Corfu .
Manritiiu
MmIzm.
S2'l
Oeylon • .
. 67-0
28-8
Bengal • .
. 63-0
80-5
Janutica . .
. 148-0
52-0
Sierra Leone
. 488-0
In the United Kingdom the rate from 1830-40 was 15*3
for cayalrjy 15*5 for in&ntry, and 11*0 for officers.
Q. — English Abls-bodebd Maub (1879).
DMth-nto DMth-rato
pw 1000. per lOOOi
GlTiUani. . . . 10*02 | Royal nary . . 8*58
Soldiers .... 6*66 | Merehant navy . 19*10
Of 100 deaths in merchant shipping, 55 are frotn drown-
ing; 35 from sickness, and 10 from yarious causes.
R — DXATH-BATB IN BRITISH COLONIBS (1876-80).
8t Helena . . 13*2
Ceylon . .
. 21-6
Hong-Kong
25*6
AwtemlU . . 14*1
Jamaica
. 21-9
Mauritius
. •
28-8
Canada . . . 18*5
Barbadoes.
. 28-8
Trinidad
. •
34-1
Singapore . . 20'1
Bermuda .
. 241
Demerara
• .
34-5
S. — Dkathratb op London sikcb 1725.
1725-50 ... 89-9
1800-80 .
. 837
1874-78 .
. .
22-8
1751-99 . . . 88-8
1840-45 .
. 24-6
1879-81 .
• .
217
T. — Violent Deaths: All Countries
.
v..™k«» T^^^o per
^^^^^' 1000 Death..
United Kingdom .
23,822
83 -1
France .
16,373
197
Germany
24.592
21-4
Rouia .
18.500
7-4
Austrian Proper
10,150
160
Italy .
6,656
8 3
Spain
4,700
96
Switzerland .
2,550
38-2
Belgium
2,577
22-0
Denmark
1,054
28-1
Sweden .
2,740
81-6
Norway
1,290
377
Europe .
. 115,004
16-2
United States (1
87
0) .
22,74
0
41 1
Total .... 137.744 171
Tlie above total includes 13,400 murders, 21,200 suicides,
and 103,000 accidental deaths.
jyi
DEATHS.
TJ. — Sexbs of Yiolsnt Dxath8.
Percent
England
Sootland
Male.
72-6
787
Female.
27-4
26-3
PsrOent.
Ireland . • 697 80*8
United ^ngdom 72*6 87'6
X. — Violent Dbaths in England (1878).
CaoM.
Malea
FBUslea
Total.
PwrlOOO
Deaths of
P«i|mlatioB.
Railways . . .
xTiro • • • • •
Drowned (aodd.)
Poisoned „
Cabs, &a • . .
FaU
Sunstroke . . .
Various . . .
Accidental . .
Suicide • • . .
Murder . . .
Executed . .
Total .
1,077
1,076
619
2,824
286
1,000
1,509
184
8,623
76
859
842
118
199
682
42
1,780
1,152
1,076
1,478
8,666
858
1,199
2,141
226
5,408
21
2-0
27
6-8
0-6
2-2
4*0
0*4
101
12,147
1,299
206
14
4,547
465
168
1
16,694
1,764
874
15
80-9
8-8
07
•••
13,666
5,181 18,847
84-9
Y. — Scotland, Violent Deaths.
Caum.
Drowned
Suicide
Drink
Exposure
Poison
Various
Total
Number.
P«rlOOO Deathi.
721
9-3
144
1-9
197
25
58
07
55
07
1,815
23-6
2,990
887
Z. — Violent Deaths, United Kingdom.
PiB 1000 Deaths.
Period.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Uotted
1840^0 .
. 34-2
82-8
• • •
• • •
1861-70 .
. 34-5
81-8
241
827
1871-80 .
34-8
85-5
21-1
82-6
DEA THS.
133
AA. — AociDSNTAL Deaths pbb Annum.
Ko. per
Million
Inbab.
Batio of Sezaa
Parcentaffe of Acci-
dental Deaths.
Male.
1
Female.
Drowned. Burnt.
670
74
26
22
9
Fiuoe. .
280
78
22
41
• ••
Plmiisift .
407
76
24
• e •
Sftzony .
298
76
24
eae
BftTArift . .
236
76
25
■ • •
HanoTer •
896
79
21
e •
AiBtrU .
258
78
27
• • •
466
• • •
■ • a
40
4
Italy . . .
181
75
25
• • •
•••
Spahi . . ,
202
80
20
24
8
Belgium . .
830
82
18
27
•••
Denmark .
232
• • •
• • ■
60
2
Sweden •
479
78
27
54
6
Norway • ,
681
• ••
« ■
75
4
Riittia. . .
201
• • •
• • •
53
6
United Statei
1 .
628
67
83
16
24
New York .
668
« • •
• ■ •
• • «
• ••
London .
665
• ■ •
• ■ •
• • •
• • e
Paris . .
682
• • •
* * * .
• • •
LB.—
Deaths
FROM Drink.
Per
Per 1000
Per
Per 1000
Annum.
Deaths.
Annum.
Deaths.
England .
1,082
204
Italy . . ,
. 709
0-85
Scotland . .
230
8-29
Switzerland .
244
3-81
Ireland.
280
2-78
Sweden .
. 502
6-25
France .
. 872
105
Norway .
. 72
2-36
Belgium
456
3-83
New York .
324
12-08
CC. — Infant Mortautt.
Percentaoi who Die undeb 5 Years.
Norway .
Ireland . . .
Denmark . . ,
Scotland . . .
Sweden . . ,
Dr. Play fair states that in England 18 per cent of chil^-
dren in the upper classes, 36 per cent of those of trades-
people, and 55 per cent of workmen's children, die beford
reaching their fifth birthday ; too high an estimate.
17
England • .
. . 26
Austria . ,
. 36
17
Belgium .
. 27
Spain . .
. 36
20
France . ,
, . 31
RuBsia . .
38
20
Pmssia . .
. . 32
Italy . . .
. 89
22
Holland . .
. . 33
Liverpool
46
134
DEBTS OF NATIONS.
DEBTS OF NATION&
A. — Debts nf Miluons Sterling.
1820.
1848.
1870.
1882.
United Kingdom
841
778
801
769
France
140
182
468
911
Grermany .
53
40
148
229
Russia
50
90
280
553
Austria .
99
125
340
419
Italy
25
36
374
522
Spain
52
118
285
890
Portugal .
8
17
59
94
Holland .
110
114
76
80
Belgium .
■ ■ ■
18
28
62
Denmark .
4
12
18
10
Sweden and Norway?
• • •
1
6
20
Greece
■ • •
10
18
18
Turkey .
Europe
• • •
• • •
92
110
1,382
1,631
2,988
4,187
United States .
. ' 26
48
496
838
Spanish- Ameri ca
4
62
144
237
Canada .
• ■ • •
• • •
17
40
Australia .
• • • •
■ • •
37
97
India
29
51
108
156
South Africa .
* ■ • •
• • •
2
14
Egypt
• ■ •
•••
87
106
The World .
1.441
1 1,692
3,829
5.170
The above includes funded and floating debt, and un-
covered paper-money, but no municipal debts or railway
guarantees.
The extra expenditure of nations since 1830 accounts for
3691 millions of debt, viz. : —
MilliAiis^.
Railways and telegraphs . .767
Crimean War 805
War of American Union .... 474
Franco-German War .... 382
RusBO-Turkish War 211
Ironclad ships 115
Emancipation of Russian serfs ... 85
Roads and bridges 720
Sundries 682
Total 3,691
ml
ai =rf '
a* 1 — 1
i"' 1 a 1 ■ . 1 1
ta J
UJ ^
Q & p
il
1 1 1 ^ s
DEBTS OF NA TIONS.
»35
R — Ratio of Dkbt pkr Inhabitant, in £.
1820.
1848.
1870.
1882.
United Kingdom
41
28
26
22
France .
4
5
13
24
Gennany .
2
2
4
5
RnwU
1
li
4
7
Austria .
4
4
10
12
Italy . . .
14
2
16
18
Spam
4
8
10
24
Portugal •
8
5
15
22
Holland .
18
38
22
20
Belgium .
• • •
4
6
12
Denmark.
3
8
6
5
Sweden and Norway
• • •
• • •
1
3
Greece
• • •
10
11
10
Turkey .
• « •
• • •
6
25
£urope
7
6
10
13
United SUtes .
3
2
13
6
Spanish America
3
6
10
Canada
• B •
5
9
Australia .
• •«
1ft
84
j South Africa .
• • •
2
14
Egypt
• « •
8
21
The World
4
4
9
9
C. — Debt compared with Wealth (1882).
MilUonM £.
Wealth.
United Kingdi>Di
France
Germany .
Russia
Austria .
lUljr . .
Spain
Portugal .
HoUand .
Belgium .
Denmark .
Sweden and Norway
Greece
Europe.
United States
Canada .
Australia .
Total
8,720
8,060
6,320
4,340
3,610
2,350
1,590
370
990
810
360
980
210
38,710
9,490
650
590
Debt.
763
911
229
553
419
522
390
94
80
62
10
20
18
Ritio of
Debt.
8-75
11 ^a
3-63
1270
11-64
22-22
24-58
25-40
8-08
7-67
2-80
204
8-60
49,440 4,541
4,071
10-52
333
3-49
40
615
97
16-50
9-18
For Wealth, see CapitaU
136
DEBTS OP NA TIONS.
D. — Intbrbst oomparbd with Incomk.
United Kingdom , •
Fnnoe
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Holland
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden and Norway
Greece
Europe . • * . .
United SUtes . . . .
Canada
Australia
Total ....
Millions £.
Incomo.
1,247
965
850
848
602
845
218
61
104
120
47
104
28
5,584
1,420
118
las
InterMt
28-7
81*8
9*2
24-1
18*9
19-6
12-4
2-8
2*2
2-9
0-4
0-6
0*8
Burthen
of
Interest
2-30
8*29
1-08
2-85
815
5-78
5-60
4-60
212
2*42
0*85
057
8*50
154-4
12-2
1-8
47
7.205
1731
2-80
0*86
1-58
3*52
2-40
R — British National Debt.
MiLUOKS.
Pkr iNHABrrAirr. 1
Year.
Debt
Interest
Debt,£.
Interest,
Shillings. ;
1702 .
13
1-3
2
4
1748 .
78
81
13
10
1763 .
147
4-8
21
14
1783 .
257
9-7
32
24
1797 .
413
17 0
41 '
34
1817 .
841
82^
42
82
1887 .
788
291
32
23
1860 .
826
28-7
29
20
1870 .
801
270
26
18
1882 .
763
287
21
16
Gross debt in March 1882
£762,882,000 #9*
Deduct loans recoverable
29,900,000
„ Suez Canal Shares
8,976,000
Net amount of debt .
£728,956,000
Debt
Interest
Consols . . . £709,078,530
£21,294.577
Term. Annuities . . 87,547,700
7,107,572
Unfunded . . . 22,077,500
294,702
March
1881
. £7
68,708,730
£28,696,851
DEBTS OP NATIONS.
K7
F. — WXAIilH ^ND DXBT (GrSAT BrITAIN).
Vaas
MiLUom£.
BaUoofD^bt.
TMtf.
WMlih.
D«bC
1702 .
490
18
2-66
176S .
»
1,100
147
18-86
1797 .
1
1,800
418
22-94
1817 .
2,400
841
85-04
1897.
8,900
788
20-21
1880.
6,560
826
14-88
1870 .
7,080
801
11-81
1882 .
8,720
768
8-75
G. — Incoiob and Intbbxst (Great Britaik).
MiLUOIIM £.
Tew.
Burthen of
Intoreat
Ineomo.
Int on D«bt
1702 ....
55
1-3
2-85
1768 .
122
4-8
8-92
1797 .
280
17-0
7-89
1817 .
265
82-0
12-10
1837 .
420
29-1
694
1860 .
760
28-7
878
1870 .
955
27-0
283
1882 .
1.247
28-7
2-30
See CapitaL
H.— Debt op France.
Tatf.
Dot, MiLUom £.
Waalth,
MiUiom£.
Batloof
Dett.
Vunded.
floating.
Total.
1880 .
142
10
152
2,130
7-13
1848 .
207
22
229
8,024
7-60
1 1852.
221
27
248
8,810
7-44
j 1869.
468
86
504
5,240
9-60
1 1882.
831
81
912
8,060
11-80
138
DEBTS OF NATIONS.
I. — Debt op Russia.
^^._
MtLuom £.
1
zeBc
,
Foreign.
lutemnL
Pap6r>Moii9y.
ToUU
1842.
6
23
8
87
1852 .
12
61
22
95
1862 .
41
99
61
202
1872 .
105
133
74
312
1882 .
189
273
91
658
K. — Local Debt op Great Britain (1880).
London
9 large towns
RiinJ, Slc,
Scotland •
ailllionsA.
20-6
43-3
73-0
16*3
153-2
Sanitary
Docks
Sundry
Scotch
MilliADs £»
567
28-2
57-0
16-3
153-2
L. — Debts op Cities.
City.
Debt
(Mimons£).
Per
Inhabitant.
Vuluation
(Millions £).
Debt to
Valoatiaii.
London . . .
20-6
£5 7
0
689
3-0
Paris . . .
86-3
34 5
0
320
267
Berlin . . .
6-6
5 3
0
164
3-5
Liverpool . .
Manchester
21-6
6-2
89 12
10 18
0
0
66
62
82-5
10-0
Birmingham .
Leeds . . .
61
35
15 0
11 7
0
0
28
22
21-8 1
15-8 1
Rome . . .
23
7 16
0
14
16-0
Buda-Pesth .
1-3
4 5
0
44
2-9
Bradford . .
3-4
19 0
0
18
18-9
Breslau . . .
1-3
5 6
0
■ • •
• ■ •
Bristol . . .
0-6
2 18
0
16
3-8
Munich . . .
1-5
6 0
0
15
10-0
Newcastle . .
0-7
4 17
0
14
5-0
New York . .
231
19 1
0
222
10-4
Philadelphia .
Brooklyn . .
St Louis . .
1 3-4
7-9
4-8
4 1
14 17
13 11
0
0
0
119
45
32
2-9
17-6
15-0
Besides the above, the followiDg cities in 1881 owed
millions sterling as follows : — Boston 6, Baltimore 6, Wash-
ington 6, Cincinnati 5, Chicago 3, l^ttsburg 3, Providence 2,
San Francisco 1.
DEBTS OF NATIONS.
M. — ^LoGUi DcBH DT United States (1881).
lUtto
w«iu..
1 ««•.
cu,.
TbUL
lohib.
fwCm
HklM. . .
£1,720
£],eio
£3.330
~£6~
36
OM
020
1,310
4
1-7
120
120
0-a
Rlwdalduul
S!M
2,190
2,710
io
a-6
1,080
2,080
3,110
5
21
6,780
13,110
19,890
" £30,470 "
-___
4-0
NowEDglud
£10,740
£19.780
31
XawToik .
. 1,870
38,180
40,030
g
2-S
New Jentj .
S»0
7.920
8,310
8
4-4
; t,880
8,310
12,970
3
I'l
IMkwue. .
' ISO
280
430
3
21
SUfjknd .
a,s80
5,780
8,110
9
G-1
Dfat. CoIumb>>
UiddU. .
Vlrgini* (2) .
1 a,ioa
4,780
£66,180
4,730
_24
10-6
£74.680
6
2-S
0,400
2,080
6,480
4
6-6
Konh Carolina
6,600
140
6,740
4
7-6
South Cuolina
1,350
1,040
S.3D0
2
6-9
c;«.nEi« . .
2,080
1,770
3,850
2
62
f-tarid. .
870
eo
330
37
AUbxDa.
%m
710
3.110
3
6-6
MiMtuippi
eta
so
720
1-7
1 8,580
3,880
4
6-5
T«iaa. .
l.OSO
730
1,780
1-7
Arkuuu.
1 1,040
70
1,110
1
S-2 1
Kentnckj
' 100
1,460
1,560
1 1-2
South .
Ohio . .
E.SOO
£29,910
1,080
410
6,010
4 1 5'1
21 4-6 _
£8,550
£38.460
7,020
8,100
■i
1-2
niiooi* .
3.760
3,760
1
0-6
MiMAuri .
; 8,i'30
6.620
8,950
4
S-2
Indiana .
1.010
I,D40
2,050
1
07
Iowa . .
1 50
420
470
0-2
Michican.
180
810
990
03
WiM^b.
470
780
1,1£60
06
MbmooU
630
610
1,140
00
Kaw» .
210
380
620
0-8
yebnfkn
90
90
180
II-5
Colorado.
W«rt ,
Calir<.n.i.
SO
10
£20,450
40
n-3
£7,110
880
£27,560
2
0-9
0-6
1,010
1,700
no
20
130
07
Nevada !
110
20
130
2
1-e
FaciGc.
i:s80
£1,080
£1,960 1 2
07
Tbo Union
£i»MO
£114,990
£173,030 1 3) : 1'8 1
I40
DIAMONDS'-DIET.
DIAMONDS
A. — WsioHT IN Carats of SixLabobst.
Kobinoor • •
Star of Brazil
Regent of France
103
125
136
Austrian
Russian Czar
Rajah of Borneo .
139
19S
867
The value of the above is not regulated by size, nor easy
to estimate, but none of them is worth less than £100,000.
B. — SCALB OF YaLUB FOB SmALL StONXS.
1 carat
8 .,
72
5 carat
10
H
£200
800
Gape diamonds are of inferior value ; one of the largest^
the Stewart, found in November 1872, sold for JBlltOOO,
weighing 288 carats, uncut The Kimberley field, covering
9 acres, has produced diamonds to the value of 15 millions
sterling since 1871, the diggings being from 100 to 170
feet deep. The annual export of diamonds from the Cape
is about 1400 lbs., worth over 4 millions, and the fields
employ 2000 white and 22,000 coloured diggers.
DIAMOND-DBILL.— This method of boring is found to
cost about 7 shillings a foot in England. The following
table shows the average wages and time employed iu
diamond-drill boring in the Barrow ironstone district : —
Depth, Diameter, Wages
Tarda. Inches. Paid.
48 6 to 2 £26
50 .. 25
SO
23
86
59
50
63
76
88
124
126
See Tunnels.
Diameter,
Inches.
6to2
n
n
ft
tf
ft
Days,
Working.
48
45
54
42
66
108
90
Co^t per
Foot, Penoa,
44
40
88
24
32
88
82
DIET.
A. — Wbkklt Rations in Lbs.
nations.
Nitrogenous,
Carboi^
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
British soldiers .
• 257
2*46
4-84
Do. in India
. 200
2-88
4-52
French soldiers
28-6
2-26
5-81
Germsn „
28-8
1-56
6-25
Dutch „
. 25-0
1-67
4-82
Chelsea Hospitol
. 22-6
1-99
5-81
English convicts
. 22-2
1-88
4-99
Farm-labourer .
. 221
1-82
511
Workhouse, aged
17-8
1-50
8-96
Chelsea boys •
. 167
0-88
8-98
DIET.
Ui
B. — ^DncBZPnoN of Batiovbl
ir«IthtlnUM.irMUy.
BMmL ^iSS^ VagettUii. Bogv.
SundrlM.
Mdkr • . .
flwiinin • • •
OoBTIOfe • • •
Pkopsr • • •
FeoMle pMiper .
Lonatlo . . .
HMpitab. . .
7-0
8-8
10-0
7-0
6-0
6-4
6-0
8*6
6*2
2-6
8-0
2-0
2-0
8-0
7-0
8-5
7-6
6-0
4-0
6-4
8-6
07
0-0
0-2
0-4
0-8
0-2
0-5
7 6
1-8
0-8
0*6
1-0
2-0
c-
-Bblativb Valuk of Food
(BsiF par).
Ojitcn. ■ <
Ifilk . . .
. . 22 . Tiirbot. ... 84 |
Beef ... .
. . 24
Mutton ... 87
Dnok ....
Liitntiiii • 1
> . 60
VeniKm ... 80
g^itwfyn , , a
Cnam . • .
. . 66
Veal .... 92
Pork ....
Cod-fiah .
. . 68
Fowl .... 94
Butter. . . .
Egn . . .
. . 72
Herring ... 100
CbeeM . . .
100
104
108
116
124
166
D. — Franklaxd's Table of Food bbquirsd to Lift a
Malb Adult (10 Stonb) 10,000 Feet.
LlM.
Coot,
Penoo.
Lbo.
Coot,
Penoo.
HUk . .
. . 8-02
16
Bread. . .
. 2-86
6-
#sr: :
. . 7-82
12
Rice . . .
. 1-84
6
. . 6-87
26
Floor . . .
. 1-81
4
Potatoes .
. . 6-07
4
Arrowroot .
. 1*29
16
Beef . .
. . 868
86
Oatmeal . .
. 1*28
8
Ham . .
. . 8-00
88
Cheeae . .
. 1-16
12
£. — Foot-tons of Energy per Ounce of Food.
Foot-]
Foot-
Foot.
tons.
tono.
tons.
Cabbage .
. . 16 Beef . . .
55
Rice . . .
. 145
Carrotn. .
. . 20
Egg • • •
. 57
Flour . .
. 148
Milk . .
. . 24
Ham . . .
65
Arrowroot .
. 151
Ale . . .
. . 80
Bread . .
. 83
Oatmeal
. 152
Potatoes .
. . 88
Egg (yolk) .
. 127
Cheese . .
. 168
Porter . .
. . 42
Sugar. . .
. 130
Batter . .
281
Lobrter
Oyvter .
Tnrbot.
F. — CoHPOSKins OF Akiiul Food.
KltmcaiL W&Ur. Vartatii.
^. :
Trip* .
B««f. .
UonoD.
ChwM .
Fork .
Bnooa .
BdHst .
G, — CoxposKNTs OP YsaviABVt Food.
SUnh. KItTDgcii. W(tT. TarioiiL ToUI.
Cabb»g» .
*-o
Turnip. .
61
CuTOt. .
CG
Be«r . .
9-2
Puvnip .
9-6
Beet-root .
11-S
Aaj»nfpu
Il'S
Artichoke.
147
Yun . .
16 0
Trufflet .
16-6
Sug«-.c«.e
18-0
BanMik
197
FoUto. .
20-2
Brekd . .
49-0
Be«« . .
63-8
P«« . .
63-6
Te». . .
66-2
I.eiitil>. .
6fl-0
Uillet . .
69-0
Coffee . .
69-4
Whut-flour
697
(Utmtal .
638
Cocoa . .
71 -0
>Uiie . .
71-3
Rye . .
73-2
Bwloj. .
71-3
Rice . .
79-5
BickirbMt
79-9
DIET.
143
IL — Dm OF EuBOPEAN Armies.
Ounce* Dolly.
Kuofgy,
Foot*tous.
1
Kitrofon.
fkl
OftTtoO.
Salt
ToUl.
British. . .
Frendi. . .
Gennan . .
Amtaiah . .
StuicUtfd . .
41
4-8
4H>
8-7
4-6
1-6
1*8
11
1-6
8-0
17-4
18-0
19-6
17-0
148
0-8
1-0
1-5
lO
11
2^-4
24-6
26-2
28-4
28-0
8,552
8,719
8,884
8,590
8,888
L — FiKLD Kation&
Ouncvs Dally.
«
Beet
Bresd.
Bice.
Coffee.
Sugar.
TbUL
British (Crimea) . .
16
24
S
i
2
44*
Do (India) . .
16
16
4
2
891
87i
7
26
8
,
1
Gennan
8
28
8
^
1
m
RnsBian
16
16
• • •
• • •
• • •
82
Austrian ....
5
26
1
• • ■
• • •
82
American ....
20
18
2
2
2
44
K — British Navy Rations.
BiMCuit . . •
Meat . . .
Peas, flour, kc
Sugar . . .
Cocoa . . .
Total . .
Ounoee
Componenta.
1
EneiVT.
Daily.
Nitro^eB.
Pat.
Carbon.
Foot- torn*.
20
2-0
0-2
8-4
1,720
14
1-8
3 0
6-4
1,310
7
10
30
560
2
• • • • • •
0-8
240
1
0-2
0-7
125
. 44
50 3-2
18-3
3,955
Cabbage
Beer . .
Carrots .
MUk. .
Parsnipd
Finh . .
Potatoes
L. — Percentage op Carbon in Food.
3
4
5
7
8
9
12
Egg* • •
. . 16
Biscuit . .
. . 42
Beef . .
. . 27
Oatmeal .
. . 42
Bread . .
. . 27
Sugar . .
. . 42
Cheese. .
. . 36
Flour . .
. . i6
Peas . .
. . 36
Bacon . .
. . 54
Rice . .
. . 33
Cocoa . .
. . 69
MaUe. .
. . 38
Butter . .
. . 79
See Fooct
a. — Bhitish Prison Katioks.
o«Dd.i>.i]r.
■Htr. rooi-fu. 1
H«d
u^t
Uboar.
BiMd. . .
24
31
i,m
1,743
Uort . .
4-6
s-s
370
JOlk . .
3
3
48
48
IfcdMM.
1
1
100
100
OttaBMi .
3
2
804
S(H
ObMM .
o-s
0<
9S
98
JlMt . .
1-3
07
193
104
Smlt . .
0-6
0-5
60
80
Ooeoft. .
O-S
O*
82
S3
T^itafak.
Itl
Ifl
10
10
14
UO
SSO
TqUI .
61 -4
46-8
8.780
M»
N. — AvBRAQS Food i
Mm, .(.d KMO, OuDo. Itallr. 1
BiwL
k-U
^^sr'
Soor. '"■'-'-^
nnited KiDgdoin .
VnoM ....
GflrmMiT. . . .
BouU
Aiutrik ....
IS.::;::
Low Cotmtrie* . .
Denmwk. . . .
Swedtm&Norwftj.
United Stato . .
Avenga . . . .
21
33
SS
32
2S
23
20
80
81
22
2S
30
I
8*
2
i"
i'
11
6 . 3,373
H 8,353
It 8,870
1 8.0IG
1 8,034
l 2.496
U 8.225
2i 3,558
1 2.456
H 3,402
li 3,320
The above does not include fish, eggs, potatoea, fniit,
vegetables, cheitnuta, rice, and other articles of much im-
portance. The aggregate food for a man doing [Ayaical or
mental work ehould be equal to at least 3300 foot-tont
dailjr, for a woman 2200, and for a child 1100 foot-tona.
DIGESTION-DISEA SE.
M5
DIGESTION.
A. — Ratio of Nitrogen Digested.
Pi
vr
Per
■
Par
Coi
at.
Cent.
Cent.
LeDtilB ....
6
0 Rice
.
. . 75
Meat .
s •
. 97
Potatoes . . .
6
8 Bread . .
. . 81
Eggs .
• • 1
98
PeM
7
2 Cheese. .
. . 96
R-
-Time Required for Digestion
•
Hours.
Min.
Uours.
Min.
Rice
0
Mutton boiled
3
0
£ggi mr
30
Beef roast .
3
0
Applet .
80
Bread fresh .
3
15
Troat boiled .
80
Carrots boiled
3
15
VeniMm broiled
85
Turnips „ .
3
80
Sago boiled .
MUk „ .
45
Potatoes 1, »
3
30
0
Butter .
3
80
Bread stale .
2
0
Cheese .
3
80
Milk raw
2
15
Oysters stewed
3
80
Turkey boiled
2
25
Eggs hard
3
30
Gooee roast .
2
80
Pork boiled .
3
80
Lamb broiled
2
SO
Fowl roast ,
4
0
Potatoes baked
2
80
Beef fried
4
0
Beans boiled .
. 2
80
Cabbage
4
30
Parsnips „ .
2
30
Wild fowl .
4
80
Oysters raw .
2
55
Pork roast
. 5
15
I^gs boiled .
3
0
Veal roast ,
5
30
DISEASE.
A. — Causes of Death, Exgijind (1879).
Cause,
Z>motic
Constitutional
Local
Various .
Violent .
Total
Male.
40,767
43,887
135,202
88,774
12,866
271,496
Female.
40.507
44,949
124.454
40,080
4,769
254,759
Total.
81,274
88,836
259,656
78.854
17,636
526,255
1>. — Deaths over 15 Years of Age.
CMmie.
Zymotic
Constitutional
Local
Various .
Total
Mttle.
Female.
Total.
8,116
8,731
16,847
31,304
83,989
65,293
84,296
83,863
108,159
24,916
23,708
48,624
148,632
150,291
298,923
K
C. — Dbcrk&bk or Zthotio Hortautt.
Pariod, AnnvMl Atmw*. "
lSSS-10 01,807
]84e-l>0 88,924
1868-40 7B,930
ia7-K 6r,ii«
1879 81,271
D.— Alphabrical List
OF
DisKABBS, Ekoland (1679).
1
HDnnorDuiu
TMd.
lUi.
FnMitt
Apoplexy ....
fl,«l4
7.801
14,306
A^m> .
1,»98
960
3,348
Br»m .
1.788
I,4S4
8,193
Bifght'i diieue
WIS
2,217
6.063
BruDchltii .
3e,69S
36,824
71.410
C«.«r
4.121
8,608
12,629
ChUdbirth .
1,878
1,878
18,639
10,214
2S.8S8
DdbiStj .
lieaa
1.842
8,674
12,986
11.788
24,762
D»rrh^ .
6,713
A296
10,948
Diphtheri* .
1.840
1.630
3,870
Drink . .
814
814
»3S
Dropiy
S42
1.416
1867
Dyi^teiy .
291
324
616
i^.. ;
1,555
1,421
1976
990
884
1,834
OoQt . .
6IG
187
683
Heut .
1MS4
18,967
32,091
1,742
Wl«
8,168
29
6
86
JuDdlM .
822
740
1.666
Livsr .
2,028
2,079
4,105
Meulei
4,878
4,607
0.185
Old us
13,072
18,453
39,635
Ptnlviti .
8,339
6,264
12,598
PhthMi
26,051
24,162
49.21 S
16,721
11.453
37,174
1,032
1.027
2,059
SorlatiB* .
9,148
8,46S
17,613
Scrolul*
1,643
1,392
2,935
283
253
696
1.058
976
2,029
2.392
2.920
1.864
2,9*0
4,256
6.860
lyphu.
304
229
588
WhoojAig-couKh . . . j 6,804
6,94S ' 12,763 |
DISEASE.
£. — DiSBASBS
AND Ratio in Dbaths.
DMfebfl,
TboaauMS.
Ratio.
Deatha.
Thousanda,
Braochitii . . 71*4
18-6
ConviiltioiiB . . 23*9
rhthini . . . 61-3
9-8
Scarlatina . . 17'6
HeMt .... 861
6-9
Apoplexy . . . 14*2
Old ag« ... 29-5
5-6
Cancer . . . 12*8
PbeomonU . . 27*2
5-2
Paralysis . . . 127
DdbOity ... 247
47
Various . . . 2051 .
Bee PMhisis.
•
»47
Ratio.
4-5
83
27
2-4
2 4
88*9
F. — SiOKKESS IN Ireland (Census).
Bick
, per 10^000 Inhabitanta.
Diaaaees.
185L
18«L
1871.
Medium.
Zymotic . •
58
17
9
26
Brain
87
50
58
48
Respiratory
16
16
17
16
Varioua .
58
48
*
48
50
Total
159
131
132
140
(i.— Causes op Death, per Million Inhabitants.
England, Yearly Ratio.
Scotland.
IreUnd. '
1850-69.
18(X>-«9.
1870-79.
1870.
566
1877.
1880.
189
Apoplexy . .
451
488
540
507
Asthma . . .
248
186
132
114
96
63
Brain disease
202
253
267
288
315
208
Brooohitis
. 1,185
1,749
2,295
2,847
2,525
2,164
Cancer . .
315
387
470
511
451
841
ChUdbirth . ,
. 1 114
112
98
75
108
105
Consumption
. 2,730
2,547
2,205
2,044
2,294
2,135
Diarrhoea . ,
858
871
895
435
421
456
Dropsy . .
501
848
187
130
116
184
Heart disease .
703
975
1,242
1,439
1,299
781
Hydrocephalus
410
858
321
325
546
223
Liver disease
213
252
280
275
224
182
Measles . •
409
465
369
366
281
197
Paralysis . .
452
499
515
508
560
267 '
Pneumonia .
. ' 1.265
1,135
1,025
1,083
865
434
Scarlatina
996
890
805
701
879
470
Scrofula . .
149
148
1*25
133
203
187
Smallpox . .
240
169
258
21
11
75
Typhus . .
945
890
410
257
466
888
Violent deaths
744
784
750
703
799
379
Whooping-cougi
h 512
529
517
507
432
455
14S
DISEA SE^DISPENSARIES.
H.
—Causes of Dratb
[ IN London.
For Milltoa InhabiUnts.
lUtefor
England
1859.
18e9.
1879.
Medium.
(1870-79).
Bronchitis . . .
2,810
2,995
8,622
2,977
9,295
Childbirth . .
93
79
48
73
98
Consumption
2,850
2,756
2,476
2,692
2,206
Diarrhoea
1,210
1,061
495
928
^95
Fever . . . ,
657
558
249
488
410
Measles . .
488
455
670
537
869
Scarlatina . .
1,280
1,825
719
1,278
805
Smallpox . . .
425
86
122
211
258
Violent deaths .
752
747
774
760
750
Whooping-cough .
639
1,178
792
870
517
I. — Diseases
IN
United States (1880).
Cuuao of Death.
Number.
Per Million
Inhabitants.
Ratia
Whooping-cough .
11.202
224
1-5
Scarlet fever .
16,416
B2S
2 1
Typhoid „ .
22,905
458
3 1
Digestive diseases .
84,094
682
4-5
Diphtheria .
38,398
768
51
Diarrhoea
65,565
1,311
8-7
Nervous diseases .
88,670
1.674
11 1
Consumption
91,551
1,831
12-2
Respiratory affections .
107,904
2,158
14-4
Various ....
285,188
5,704
37-3
Total .
«
1
756,893
15,138
100*0
It is supposed that 15 per cent of all deatlia escaped the
notice of enumerators, and that the real death-rate in 1880
was 17 '8 per 1000, instead of 15*1 as given above. Con-
sumption carried off, as compared with England, thus : —
United BUten. England.
lf.iWH.
Fonude*.
Malo<^
Feimtlas.
Per 100 deaths
104
14
9
^i
Per 10,000 inhabitants
. 18
23
19
19
DISPENSARIES. — Medical relief was given gratis to
972,000 persons in England and Wales in 1879. The sum
spent on dispensaries in Ireland is £150,000 per annum. In
France 230,000 persons annually receive medicine gratis at
a cost of £58,000.
DISTANCES.
149
DISTASOEaL
A.
— OOIAM ROCTEB.
HAmou. Milk,
fl - 7 English.
London — Madnu . .
Aden— ifimriHiu
2,822
7,380
JUeiMldtia —Son thiun pt. i
2,980
Siupip..™ .
8,S46
Amoor Kiver-3. FrMifi-t
.. 8,9*6
Madeira— PI jTOoxith .
1,200
AMEtuiua^C&pe Hum
3,800
M*in.. .-I^.n,tn„ . .
7.330
AncklaDd— Puuimit .
B,*90
Mr.,.ntiu-i-A.l.-n . .
2,822
Aiorea— Portsmouth .
1,390
BomUy . .
2,503
4,886
Meibonms .
4,670
BsUtia— Sydney . .
8,870
6,280
-Bchring'aSta.-S. PrkiicJ^
ra2,7ii0
Lirerpool .
11,666
S.»7S
4.670
Bolnl»r-C.peofG.Hop.
4,627
8,888
B™Uy-Ma«riti.» .
S,50S
New York— OklwM . .
2,781
G,S30
Qlugow . .
8,400
6,380
H>^nn«. .
1,190
8,386
Li»«rpool .
2,980
7,950
„ Portnnooth .
8,076
6,230
PMn»n.bnoo-Teneri#e .
8,080
Stm . . .
4,580
2,460
C^»of O, Hopa-CalcHtt
slaai
Pljmonth-FemnidoPo.
4,180
„ *^ Bomb.
4,627
M»lei» . .
1,200
J»*
6,026
1,390
LiTcipo
ol G,9BS
4.029
3.800
4.050
Liverpool
7,825
New York .
8,076
6,470
St. Helena .
4,330
Itanenira— U-ndon .
4,080
Tahiti . .
11,530
f emudo Po-Plymuutb
4,130
(JiHjboc— Golway , . .
2,392
GklwftT— Botton . . .
2.385
Liverpool, . .
2,634
1,160
Rio Jineiro— Southampton
6,060
Gi.»-ow-NewYork .
8,400
St. Helena— PorWmoutli ,
4,330
2,185
St. TbooioA— Southampton
3,570
H.V«.IUi-NWTcTk.
1,190
St Vincent -Ptman.buco
1,608
Tortjunouth
4,029
Teneriffe .
850
Bong KiDg— IIoddIuUi
4,838
Su Kranciaco— Amoor .
3.948
Honnlulu— CaIIui . .
5,145
Behring'BSti. 2,720
8ui Fmnd-Ko
2,081
Honoluln .
2.081
T.hitl . .
2,378
Pknama
8.1S0
V.lp»nuw
5,902
Shanghai-Sydney . . .
Singapore — London . .
4.6J0
4,050
8.345
Jft^-CpeofGoodHnii
6.026
Sqm— Calcutta ....
4,'.80
Livwpool-G.peotG.Hop
e 6.998
Sydney— BativU . . .
3.870
Cepe Horn
7,325
„ Cape Horn . .
6,470
Melbourne
11.555
Shanghai . . .
4.640
New York
2.980
Valparw«. . .
8,198
2,770
Tahiti- Honolulu . . .
2,378
,: Qaebec. .
2,634
Fortemouth . .
11.630
IJ.b™-M^i« . .
535
2,450
London— Bonibky . .
6.3M
Valparaiio — Htmolalu . .
6,902
(Mcutta . .
7,050
Tahiti. . .
i.2:i3
n Uemcnra
4,030
„ Sydney . .
6,198
150
DIVORCES.
B. — From London, Bibd's Fught, English Miles.
Algien. . . 1,050
Amsterdam 210
Astrakan . . 2,180
Axores . . . 1,680
Barcelona . . 680
Belgrade . . 1,040
Berlin ... 580
Bordeaux . . 460
Boston . . . 3,190
Bremen. . . 890
Brussels . . 190
Bucharest . . 1,270
Buda-Pesth . 900
Buenos Ayres. 7,260
Cadiz . . . 1,080
Cairo . . . 2,160
CalcutU . . 4,870
Canton . . . 5,960
Cape-town . 5,950
Chicago . . 4,050
Colombo . . 5,370
Constantinople 1,540
Copenhagen . 600
Cyprus . . . 1,980
Dresden . . 600
Dublin ... 280
Edinburgh . 800
Falklands .
8,150
Montreal . •
8,840
Florence . .
780
Moscow . •
1,680
Frankfort .
400
Naples . • .
1,000
Geneva . .
460
Natal . . .
5,850
Genoa. . .
650
New Orleans .
4,820
Gibraltar. .
1,100
NewToric. .
8,620
Halifax . .
2,940
Palermo . •
1,1<M)
450
Paris . . .
200
Havanna . .
4,700
PeUn . . •
6,400
Hong-Kong .
6,040
Philadelphia .
8,700
Honolulu. .
8,480
Quebec. • .
8,200
Iceland • .
1,060
Quito . . .
6,500
Jamaica . .
4,800
Rio Janeiro •
6,000
Jersey . .
170
Rome • • .
900
Jerusalem .
2.100
San Frandaco
6,000
Lima . . .
6,900
St Petersburg
1,880
Lisbon . .
980
Sierra Leone .
8,800
Madeira . .
1,600
Singapore . .
Stodcholm . .
7,050
Madras . .
5,170
910
Madrid . .
780
Sydney. . .
10,120
MalU . . .
1,260
Tener^e . .
2,080
Manilla . .
6,700
Utah . . .
5,500
Marseilles .
620
Valparaiso
7,850
Mauritius .
6,010
Vienna. . .
760
Melbourne .
9,990
Warsaw . .
910
Mexico . .
5,800
Washington .
8,800
Montevideo .
7.150
Yeddo . . .
6,600
DIVORCES.
A. — Divorces and Separations.
Per Million Inhabitants.
Per 1000 MarrUee*.
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880. i
England . . I 8
15
1
2
Scotland
8
21
1
8
France .
' 38
71
4
9
Germany
...
130
• • •
17
Russia .
11
13
u
2
Austria .
. ! 70
91
8
10
Italy
! 21
22
3
8
Belgium
22
52
8
7
HoUand .
42
55
5
8
Switzerland .
• • •
370
• • •
51
Denmark
,
170
202
25
80
Sweden .
85
47
5
7
Norway .
1
3
5
i
i
Roumania
55
82
7
10
U. States (Mass.)
210
860
21
45
DIVORCES.
151
In Fniica 38 per cent of divoiced conples had no children.
62 per oent were mairied over 10 yean.
In SwiUeiknd for every 1000 marriages there were 13
divorcee in Catholic cantons, 59 in Protestant, and 51 in
mixed ; general average, 50 per 1000.
In Anstiia the mixed provinces had 12 times more divorces
to population, the Protestant 28 times more, than in Catholic
piovinoeSb
In England 116 divorced persons were married in 1880;
in Switaerland 775 the same year. The rate of suicide has
xiaen in all coontries in which divorces increased.
B. — ^DivoBcn iH BsLoiuiL
1000 Mabbiaob (1878).
• e*0 I Bniaeb.
. e-5 I li^ .
In Bdgiam the ratio of divorces per 1000 marriages is
5 times h^her than in 1840, and 4 times than in 1850.
ABtWBip .
OImdI
14-7
15-0
C — Mabriaox of Divoboxd Persons.
Feb 1000 Mabbiaou.
England
HoUand
Hungaiy
Denmark
SwiUerUnd
Men.
Women.
Total.
07
0-5
0-6
1-0
0-8
0-9
1-2
1-0
11
2-2
2-4
2-3
8-2
8-2
8-2
6-0
4-2
61
The nnmher of divorced persons marrying in England has
increased twelve-fold since 1861, and threo-fold since 1870.
D. — Relative Inobbasb of Divorces (Kummer).
France.
Belgium
HoUand
Saxony
Sweden
1851-56w
100
100
100
100
100
1856-M.
128
140
100
83
98
IMl-W.
160
160
112
76
109
1860-70.
190
190
116
72
lis
isn-Tfi.
163
280
139
80
132
1876-SO.
226
420
161
106
161
Chrirtiania
Prague .
Antwerp
Ghent .
XiOndon .
Cologne.
Berlin .
R — Batio in Cities.
XUMBKB or DlVOBOES, FEB 1000 MABRIAGn.
2
2
8
8
4
6
10
Hague. . . .
Li^ . . .
Bnuaels . . ,
. 11
. 12
. 14
Munich . . .
. 16
Frankfort . .
17
Rotterdam . .
. 20
Vienna . .
. 23
Paris . .
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Breslau .
Bucharest
Boston
San Frandsoo
25
28
29
31
44
78
223
152
DOCKS—DOGS.
F. ^Increase in France and Bslqiux.
Period.
1826-30
1831-40
1841-50
1861-60
1861-70
1871-78
DiVORCEB, PKB
Fri»nc«,
11
1-8
3-8
4-3
6-6
6-3
1000 MARRiAOfea.
Pftria.
4-0
7-0
9-9
16-6
22-9
24-9
Belgium.
1-0
1-2
1-4
2-4
2-9
6-1
Brii««eU.
41
5-3
6*6
9-9
11-2
12-4
G. — DivoRCB AND Suicide Compared.
DiTofoes,
Ireland . .
perlOOu
Marriages.
I
England . ,
Scotland .
2
3
Russia * . .
2
Italy . . .
Sweden . ,
3
7
Belgium .
HoUand . ,
7
8
France
9
Austria . ,
10
Suicides,
per 100.000
InhsD.
17
6*7
4-0
2-5
87
81
71
9-6
16-6
9-6
Qennany
Denmark
Switzerland
London .
Berlin .
Brussels
Vienna .
Paris .
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Divoroes,
per 1000
Mttrriiiges.
17
30
61
'4
10
14
23
25
28
29
8oicide«,
per 100,000
Inh*U
14-3
28-2
20-2
8*6
17-0
27 1
287
42-2
85-4
30-2
DOCKS. — Those of London comprise 690, those of Livei^
pool 543, those of Cardiff 113 acres.
Cost in Millions £.
Iiondon . .
Liverpool . .
Glasgow . . .
The new docks at Hamburg will cost 5 J millions sterling.
Dock-dues as a rule average 2 shillings a ton in European
ports, the charges on a vessel of 1000 tons being aa foUows : —
201
Antwerp . .
. 6-5
Hull . .
. . 1-2
182
Cherbourg .
. 3-5
Bristol . .
. . 09
7-6
Holyhead .
. 2-0
Dundee
. . 08
Liverpool.
London .
£183
125
Hamburg
Antwerp
£110
93
Amsterdam . . £81
Greneral average 100
The largest lock in the world is that of Cardiff, 600 feet
long by 80 in width, ordinary depth of water 36 feet
DOGS.
A. — Dogs of all Kinds.
Number
IJcensod.
Great BriUin .... 1,128,000
IreUnd 368,000
France 1,864,000
Uermany 1,432,000
Per 1000
InhabiUiits.
38
78
49
31
DRA INA GE—DRINK.
'53
Sheep-dogs are not taxed in the United Kingdom, and the
total number of dogs in the kingdom is at least 2,000,000,
Bay 55 per 1000 inhabitants, worth £800,000. It is found
that 100 male dogs go mad, as compared with 14 female.
A dog accidentally locked up at Metz passed 39 days without
food, and recovered.
BL — ^HUNTING-DOOB IN UNITED KiNQDOM.
SUg-bonndi .
Foz-houndB .
Haniera
Beaglea .
EngUnd.
604
12,866
3,258
448
IreUnd. Scotland. U. Kingdom.
246 ... 850
1,522 660 15,048
1,516 ... 4,774
74 522
Total . . 17,176 8,284 734 21,194
C. — Brain of Dogs, in Drams.
Sheep-dog
Fox-iiound
Setter
Mutiff .
29*6
29-2
261
261
KetrieTer . . 25*7
GolUe . . . 25*4
BuU-dog . . 24*0
Newfoundland 24*0
Greyhound .
. 28*4
Terrier . .
. 20*0
Spaniel . .
. 18*1
I*p-dog . .
. 18*0
As compared with the above, the wolf has 42, the jackal
15, the fox 13 drams.
DRAINAGE. — Subsoil drainage in England costs on an
average £b per acre, and produces 5 bushels more wheat,
say 20 per cent, extra. Eeclaiming land in Scotland costs
about £17 per acre.
For drainage of towns, see Seweis,
DBINK.
A. — Consumption in United Kingdom.
Millions or Oallonr.
Tear.
Boer.
Bpirita.
^^ ^1
Wine.
EquiTalent in
AlcohoL
1840
640
26*7
6*5
44*3
1860
770
27*2
7*5
49-9
1871
980
83*6
161
63-9
1S81
1.007
870
15-6
67*2
R— Consumption per
In
HABITANT.
Oi
ILI^
N-8.
Tear.
Beer.
Spiriti.
Wino,
Equivalent in
Alcohol.
1840
24*2
0-97
0-25
1*64
1860
26-5
0-93
0*26
1-72
1871
80*6
106
0*61
202
1881
28-6
1-05
0*44
1*92
154
DRINK,
C. — Consumption in Thbes Kinodoxs (1881).
Oalloms
Beer.
Bplilti.
■qoivalMiiia
▲looboL
England
. 84*8
0-86
206
Scotland
10-6
2-28
1-80
Ireland
. 121
1-29
1-82
United Kingdom
286
1-05
1-92
D. — ExPBNDmjRB IN Drink.
Uniled Klngdoa. Pn- Tnlialiitant
Beer •
. £62,800,000
£1 16 0
British spirits
Imported „
21,500,000
0 12 4
6,800,000
0 8 6
Wine .
6,900,000
0 8 10
Cider, &a .
1,200,000
. £98,700,000
0 0 9
Total .
£2 16 5
E.
— Drink
OF ALL
Nations.
]
HiLLioss or Gallovs.
AlcoboL
Wine.
Beer.
Spirits.
BqolTRlent
inAlcohoL
OttUoos
per luhalk.
United Kingdom .
15
1,007
87
67-2
1-92
Franoe . . . .
760
190
84
101-0
2-65
Germany . .
120
880
60
72-4
1-60
Russia . . .
30
63
145
80-6
1-05
Austria . .
800
245
80
58-0
1-45
Italy . . .
480
20
10
50-2
176 1
Spain . . .
220
2
8
24-0
1*48
Portugal . ,
60
1
1
7-0
1-55
Holland .
3
85
12
8-2
2-05
Belgium .
4
170
10
11-4
2-07
Denmark .
1
25
8
51
2-60
Sweden and Norwa
Europe . .
United SUtes .
7 2
85
27
15-4
2-27 1
. 1.995
2,678
377
495*5
1*65
80
440
76
66-5
1-81
Colonies, &c.
108
81
20
252
1-80
The Wor]
Id
•
. 2,188
8,194
473
587-2
1-70
Italy
Trance
F. — Insanity from Drink.
Ratio or Dipsomaniacs to all Insane
. 12 per cent | United SUtes 29^ cent
. 21 „ ! Scotland . 28 „
DRO WNED'-DR UN KEN NESS.
155
DROWHED, AOOIDENTALLY.
A.
England •
8o(2lMid
Ireland
United Kingdom
Tnnoe
United SUtet .
The above is in internal waters only.
Number
Per 1000
Dro(wn«d.
Deetlu.
8,690
6*6
560
7-6
825
81
4,566
6-6
5,170
6-2
4,820
6-8
B. — Ratio op Sex Drowned.
United Kingdom
France
Males.
76
82
Femalee.
24
18
C. — Accidentally Drowned in England (1879).
Boating
Bathing
156
190
Skating .
Various .
147
8,197
Total 3,690
There were 1112 under 12 years of age. The number of
drowning persons timely rescued by the Koyal Humane
Society was 136.
D. — Drowned in Kotal Navy and British Merchant
Service.
period. ^
Men Drowned, per Annum. Ratio per 1000 Afloat.
1866-70
1876-79
Koyal Navy.
172
133
Merchant.
2,740
2,225
Royal Navy.
3-6
2-9
Merchant.
14-0
11-3
DRUNKENNESS.
A- — Relative Mortality of Drink.
Ykabs of Intemfebancs to Produce Death.
Gaas.
Liquor.
Wtimen
. 14
Beer .
. 22
Gentlemen .
. 15
Spirits
17
Working clam .
. 18
Mixed
. 16
This shows that the working class can stand drink longest,
and that beer is the least deadly form of intemperance.
156
DRUNKENNESS.
B. — Deaths from Drixk.
Number.
Per 1000 Deathe
of Populatiua.
England
. 1,082
2-04
Scotland i
280
8-29
Ireland
280
278
United Kingdom
. 1,592
2-27
France
872
1-05
Belgium
456
8-83
Sweden
502
6*25
Norway
72
2-86
Switzerland
244
8*81
Italy ....
709
0-85
New York .
824
1208
Total
4,771
1-81
C. — ^Yalub of Life, Drunk and Sober.
ExpEOTANCT or TRAHa.
Age.
20
30
40
Drunk.
15
14
11
Soben
44
36
29
D. — Intemperance in United Kingdom.
Deaths
Insane
Crimes
Atinual
Result.
1,592
3,350
6,140
Sick
Loss of work
Extra taxes
Annua]
Reculu
84,000
£7,400,000
£1,700,000
E. — Fined for Drunkenness, Enolanr
Tcfir. Number. Per 1000 Inhah.
I860 88,410 4-4
1870 187,200 6-0
1879 178,429 7*0
1881 174,481 67
In Franco 61,000 persons were fined for drunkenness in
1881, showing a decline.
F. — Drunkenness in Large Towns.
London .
per
per Annum
1000 Inbab.
5
Limerick
C*»es TM»r Annum
per iOOO luhak
. 85
Leeds
Nottingham .
Belfast .
. 7
9
. 21
Glasgow
Liverpool
Dublin .
. 88
. 42
. 48
Manchester
. 31
Cork
. 56
The ratio for London is not reliable, although numerically
D HA RFS~D WELLINGS. 1 57
cnnect, u the aathoritiM no longer tntit dnmkenneea in the
metropolu u k mtademeonoar unless attended with diaorder.
DWABra
BoTowIiwki .
Ton Thumb
ilia. T. Thmiib
Cbe-Mah
LncikZuBta
GenetalUite
Const BoTowlnski
Btrth.
1739
183S
1843
Cbiiu.
New York.
a friend of George III., and one
of the most accomplished men in London society. Tom
Tbnmb'i real name was Charles Stratton.
DWELUHCW F0& WOSKIVa 0LASSE8L
Otj.
DuUlbjr
So. o[
Toiie-
2.700
Sum Bpmt
I»rW«k
London . . .
fmbodj.
£780,000
4t«
Metrop. Ami.
900
241
DOO
m
P.rii ....
m
Dublin . . .
Corporation.
■J 70
Ml)
41
Liverpool . .
Si
<;iu^« . . .
41-0
U(
;iuii
BimuDghuD .
7U0
Stlford . . .
aao
t.'
m
!H
m
100
.
(lovernment loans for Uie above purim^es amount to two
niillionx, of which 90 pet cent are for £ngli:>li town?.
In 1805 Mr. George Peabody gave ^500,000 to erect in
London suitable buildings for working men's families, at
moderate rents. In January 1882 the buildings comprised
61C0 rooms, in 2789 holdings, and were occupied by 11,460
persons, who paid an average rent of 2 shillings per rooni, or
4s. 6d. per family, weekly. The death-rato in 1861 was
only IT per 1000, or 4 per 1000 less thnn the London rate
for same year. The average earnings of each family were
24 shillings, so that the rent came to be 18 per cent of same.
New tenements were o|>ened in 1681 fur 430 f.imilics. but
the applicants exceeded 3000. The original fund of
£.'>00,000 now reaches £780,000, owing to prolita : cost of
management only £800 a year.
158
DYNA MITE^EDUCA TION.
Buildings for working-classes in London cost 6 to 8 pence
per cubic foot, and sites 2 to 6 shillings per square foot :
accommodating occupants at an average expenditure of X36
per head. Average rent 2s. a week per room.
DTH AMITE.— Messrs. Nobel of Glasgow make 1200
tons yearly. See Explaaives,
E
EABTHQUAKES. — Since the bi«ginning of the 18th cen*
tury the most destructive have been the following : —
Tear. Place.
1703 Teddo •
1716 Alffien •
1726 PJermo
1731 Pekin .
1754 Cairo .
1755 Lisbon .
Liree Loet,
190,000
18,000
6,000
95,000
40,000
35,000
Tear. Place. LiTea Loe^
1778 CkiatemaU . . 83,000
1797 Qoito .... 41,000
1822 Aleppo .... 22,000
1861 Mendoza,S. Amer. 12,000
186S
1880
Arica
Manilla .
t»
6,000
3,000
EARTHWORKS.
Coet, Cubic Td.
England . • 21 pence
Suez Canal . • 12
>t
Panama Canal
Cyprus.
Coat. Cubic Td.
15 pence
6
if
The earthwork of the Thames Embankment inyolyed the
filling in of one million cubic yards.
RDUOATION.
A. — Progrkss since 1830.
Bcitio of AdulU able to
Ratio of School Cfaildmi
Write.
to
E*opuUtiuii. 1
1830.
1850.
1881.
1880.
I860.
1881. J
England •
55
64
84
7
8
15
Scotland .
77
83
88
9
10
15
Ireland
46
55
67
6
6
18
France
42
57
78
6
9
13
Germany
81
86
94
16
16
17
Russia
1
2
11
• • •
1
2
Austria ,
28
34
49
5
6
9
lUlv
16
28
41
2
4
8
Spain and Portugal .
9
18
84
3
4
5
Switserland
78
80
88
13
14
16
Belgium and Holland
41
62
86
10
11
15
Scandinavia .
80
82
87
13
14
15
United SUtet .
80
84
90
15
17
18
rzs
EDUCATION.
159
The niio of school children attending school is usually
two-thirds of those enrolled (in Irehoid less than half), so
that the nnmber of children at school compared to popula*
tion is only 11 per cent in England, 9 per cent in France,
and 12 per cent in United States.
B. — ScHooLB, Tbachebs, and Pupils.
Tbousammi.
Boboola. TeMsban,
Papllii.
United Kingdom
• •
28
67
5,251
Franoe
74
119
4,950
Gennenj .
78
101
6,982
BiMda .
82
40
1,240
Awtiia •
81
52
8,690
Itehr . . .
Spain
47
52
2,515
28
80
1,428
SwhierUnd
6
10
411
Belffiiini •
HoOand •
6
4
12
7
690
490
SoudinftTia
17
18
1,100
Ranmaniii
a
347
4
502
110
Europe
28,857
United States .
177
273
9,705
Canada •
18
16
860
AnatraliA .
6
18
611
Argentine Repnblic .
2-
6
164
BimtU . . .
6
8
188
iSlA
6
83
6
87
170
2,196
Jl^MUl
26
660
60
963
2,161
Total
•
44,724
C. — Educati
ON OF
United Kingdom. %^
BchoolH.
Teachers.
Cbildren.
England
17,614
41,406
2,751,800
Scotland . •
8,056
5,880
404,600
Ireland . •
7,5J
10
10.674
468,550
United Kingdom 28,260 57,410 8,624,450
The above shows the average number of children attend-
ing bchool : Table £, the number on the loUs.
Passed In Three Highest Gssses.
ATsrsge Percentsge ^^^ " %>^
Attendance. Examined. No. Ratio.
England . 75 per cent 83 870,000 13| per cent.
Scotland. 72 „ 87 82,000 21
Ireland . 45 „ 47 82,500 18
i6o
EDUCATION.
The last column shows the percentage of children on the
rolls who passed the three highest classes. According to
the Irish Census of 1881, the proportions of persons who
could read and write were 64 per cent among Catholics,
75 per cent, among Protestants, and 59 per cent of the
whole population, as against 49 per cent in 1871.
D. — ^Annual School Funds and Outlay.
Thonsands.
Cost per F
upil.
Per Inhabitants
United Kingdom
. £6,685
£1 17
0
£0
4 3
France
8,200
0 12
0
0
1 6
Grermany .
6,900
1 4
0
0
3 0
Russia
1,000
0 17
0
0
0 3
Austria
2,900
0 19
0
0
1 8
Italy.
1,100
0 12
0
0
0 10
Spain
1,200
0 15
0
0
1 6
Holland .
500
1 1
0
0
2 6
Belgium .
900
0 19
0
0
3 4
Scandinavia
§00
0 9
0
0
1 3
Switzerland
200
0 10
0
0
1 6
Europe
. £24,685
1 0
1
0
1 8
United SUtes .
16,830
1 15
0
0
6 6
Canada
1,050
1 9
0
0
5 0
India
1,280
0 1
3
0
0 2
Australia .
1,660
5 8
0
0
12 0
Argentine Republic
850
2 2
0
0
3 2
Total
£44,575
£10 0
£0 8 0
R — School Expenditure, United Kingdoh.
Thousands £.
r
Coctper
PupiL
SuMdy.
2,130
847
658
YveB,
Rates.
ToUI.
England . .
Scotland . .
Ireland . . .
U. Kingdom .
1,432
252
141
1,486
239
• • •
5,048
838
799
£1 16 8
2 1 6
1 14 0
3,135
1,825
1,725
6,685 £117 2
The above does not include extraordinary sums for build-
ing, which arc provided out of loans, the balance of such
loans outstanding in January 1881 being £13,130,000.
EDUCATION.
i6i
F. — Rbuqious Dknominationb, United Kingdom.
CShnreh of England
Pkcabyt6riMi
RomMi CAthoIio .
y«rioiu ....
Behool-
chlldnn.
1,589,700
527,400
526,600
1,080,800
PereenUgo.
42-8
14-6
14-6
280
CoAtper
HMd.
£1 15 2
2 0 10
1 12 8
1 18 10
Total 8,624,000 1000 £1 17
6. — ScHoous IN England and Walks.
NuiQh«r or Schoola.
Voluntary
Board ichooli
Total .
Volnntary
Board •cbooU
ToUl .
isn.
9,772
82
1881.
14,870
3,692
9,854 18,062
ATengo AtUndance.
•^ 1871. ISal. ^
1,827,000 2,008,000
9,200 856,000
1,836,200 2,864,000
The avenge expenditure is 42 shiUings per pupil in
Board schools, and 35 shillings in voluntary.
IL — Instruction in United States (1880).
Colleges .
Academies
Mediciiie . .
Deaf and dumb
Blind . . .
Refonnatories
Orphanages .
Public sdiools
Acerarft.
School R.
Teachers.
PupUs.
364
4,240
69,010
1,699
5,960
167,100
49
3.019
111
13,3-20
53
6.390
30
2,213
67
14,220
411
751.000
177,100
272,700
9,705,100
Attendance at School (1880).
Stat<
L
Xew England
Middle . . .
South
West . . .
Pacific . . .
The Union .
Thousands.
Ratio Attending to
Scbohurs
EaroUed.
ATerago
Attendance.
School Pop., Total Popt.,
per Cent. ]H>r Cent.
760
2,390
2,297
4,052
206
541
1,417
1.509
2,449
133
61
40
33
42
46
13i
Hi
10
14
11
9,705
•
6,049
40
12 ;
l62
EDUCATION.
Expenditure on PuUic Schools (1880).
For Pupil,
SUtes. Amount. T.^if^*^* Aven^pe
Attending.
£8 12 0
8 5
New England
Middle
South .
West .
Pacifio
£1,908,000
4,668,000
1,479,000
7,952,000
688,000
Ratio per
luhftbitant.
£0 9 6
0
0
0
6 9
2 0
9 6
0 10 9
6
0 19 6
8 5
5 8
8
0
The Union . £16,685,000 £0 6 6 £2 16 0
This expenditure is merely on primary schools, in salaries,
books, and other ordinary outlay.
I. — ^Instruction in France.
Lay. Clerical
Schools . , 68,800 19,964
Teachers 70,410 49,150
PupUs , . 8,145,000 1,806,000
Male.
43,494
65,130
2,619,000
Schools
Teachers
PupiLi
Of the total number of pupils 58 per cent are free, and
42 per cent pay for their education.
Femald.
80,270
64,430
2,431,000
Total.
78,764
119,560
4^960,000
ToUI.
73,764
119,660
4,950,000
K. — Instruction in Germany (1871).
Pupilatn
Schoolfl.
Teachers.
Pupils,
PopiuUtion,
porCeoC
Prussia .
•
34,988
57,936
4,008,000
16
Bavaria .
•
7,184
11,921
841,000
17
Saxony .
•
2,134
7,219
451,000
16
Baden
•
1,957
8,603
245,000
16
Other SUt
es
•
6,510
11,820
91,999
784,000
6,329,000
15i
Totel .
62,803
16
L
u — Instruction in Italy.
Pupils.
Public
Private.
Total.
Boys .
.
. 1,049,000
68,000 1,112,000
Girls .
•
858,000
92,000 !
»45,000
ToUl . . 1,902,000 155,000 2,0.'i7,000
Besides the above there are 456,000 persons attending;;
night-schools, and 11,140 at universities. The ratio of chil-
dren attending school to population is 1 1 i per cent in the
North, 6 J in Central Itdy, 5 J in Naples, and 4 J per cent
in Sicily."
BDUCATION^EGGS.
163
M. — Instruction in India.
Schoots. PopHB.
Goraniiiieiit . . . 16,649 769,000
AMirted .... 50,207 1,112,000
Voluntary .... 15,705 815,000
Total .... 82,561 2,196,000
The State expenditoie on schools is £1,280,000 per annum,
or 16 pence per pupiL
N. — iNSTBUonoN IN Canada (1879).
Ontario . •
Quebec
NoFaSootia
New Brunswick
British Columbia
Total.
Schools.
5,123
4,282
1,985
1,896
61
Tescbers.
6,596
6,132
2,011
1,600
68
12,786 16,297
PupiK
487,000
239,000
84,000
54,000
2,000
866,000
O.— Instruction in Australia (1880).
Schools.
Taschers.
PupUa.
Expenditure.
Enrolled.
Average
Attendauce.
N. South Wales
Victoria . . .
New Zealand .
South Australia
Queensland
Tasmania . .
West Australia
1,910
2,430
836
870
888
171
102
8,393
4,960
2,681
837
924
823
108
169,000
269,000
84,000
86,000
43,000
12,000
6,000
72,000
120,000
63,000
20,000
24,000
8,000
8,000
£475,000
653,000
884,000
87,000
124,000
24,000
10,000
ToUl . . .
6,157
13,216
618,000
311,000 |£1,667,000
£oas.
A.
llilliona per Annum.
Annual Con-
sumption per
InhabiUnt.
Production.
Consunaption.
2,920
3,920
8,600
1,330
United Kingdom
France
Germany .
Italy ....
2,150
4,330
3,600
1,840
86
105
80
48
lien- eggs range from 72 to 80 per cent of the total in the
above countries : they average a little under 2 ounces in
weight, say 20,000 per ton. The United Kingdom imports
22 eggs per inhabitant yearly, as against 14 in 1870.
1^4
ELECTORS.
K — EXPORTINO COUNTRIEB.
Year.
Milliona Eggt Y9ur]j,
Value (Tbooeaiidi Omitted).
France.
Italy.
•
42
France.
Italf.
1861 . .
264
12
£710
£67
£19
1865 . .
602
40
9
1,500
63
20
1870 . .
499
129
81
1,250
206
65
1875 . .
688
182
47
1,860
344
106
1880 . .
428
502
109
1,202
1,450
230
C. — Imports into United Kingdom.
Tear.
MUliona.
Per Inhab.
)Tear.
MUUona.
Perlnhabw
1853 .
. . 123
H
1870 .
. . 481
14
1860 .
. . 163
6
1875 . .
. . 741
23
1865 .
. . 864
12
1881 . .
. . 757
22
ELE0T0B8.
A. — Number per 1000 iNHABiTANTa
Enrolled. Voted.
United Kingdom . 130 100
France .... 263 158
Germany. ... 202 120
Austria . . • • 59 40
Switzerland
lUly . . .
Portugal
Belgium . .
Enrolled. Voted.
. 242
22 14
. 54 86
18 18
B. — Electors in United Kingdom.
r
Thouaanda.
Per 1000 Inliabitanta.
1835.
1871.
1881.
1835.
1871.
188L
England . .
Scotland . .
Ireland . .
668
73
98
2,066
260
227
2,538
310
229
45
29
12
90
79
41
93
83
44
U. Kingdom
839
2,553
3,077
33
81
88
'
Tboutauds.
County.
Borough. > UniTeraity. , TotaL
England • #
Scotland .
Ireland . .
U. Kingdom .
933
97
168
1,592
201
57
13
12
4
2,588
810
229
1,198
l,8r»0 1 29 8,077
The new franchise of 1884 has raised the number ol
electors to 6 millions. See Appendix.
ELECTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT.
l6:
C. — ^BoROUOH Franchise^ United Kinqdok.
Electon
Fereentoge
Electors
Percentnge
(ThouMadsX
of Pup.
(ThouNindi). of Pi>p.
Belfast . . 22
12
Hull . .
27
18
Binningham 64
16
Leeds . .
60
16
BtAUm . . 16
14
Liverpool .
62
11
Bradford. .
27
16
London
329
9
Brighton . .
16
16
Manchester
76
14
Bristol . .
26
IS
Newcastle.
26
17
DoUin . .
14
4
Nottingham
19
10
Dundee . ,
16
13
Oldham .
22
20
Edinburgh
29
13
Sheffield .
43
16
Glaigow .
60
12
Sunderland
17
16
D. — Kepiiesentation
OP United Einqdoh.
Rftiwesent
ation. RoTonue.
PupuUUon.
England
761
a 771
74-6
Scotland
9-
2 12-4
10-7
Ireland
161
B 10-6
147
United Kingdom
. 100(
) 1000
1000
H — Voters in FRi
iNCE, August
1881.
CUaft.
Thousands.
Per Cent.
Republicans
• •
. 4,670
45-7
Orleanists
■ •
. 1,103
11-1
Bonapartists
• •
f>38
6-4
Not V
oted
• •
. 3,740
37-8
Tutal . . . 9,951
ELEOTBIO LIGHT.
A. — Greatest Lights.
Electric moon, San Jos6, California • •
Chandelier, Crystal Palace . . . .
Chandelier, Pidais d'Industrie, Paris .
Marseilles Lighthouse
Sjdnej Lighthouse
100 0
Candle Power.
24,000
3,000
160,000
40,000
180,000
B. — Lane-Fox System.
BoTM Power.
6
8
20
LighU
36
SO
40
GO
Candle Power.
10
20
25
40
Affgrcnte
die r'ow(
Can
ower.
360
600
1,000
2,400
i66
ELECTRIC LIGHT.
C-
—Brush Ststeil
Ekqinb 40 HoRSB Power.
Number of
Ligbta.
Candle Power.
Agsfrosate
Candle Power.
1
150,000
150,000
12
8,000
96,000
40
2,000
80,000
400
150
60,000
One engine of the above power feeds 400 lamps on a line
of 30 miles, consuming 150 lbs. coal per hour, as compared
with 1 ton per hour for gaslight over the same length.
D. — Cost op Jablochkoff Light.
Cost peb Houb, 100 Candle Poweb.
Tear.
1877 .
1878
1879
Pence.
6
4
3
Tear.
1880
1881
1882
• •
Pence.
2
1
E. — Cost of Lightin
o.
Name.
Siemens
Where. Candle Power.
British Museum 5,000
Penoe
per b<>ur.
24
Brush
• • •
Jablochkoff
Kensington Museum
Marseilles
Thames Embankment
2.000
40,000
200
10
27
2
Arc light
Swan
Liverpool Doc
Nottingham
ks
6,000
20
15
The San Jos6 electric moon stands on a tower 200 feet
high, is worked by a Q-horse engine, and shows light for
2 miles around. The Sydney light is visible 50 miles, and
has an intensity equal to 12 millions of candles, being the
largest light yet made. The Marseilles light gives 6 times
more light than the old system, at a saving of 9d. per hour.
The Kensington Museum saves X235 a year by the change.
The smallest lights are Swan and Edison's arc lights of 8
candle power for domestic use.
The contract with the Nottingham Municipality in May
1883 was for works and plant for supplying 60,000 Swan
lamps of 20 candle power. The cost of instalment was
£220,000, and after allowing for all expenses and interest on
capital, the electric light would cost 40 per cent, less than
gas, and give 40 per cent more light
ELECTRIC MOTOR— EMERALD.
167
ELEOTBIO MOTOR.
1873. At the Vienna Exhibition a pnmp was worked at a
distance of 1400 yards by means of an electric wire.
1879. At Sennaize, La Mame, a field of 6 acres was
ploughed in 6 hours with a wire attached to a 12-horse
engine a mile distant
1881. At Oisiel a farmer named Meiner ploughed a large
field by connecting an electric wire with a watez^all.
1882. Project to tap the force of Niagara, by constructing
turbines, the power of water being eslimated at 10 million
cubic feet per second, or 8 million horse-power, and to
transmit this force through the United States. Estimated
value, £300,000 a day, or 108 millions sterling per annum.
A copper wire, half-inch diameter and 300 miles long, would
suffice to convey 30,000 horse-power from Niagara to New
York.
1883. Four electric locomotives constructed by the Now
York Railway Company to do the work of 160 ordinary
locomotives.
Tramcar at Kew, near London, running by electricity at
6 miles an hour, one accumulator of 80 lbs. sufficing for
7 hours' work : cost 6 shillings per day, against 26 shillings
worked by horses.
ELEVATION OF CONTINENTS.
AVERAGR ABOVS SsA-LeVEL.
Kumpe
Asia.
Foot.
670
1,140
North America .
South America .
Feet.
1,1 r.o
1,100
EMBANKMENT, THAMES.— Completed, after 8 years
of work, in July 1869, at a cost of £1,710,000, the work
consisting of —
Cubic
Yards.
650,000
Brickwork
Concrete
Cubic
Yiirds.
80,000
140,000
Granite .
Earthwork
970,000
EMERALD.
GnlDB.
6
10
VahM.
£5
20
Oraina.
15
24
Vftlnc.
£50
100
i68
EMIGRATION.
EMIORATION.
A. — Emiorakts from Europe (1820-1882).
Natioxulity.
Thoonndato
United
States.
BritUh
Colonies.
Soath
America.
Totri.
British ....
Italians.
Spanish and Portngaese
French • • • .
Scandinavians
Swiss . .
Yarions
Total
5,877
4,884
114
82
274
682
110
815
8,116
162
18
8
81
15
14
498
77
68
581
406
79
16
48
268
8,570
4,614
708
441
884
663
172
1,581
11,788
8,852
1,543
17,188
■
B.— Emigration of Ten Years (1872-81).
From
United Kingdom
France
Grermany
Russia
Italy.
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Emigrants
(ThousandiJL
1,729
71
2,411
281
1,140
88
128
81
121
Percentsffeof
PopiiUttoii.
5-2
0-2
5-5
0-3
4-0
2-0
2-7
4-2
4*4
Total 5,995
Period.
1849-60
1861-70
1871-82
C. — ^Emigration from Ireland.
Persons Evicted. Emigrants.
1,865,000
286,000
311,000
1,551,000
867,000
712,000
8-0
Ratio of
Einiffrants to
ETktioiUw
81
860
230
83 years
2,412,000 8,130,000
Ratios of Emiokantb.
130
Sex.
Males
Females .
53
47
100
Age.
Under 15
15 to 35 .
OTer85 .
15
75
10
100
Destination.
United States .
Colonies .
England, ko. .
74
14
12
100
EMIGRA TION.
I). — British Emigration, Thirty Tears.
169
Kmignats (Thousands).
Ratio to Population.
1861-00.
1861-70.
1871-80.
1851-60.
1861-70.
1871-80.
England . • .
Scc^Und . . .
Ireland • . .
U. Kingdom
640
183
1,231
650
158
867
971
166
543
3-4
61
201
30
4-9
15-5
4 0
4-7
10-2
2.054
1,675
1,679
7-3
5-5
4-8
To
Emigrants (ThousandsX
1851-60.
1861-70.
1871-8a
SO Tears.
United States .
Canada . • • •
Cape, &e. • • .
1,257
222
494
81
1,185
136
272
82
1,088
178
303
110
3,530
536
1,069
273
Total
2,054
1,675
1,679 5,408
The above does not include foreigners who sailed from
British ports. The net emigration for the decade ending
1880 was only 881,000, the number of returned emigrants
(that is, of immigrants into the United Kingdom) amounting
to 798,000 in the decade. The remittances by Irish settlers
in the United States to their friends in Ireland between
1851 and 1881 amounted to 24 J millions sterling, including
XI, 510,000 in 1881. British emigrants in the 5 years ending
1880 averaged 24 per cent, cabin and 76 per cent, steerage
passengers.
E. — Emigration from Italy (12 Years).
Tear.
Number.
To
RaUo.
1870 .
•
111,000
France, &c .
. 44
per cent.
1871-80
•
. 1,102,000
South America
. 41
jt
1881 .
•
rearn
136.000
. 1,349,000
Barbary, &c.
. 15
100
»»
12:
per cent.
F.-
-AlUaVALS IN
United States.
ThotiundB.
TliotisandB.
1821-30
■
. 143
1861-70 .
•
. 2,493
1831-40
•
. 609
1871-80 .
•
. 2,731
1841-50
•
. 1,706
1881 .
•
669
1851-60
•
. 2,598
1882 .
•
. 789
Total for 62
jiiSkn .
. 11,738,000
imoiigrants.
British and Germans averaged 60 males to 40 females,
Spaniards and Italians 70 to 30 respectively.
I70 EMIGRATION^ENCLOSURE OF LANDS.
G. — Settlers in United States (60 Years).
From
From 1820 to 1880 (Tbouiauds
Omitted).
Ratio of
SurriTors.
Ratio of
Total.
Arrired.
Died or
Departed.
Lirinfl: in
1880.
Ireland ....
England. . . .
Scotland . . .
United Kingdom .
Grermans . . .
Canadians . . .
Scandinavians . .
French ....
Chinese ....
Various ....
Total . . .
3,538
1,105
195
1,683
859
24
1,855
746
171
Per Cent.
52 •
66
86
Percent.
29
12
8
1
4,838
8,212
826
427
845
281
402
2,066
1,245
109
51
288
126
120
2,772
1,967
717
876
107
105
282
57
60
88
88
81
44
70
44
31
11
6
2
2
4
10,281
8,955
6,826
61
100
J
Date.
From 1790 to 1880 (Tliouaands Omitted).
Immigration.
Died or Left.
SurviTing.
Ratio of
SiinriTors.
1800
1820
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
50
234
986
2,692
5,290
7,783
10,515
6
57
127
451
1,154
2,217
4,180
44
177
859
2,241
4,136
5,566
6,3:J5
Percent
88
75
86
83
78
72
60
The Census of 1880 gives 6,680,000 foreigners surviving,
but this must be 345,000 too much, unless the German or
Irish survivors be more than stated in the Census, as above.
ENCLOSURE OF LANDS.— In 120 years more than
10 million acres of waste land in the United Kingdom have
been enclosed, viz. : —
Thousands of Acret.
Period.
1760-1800 .
1801-1829 .
1830-1869 .
1870-1879 .
Total
It is doubtful whether the reclaimed lands are now worth
what they have cost
Quantity.
Per Annum.
3,221
81
8,380
116
2,217
55
1.687
169
10.505
88
ENCUMBERED ESTATES—ENTRIES,
171
ENOUMBERED ESTATES, IBELAND.— The first sale
vfas on February 19, 1850. The sales have been : —
Ymn.
1850-60
1861-70
1871-80
Acres
(Thouaanda).
2,820
1,300
805
Millions £.
25-2
15-6
12-0
Total
4,925
52-8
Price
per Acre.
£8 18 0
12 0 *0
15 0 0
£10 8 0
The lands were sold in 12,400 lots, averaging almost 400
acres each : the purchase-money represented 85 per cent, by
Irish, and 15 per cent Scotch or English buyers.
ENTBIES. — The following table does not include coast-
traffic, but only the tonnage of sea-going vessels that entered
the ports of the several countries, as follows : —
A, — ToNNAOB OP Port-Entries.
Tons (ThouMndfi).
1850.
18«0.
1870.
1880.
United KiDgdom .
France
Germany ....
Rumia
Austria ....
Italy
Spain
1 Holland ....
I Belgium ....
Sweden and Norway
Denmark ....
Greece
Snmpe ....
United States . .
British Colonies
The World . .
7,250
2,305
1,200
1,100
],800
1,300
1,000
870
800
1,232
400
800
12,345
4,2-J8
2,300
2,107
2,600
2,400
1,298
1,324
1,000
1,710
700
1,000
18,120
6,803
3,490
3,518
3,494
3,835
1,772
1,830
1,535
3,790
710
1,270
29,074
12,665
6,185
6,303
4,514
4,460
2,784
3,446
3,545
4,830
2,050
1,790
20,057
3,240
7,300
33,012
5,004
10,880
50,167
6,270
15,200
81,646
15,2.53
28,260
125,159
30,597
48,896
71,637
The entries of the world summed up in three items show
these ratios : —
1850.
Great Britain and Colonics . 47*7
United States . . 10*6
Other countries . . 41*7
1860.
1870.
1880.
473
46-6
45-8
10-2
88
12-2
42-5
44-6
420
Total
. 1000 1000 100-0 100-0
172
ES TRIES.
B. — Entries Coicpared with CoMHsi^ps.
CkmiiiMrce, per Toti of Entrie*.
185a
I860. ; 1870.
1
1880.
United Kingdom
£23
£26
£25
£20
France
60
44
85
26
Germany .
95
70
61
51
Russia
86
27
30
20
Austria .
17
20
24
29
Italy
24
19
19
22
Spain
Holland .
15
18
17
15
50
42
39
35
Belgium .
44
48
42
33
•Scandinavia
12
13
9
8
Europe
32
30
28
24
United States
20
28
27
20
British Colonies
13
13
13
13
The World
27
26
25 ! 21
The commerce for each country in the above table means
the aggregate of imports and exports, without goods in
transit.
C. — Tonnage Entries to Population.
Tons per 100 In-
b&biunts.
Ratio of Staam !
Tonnsge. '
1860. 1880.
1805.
issa
United Kingdom
France
42
11
83
33
32
41
66
65
(Germany •
Russia
7
8
14
8
40
• • •
56
70
Austria .
8
12
47
84
Italy
Spain
Holland
11
9
40
15
17
85
44
• « •
45
69
• • •
72
Belgium .
Sweden and Norway
Denmark .
20
S3
44
63
75
110
42
12
• • •
80
87
60
Greece
75
93
50
69
Europe
United SUtea .
18
17
27
30
36
26
62
50
British Colonies
7
12
• •
• • •
The Worid
10
23
30
52
'
_ _
ENTRIES.
173
D. — ToNNAOB Entries of United Einodoil
^>A_
Tons (Thouaandi).
Tonajwr
100 In-
habitanfca.
Ttsr.
Baft^golng.
Coasting.
Total.
1801 . .
1810 . .
1880 . .
1880 . .
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1880 . .
1,720
2,070
2,110
2,940
4,720
7,252
12,845
18,820
29,074
6,000
7,000
8,000
8,240
12,600
21,510
24,400
28,850
86,186
7,720
9,070
10,110
11,180
17,820
28,762
86,745
47,170
65,210
48
51
50
46
66
105
125
151 1
187
r 1
The Nayigation Laws were repealed in 1849, since which
date onr shipping traffic has increased six times faster than
population.
£.— Sea-ooino Entries of United Eingdoil
Yoar.
1810
1850
1860
1870
1880
Tons (ThouaandaX
Britiah.
Foreign.
8,245
4,722
6,967
12,536
20,674
1,475
2,530
5.387
5,780
8,090
Total.
4,720
7,252
12,345
18,320
29,364
Ratio of
British.
p«r Cent
69
65
56
69
70
The American flag stood for 12 per cent, in 1860, and for
less than 2 per cent, in 1880.
F. — Entries in United States Ports.
Tons (TlioviKaniis).
Percontage.
Flag.
18«a
1870.
2,452
1881.
1800.
1870.
1881.
American . .
8,802
2,919
66
40
18
British . . .
1,263
2,792
8,458
25
45
54
German . . .
231
679
1,173
5
11
8
Scandinavian
32
108
1,035
i
H
7
Italian . . .
32
48
659
1
k
4
French . . .
24
81
305
^
1
2
Spanish . . .
Varioos . . .
Total .
63
56
31
79
277
805
n
1
• • •
1
2
5
1 5,003
1 6,270
15,631
100
100 i 100
^74
ENTRIES.
G. — ^Entbies in Frbnoh Ports.
Period.
1887-46
1847-66
1857-66
1867-76
1877-80
Tons Btoam, Fronch Foreign
TooiBntrtet
(Thousende Batio, per Fleg, per Fbure, per
per 100 In-
UUtentiL
Omitted). Cent. Cent. Cent.
2,036 17 85 65
6
2,822 23 39 61
8
4,760 85 40 60
13
7,450 54 83 67
20
10,830 64 30 70
30
n. — ^Entries in British Colonies.
Tons (Thooaands).
Tons per 100 Inbalk.
I860.
1
187a
1880.
1860.
1870.
188a
IndU ....
1,470
2,005
2,849
1
1
u
Singapore . .
Ceylon . . .
680
825
2,404
240
280
782
395
712
1,453
20
33
69
Maoritias . .
802
230
271
97
70
75
Hong-Kong . .
778
1,820
3,039
650
960
1,870
Australia . .
1,483
2,121
4,276
105
107
150
S.Africa . .
287
210
1,005
75
40
75
Canada . . .
2,648
3,147
3,693
89
85
88
West Indies
641
767
1,785
50
62
180
Gibraltar . .
982
1,478
3,222
6,000
7,000
16,000
Malta ....
929
1,492
3,074
700
1,050
2,000
Various . . .
416
922
1,190
• • • • • •
• • •
Total .
10,910
15,229
28,261
7
8
12
The above does not include coasting trade.
I. — Australian Entries*
Tons (ThouMUK
i«).
Tons]
per 100 Inhabi.
1860.
1870.
1880.
1860.
187a
188a
New S. Wales .
430
731
1,216
117
140
160
Victoria . . .
590
672
1,090
110
91
1-25
New Zealand .
140
270
410
140
160
85
S. Australia
105
144
601
84
75
230
Queensland . .
42
130
628
120
108
95
Tasmania . .
117
106
206
130
104
91
W. Australia .
Total .
69
68
125
350
250
420
1,483
2.121
4,276
118
110
154
ESTATES SOLD-^EVICTIONS.
K. — Entries into BRinsn Ports in 1880.
»75
Thooittide Omitted.
FiroiD
Tone
Siitrlee.
Yaliiff,
Imports,
(Millions £>.
Value per
Ton.
Cleared
Tons
(Thousands.)
United States . .
5,300
107
£20
3,700
tTKOOB
2,050
42
21
8,500
Qeniuuiy . . .
1,700
24
14
2,600
SoAndinaTU. .
2,500
16
6
1,900
RomIa . . .
1,700
16
9
1,400
Spftin ....
Ouiad* . . .
1,900
1,600
11
13
6
8
800
900
HoUand • . .
1,300
26
20
1,400
India ....
1,100
80
27
1,800
Belgium . . .
900
11
12
1,000
Sooth America
600
15
25
1,200
Aoatralia. . .
500
26
52
600
Variona . .
2,900
74
26
4,900
Total
I .
24,050
411
£17
25,700
The above includes only vessels with cargo. See BaHaat,
Commerce, &c
ESTATES SOLD. — The sales of real property in London
range from 7 to 10 millions sterling per annum. The sales
of farm-lands in England, reported in the London news-
papers, were as follows : —
Period. AcTTB, Price per Acre.
1860-61 . . . 71,360 £45 10 6
1870-71 . . . 43,276 41 11 0
1880-81 . . . 37,783 38 12 0
The above does not include "NValea, nor any estates of
ornamental or cxcci)tional value.
ThnuMinds of Families.
Yeani.
Evicted.
Re-admitted.
Not^
Eviitions.
1849-51 .
263
73
190
1852-60 .
110
28
82
1861-70 .
47
8
39
1871-RO .
41
6
85
1381-82 .
21
4
17
Total, 33 years
482
119
363
Tlie number of persons actually evicted was over 2 millions
(say 70,000 jK-r annum), about 35 per cent, of the iH)pulatioiL
176
EXCHANGE— EXCISE.
EZCHANOR
A. — Principal Markets since 1840.
Period.
Ixyndon qq
Oalcattaon
LoDdon.
PricooT
saver par
Os., Pence.
Paris.
Hamburg.
Amsterdam.
1841-60
1851-60
1861-70
1871-80
1881-82
25-76
25-44
25 46
25-65
25 63
1312
13-08
13-09
20-62
20-67
121
11-4
11-6
12-8
12-6
231
25-1
24-8
21-6
19-9
59-8
61-6
60-6
56-1
61-7
B. — London on Paris since 1800.
Period.
Higheat
Loweal
1800-10 . ,
. 25-2
19-6
22-4
1811-20 . .
. 261
17-6
22H)
1821-30 .
. 25-9
25-2
25-6
1831-40 .
. 25-9
25-2
25-6
1841-60 .
. 26-7
24-9
25-8
1851-60 .
. 25-5
24-9
25-4
1861-70 .
. 25-5
250
25-4
1871-80 . .
. 26-9
25-2
25-6
Date of
Deftaof
H'gtieat
Loweat,
1805
1809
1816
1811
1829
1824
1832
1831
1848
1860
1856
1851
1869
1869
1872
1874
EXOISR
A. — British ExasE since 1800.
]filliona£.
Per Inbab.
If illioDB £.
Per Inbabk.
1801-11 .
. 12-4
£0 14 6
J 852-61 .
. 181
£0 12 10
181-2-31 .
. 15-6
0 15 6
1862-71 .
. 20-4
0 13 7
1832-41 .
. 18-5
0 15 2
1872-81 .
. 26-8
0 16 S
1842-51 .
. 151
0 11 4
B. — Incidence of Excise.
1
CUait.
Amount (Tbouaauda £). Per Inbabitouu {
Spirits.
Beer.
Sundries.
Total. Uqtuir. 1 TotaL
Affluent .
Middle .
Working .
Total .
520
4,490
9,264
2S0
2,240
6,010
820
2,580
970
1,6-20 £0 14 0 £1 8 2
9,310 1 0 14 1 1 0 19 6
16,244 0 12 8 1 0 13 5
14,274
8,530
4,370
27,174 £0 13 0 £0 15 6
i
For other countries, see Lifpior Dufip^
EXECUTIONS^EXPLOSIONS.
177
EXECUTIONS. — ^The largest number was in the reign of
Henry VIIL, in which period 71,400 persons were hanged
or beheaded: in one year 300 beggars were executed for
soliciting alms. In the first half of the present century
2734 persons were executed in England and Wales : —
Formorder 616
borglAry 1,235
incendiarism .... 147
forgexy, &&.... 736
n
If
Total
2,734
Tear*.
1801-20
1821-30
1831-50
Executed.
Per Annum
1,697
85
672
67
365
18
Total
2,734
In one year (1820) no fewer than 46 persons were hanged
for forging Bank of England notes, some of which wero
afterwards asserted to be good. In 20 years ending 1880
there were 279 criminals executed for murder in the United
Kingdom, say 14 yearly.
Capital punishment was abolished in Italy in 1875 ;
murders increased 42 per cent. The Swiss Convention of
1881 reformed the constitution so as to permit the cantons
to restore the use of capital punishment.
Between January 1879 and December 1882 tliere were
in France 90 assassins condemned to death, but only 10 were
executed.
In India the average number of executions is 710 yearly.
EXHIBITIONS.
Date.
riacc.
Area Vii«itor«
(Acru«> (Millions).
Days
Open.
Receipts
(Thouitands).
Visitor
(Pence).
1851 .
London .
. 21 6-2
141
£424
16
1855 .
Paris . .
.24 4-5
200
US
7
1862 .
London .
. 23 62
171
408
16
1867 .
Paris . .
.37 9-3
217
420
11
1873 .
Vienna .
.48 7 3
186
206
7
1876 .
Philadelphia 55 10*2
■ • •
■ • •
• • •
1878 .
Paris . .
. 60 161
194
974
15
EXPLOSIONa
Date.
Place.
Killed.
Date.
Place.
Killed
1654 . .
Gravelines
8,000
1S37 .
. Bona, Algeria
320
1769 . .
Brescia
2,800
1854 .
. Newcastle
100
1794 . .
(irenelle
2,700
. 1864 .
. Retire, B. Ayrcs 440
78
EXPORTS.
EZPOETS.
A.— All Natioks.
MOUourf.
8btIUB««p>[Dbabltaiit]
IH».
18T4.
™
IHO.
1870.
1S7
United Eingaom .
130
200
241
91
127
91
112
144
CO
60
76
GemuuT ....
7G
110
149
48
6S
66
ai
43
48
6
11
ae
40
£3
13.- : : : : :
19
80
47
Ifi
24
33
11
16
22
14
20
27
PortDgri ....
4
6
A
SO
23
27
mSand
112
190
20
S2
C9
110
168
aot
Deonutrk ....
7
9
8
95
100
82
Swedan ud Norway
S
IS
16
80
43
47
Enrop- ....
1
1.
34
4in
639
m
33
44
United SUUa. . .
6S
68
163
43
SS
59
Cuuid>
11
21
67
ss
96
Aartrelift ....
22
28
CO
325
280
350
a"^'"' : : :
29
I
fi4
B
75
B6
4
M
176
18
23
V^Indu' (British)
8
14
40
80
4
6
S
82
06
96
7
IS
24
la
39
52
A^=«.eR,p«b.i..
6
6
13
9
62
38
83
45
104
63
Totol
614
883
1.263 1 ...
B. — BniTiBH Exports, Akkcal Valhk.
13S6 .
294
£(l
26
I800-B
37,992
£2 7 0
1573 .
1,880
0
83
1830-60
61,220
2 1 0
1614 .
2,091
1'
8 3
1851-60
. 107,160
3 16 0
1687 .
4.087
II
IS 1
1861-70
. 166,840
6 10 6
1700-5
1871-80
. 221.190
6 13 0
1750-80
13,420
1
19 0
18S2 .
. 241,060
6 17 0
EXPORTS.
179
C — COMPOMBNTO OF ExPORT TrADB.
Mimoiu£.
Aliquot Parts.
1800.
1870. 1880.
I860!
1870.
1880.
Cotton goodi . . .
Woollen ffoodi . .
linen Mid into . .
Rllk
Textilet . . .
Iran
Machinery ....
Cntlenr
MeUli
Hardware . •
Coal
Snndriee ....
Total ....
62-0
16-0
6-6
2-4
71-4
26-6
10-4
2-6
76-6
20-6
9-8
27
88-2
11-8
4-9
1-8
85-8
18-3
6-2
1-8
88-9
9-2
4-1
1-2
77-0
111-0
108-2
667
56-6
48-4
12-4
8-8
6-8
6-6
26-5
5-8
6-4
47
297
9-2
5-5
4-8
9-1
2-8
8-9
4-1
18-8
27
8-2
2-8
18-8
4-1
2-5
2-2
27-1
42-9
49-2
19-9
21-5
22-1
8-8
28-5
5-6
40-1
8-4
67-8
2-4
21-0
2-8
201
8-8
257 1
1
135-9
199-6 2231
100-0
100-0
1000 :
D. — CUSTOMEBS FOR BRITISH EXPORTS.
Colonies
United States . . .
Germany ....
South America . .
France
Turkey and Egypt .
Holland
Roana
Belgium
Italy
Spain and Portugal.
YanouM
Total ....
MUlioiis £.
1840.
44
22
13
12
5
7
6
3
2
4
4
14
I 136
1870.
52
28
20
17
12
16
11
7
4
5
5
23
1883.
85
31
19
22
18
10
9
6
8
7
6
20
200 241
Aliquot Parts.
1860.
321
161
9-6
8-8
3-6
51
4-4
2-2
1-4
2-8
2-8
IM
100-0
1870.
2.'>-9
14-0
100
8-5
6-0
80
6-5
3-5
20
25
2-5
11-6
I
1882.
35-1
12-9
8-0
9-1
7-4
4-0
8-8
2-5
3-8
8-0
2-6
8-4
1000 100-0
i8o
EXPORTS.
E. — Exports of Francs.
QiiSDtity (Millions).
Yaloo (TbouMUuU £). |
1861.
1869.
1880.
1861.
1869.
1880.
Woollen goods .
Silkdo. . . .
Cotton da . .
Wine, gallons .
Spirits „ . .
Sugar, lbs. . .
Grain, bushels .
Fruit, lbs. . .
Cheese, &c . .
Eggs . • . .
Sundries • . .
Total . . .
0 • «
• • 0
• • •
41
S|
118
4
75
26
260
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
67
6
273
13
62
64
580
• • •
• • •
• « •
• • •
55
839
15
68
77
428
• • «
7,550
18,800
2,300
7,800
2,000
1,700
1,400
600
1,400
700
58,800
10,600
17,900
2,800
10,500
2.300
3,800
2,800
1,100
3,100
1,500
66,600
14,800
9,400
8,200
9,800
8,200
4,300
2,500
1,000
8,600
1,200
85,700
• • •
0 0 0
• • •
97,050
123,000
188,700
F. — Exports of Germany (1880).
Thousands
Tbocuands
Omittod.
Omitted.
Silk goods .
. £10,300
Leather, &c
. £6,600
Woollen do.
8,600
Sugar
5,500
Cotton do. .
2,700
Machinery
2,200
CaUle .
5,500
Yams
4,800
Grain .
9,700
Sundries .
, 96,400
G. — Exports of Russia.
Quantity (Milllont).-
V«lu<
1801.
8,500
3,000
1.500
1,500
5,600
t (ThmiMDds £\
1801. ! 1870.
1380.
1870. ! ISdO. ;
Grain, bushels .
Flax, hemp, lbs.
Linseed, lbs.
Tallow „ . .
Sundries . . .
55
259
440
90
■ • ■
120
533
810
48
• • •
138
540
806
16
• • •
20,300
8,900
3,300
800
9.500
22,800
7,800
8,700 i
230
18,070
Total . . .
• • •
• • ■ 1 • • a
20,100
42,800
47,600 1
Qo«itlb-{Mllli..n.).
V^„
(ThouBio
.«, 1
16«.
,1870.
18S0.
im.
m. ( .^ 1
Onin, biuheU .
16
26
36
Cattle. . . .
750
Sacmr. llw. . .
H3
Bit)
1,700
5.800
WooUcD goods .
6
9
10
1,700
Unengoodi .
8
la
12
980
1,600
1,100
Timber, eublo ft.
3S
67
S3
1,850
2,300
*,*80
Sundriei . . .
ToUl . . .
11.390
26,120
33,BOD
...
IB. 000
39,500
68,800
I. — ^ExroB-ra or Italy.
<li«nMlj(IIilltoi»i
Vulu
(Ttiouun
HZ).
18BI
ISTO.
im
im.
mo.
1980,
sale n». . . .
E
4>,
s
8,yoo
8,400
8,800
Win., galloni .
5
43
430
4&0
2,800
Fruit, Ibn. . .
108
178
216
1,200
1,000
1.400
OU .. . .
102
128
127
2,600
3.500
3.500
Bgg> . . . .
42
9S
501
70
180
1.400
Sulphor. owU. .
3
■i.i
8
1.200
1,050
1.300
ToW . . .
0,400
24,100
23,100
30,200
44,100
K. — Exports of Spain.
t)u>Btltr(Millbu>).
IBM.
1870.
18S0.
16«1
1970.
^m.
Viae, nUniu .
Fruit, Iba. . .
26
33
134
3,480
6.050
9,800
83
140
650
1,400
1,700
Oil ....
13
29
960
2,';o
470
(kipper. Iba , .
2
46
ISO
60
820
1
1
2
eoo
700
1,800
Mvrcurj.lb.. .
1
3
21,
150
100
250
SiindriM . . .
ToUl . . .
5,310
7,840
7,200
11,800
15,700
21.900
L. — Exports of Bblqiuv.
Quu.Ut]r(Mimou).
Vtla
two.
IBTO.
im
IBW.
WO.
1680.
C<ttl,taiu . .
4
2,400
Yun,IbB. . .
11
24
Ta(t.f»brica,lbs.
82
SO
43
3,100
%SO0
8,100
Flu, lb*.. . .
3S
Bl
82
1,020
2,020
S,700
angw
1
83
134
1,800
1
n
440
1,600
SuDdiiei . . ,
Total . . .
...
10,820
16,670
81,600
18,800
27,600 1 48,700 1
M. — EXPOBTS 0
<luu>tl(,(lllUlo<>.).
VJu
isei. 1 isro.
im
l«l.
ISTO.
IBSO.
Coffee, lU . .
138 1 176
148
2,800
2,400
Butter „
39 1 48
79
1.100
1,400
62 64
61
800
790
Crttle. .
700
800
139 206
2,100
3,000
33 62
900
1,300
900
Rice „
SI 40
300
450
800
IroD . .
1,000
G.400
Sundries .
12,340
20,230
86,360
Total .
... 1 ...
21,040
31,800
52,100 1
N.~EiPORTa
OF USITBD
States.
Anmul Aianga Viilu* Id £ (Thoiuudi Omittad^
IBil-M.
lSSl-*0 18.1-M
lfi.l.«0
.B«i-7o i.ri-.,>
l^v
Cotton. . .
B,flnn
il.O.'iO 11,550
2.^60(1
18,800 37.800
B!,600
tlnia . . .
1,200
1,0(10 1 3,120
6.400 27,100
66,100
Tobacco . .
1,1 so
1,560
1.670
3.900 B.100
Meat . . .
300
420
1.040
3,300 12,600
21,800
Bntter.cheese
40
40
210
300
4,800
Fetroleiim .
2,460 7.800
8,400
410
590
770
2,050 S,600
8.800
220
4S0
1,1)30
2,-JOO
1,800 4.300
6.800
SuDdrie* . .
Total . .
2,G<in
3,0,i0l 3,710
7,500
4S,200
6,200 10.100
28.400
11,-110
IS, 200
23,100
47,450 111,200
184.000
EXPORTS.
183
0. — Exports of Australia.
Qa«ntit7(MUUoiia).
Value (Tbouflands £>
180a
187a
188a
1800.
isra
188a
Wooltlbii . .
Gold.o&. . .
oOBdnn • • •
ToUl . . .
69
• • •
186
2
• • •
874
1
4,800
11,100
6,000
9,100
8,000
11,300
20,100
4,100
24,700
• ••
• ••
• ■ •
21,900
28,400
48,900
Value (Thouaanda £,).
Par Inhabitant, £
1800.
187a
1882.
1800.
1870.
1882.
X. SoQth Wales
Victoria • . .
Nsw Zealand .
Sooth Australia
Queensland . .
Tasmania . .
West Australia
j
5,100
12,900
600
1,800
500
900
100
5,800
12,500
4,800
2,400
2,000
700
200
16,700
16,200
6,700
5,400
3,300
1,500
500
15
24
6
14
15
10
6
12
17
19
13
17
7
8
22
18
13
20
15
14
17
[ Total . . .
21,900
28,400
50,300
17
15
18
Gold is included as meicliandise in the exports of Aus-
tralia, but not in other countries.
P. — Exports op Canada.
Value in £ (ThouaandB Omitted).
RelatiTe
Increaae,
per Cent.
1872.
1881.
Grain ....
Meat ....
Fish ... .
Butter and cheese .
Lumber
Sundries
2,400
650
800
1,130
4,400
7,820
5,600
1,550
1,300
2,020
4,700
5,430
125
145
62
80
7
*• •
Total
17,200
20,500 20 j
T8;i
EXPORTS.
Q. — Exports
OP China.
QuanUty (MiUionsX
Value (Tiiousands £>
isn.
1880.
18n.
1880.
10,800
6,800
5,800
Tea, lbs. .
Silk „ .
Sundries .
ToUl .
• •
• •
• •
• •
223
74
• • •
279
lOi
■ ■ •
12,200
7,600
1,300
• • •
• • •
21,100
23,400
R — Exports op Egypt (1880).
Vaino
(ThouaandB £).
Cotton . . . 7,770
Cotton-seed . 1,610
. Total .
Grain
Sundries .
£13,520
Value
(Thousands £)
. 2,100
. 2,040
S.—
Exports op
•
India.
QuHtitity (MiUioiiB>
Value (Thousands £).
1861.
1871.
1881.
1861.
1871.
1881.
Cotton, lbs. . .
370
678
509
7,300
19,600
13,200
Opium ,, . .
8}
12
m
10,200
10,800
13,600
Rice, cwts. . .
15
16
27
3,000
4,200
9,100
Seeds ,, . .
4
7
10
1,800
3,500
6,400
Jute „ . .
1
4
6
400
2,600
3,900
Silk, lbs.. . .
2
2
14
1,050
1,400
600
Tea ,, . . .
1
13
, 47
90
1,100
3,100
Coffee ,, . . .
19
34
41
300
800
1,600
Wheat, bushels
• • •
Oi
15
...
100
3,300
Sundries . . .
Total . . .
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
8,860
11,300
19,700
• ■ •
• • ■
i 33,000
55,300
74.500
T. — Exports of Lrazil.
QuHHtity (Millions). VAhio (ThousAnds £). ■
1860. 1870.
1881.
1S60.
1870.
1881.
Coffee, lbs. . .
Sugar „ . .
Cotton ,, . .
Tobacco ,, . .
Sundries . . .
ToUl . . .
225 3J3
172 339
22 91
10 , 31
• • • 1 • • •
724
345
40
30
• • •
3,500
1,400
600
250
700
6,450
9,100
2,400
3,200
740
2,600
16,100
2,200
1,010
720
8,370
1
• • • • • •
■ • •
18,040
23,400
EXPORTS— FACTORIES.
18;
U. — Exports ok Argentine Keplblic.
Quantity (Milliozu).
Value (ThousandH £).
1860.
1870.
1880.
I860.
1870.
1880.
Wool, lbs. . .
Hides ....
Sbeep akina, lbs.
Beef, Ibe. . .
Tallow „ . .
Grain, boahela .
Snndriea . . .
42
2
10
42
28
• • •
• • •
160
2i
61
65
46
• • •
• • •
215
3
66
58
25
3
• • «
1,400
1,700
200
400
500
• • •
300
2,300
1,900
1,000
600
700
1,460
5,400
2,100
1,100
600
400
600
1,500
ToUl. . .
• •• 1 •• •
• • •
4,500
7,900
1 '
11,700
For other countries, see Commerce.
V. — Exports op Buluon.
•
MiLLXONB £.
1861-70.
1871-80.
AunoalATerage.
Gold.
112
Silver.
TotaL
Gold.
172
SilTer.
Total.
1861-70.
1871-80
Great Britain .
91
203
119
291
20
29
IlDited States.
113
22
135
74
73
147
14
15
Fraooe . • •
119
78
197
90
48
138
20
14
Australia . .
108
• • •
108
76
• ■ •
76
11
8
SpaD.-Axnerica
various . . .
TotAl . . .
5
74
79
4
68
72
8
7
55
512
179
234
88
94
182
23
18
444
956
504
402
906
96
91
1
FACTOBIES (TEXTILE).
A. — Summary por the United Kingdom.
Factories ....
Spindles, millinns
Looms, thoQsands
OperatiTes „
Steam (horse-power, thousands)
1850.
I860.
1870.
1880.
4,601
6,378
6.258
7,105
81
86
42
47
802
4f9
606
725
596
776
907
976
108
375
473
570
i86
FACTORIES.
B.— Cotton and Woollen Factoris&
Cotton.
Woollen. >
18S0.
1870.
1880.
1850.
1870.
1^80.
Factories . . .
Spindles, millions
Looms, thousands
Operatifes „
1,933
21
250
331
2,483
38
440
449
2,674
40
513
487
1,998
2i
42
154
2,579
6
113
239
2,410
148
265
1
C. — Factories in 1880.
Number.
Million
Spindles.
Looms
CThousande).
OpenUTM
(TtioussndtX
Cotton
Woollen ....
Linen, jute . . .
Silk, &C. . . . .
Total ....
2,674
2,410
516
1,505
89-6
5-4
1-5
•8
613
143
52
17
487
265
141
83
7,105
47-3
725 976
England ....
Scotland ....
Ireland ....
United Kingdom
6,189
675
241
44-4 637
2-0 ! 67
•9 ! 23
778
136
62
1
7,lo5 47-3 1 725 976 j
D. — Stkam-Power.
Hortc*Power (TlioiuandBX
1850.
I860.
1870.
18M.
Cotton .
71
242
801
356
Woollen
23
78
101
122
Linen, jute .
11
44
52
73
Silk, &c.
3
11
19
19
Total . . 108 375 473 570
E. — Power Used in American Factories (1880).
SUtca.
Thousand Horse.
New England
Middle. . .
Southern . .
Western . .
Pacific . . .
Water.
78
58
5
18
1
StcaiD.
137
298
45
229
13
Total
215
356
50
247
14
Hor»e-Po'
PerlOOO
. InbalHtanU.
51
31
3
14
13
Total
160
722
882
17
PAILURBS— FAMILIES.
187
F. — ^Factobt Stkam-Powsb of
Nations (1880).
Jlono>Jrow6r
Hone-Power
Ratio of
(Thomands
per 100
World's
Omitt«d).
TouL
Gmt Britftm .
2,200
6-2
29-8
Pnnoe .
906
2-4
12-8
Qtrnunj
1,821
8-0
16-6
Bdgimii •
382
7 0
5-6
BnaOm .
287
0-8
8*2
Anitri* .
157
0-4
21
OtlMT ooontriM
258
0-4
1-6
8-4
Eiirop6 •
5,456
78-0
United States.
1,987
88
27 0
Total . . . 7,443 21 1000
The above includes not only factories, but also minea
Bankrujptcy,
. — In that of Leipzig the annual average of sales is
I millions sterling, comprising 20,000 tons of merchandise,
>f vhich 8000 tons are books.
The fair of Nijni-Novgorod is the greatest in the world,
lie returns showing : —
Tear.
1841 .
1857 .
1876 .
Goods Offered.
£8,000,000
18,000,000
80,000,000
Goods Sold.
£7,000,000
12,000.000
28,000,000
This fair is attended by 150,000 dealers from all parts of
•he world, and the goods sold in 1876 were : —
Cottons, linens, fto. . . . . £8,000,000
Fun, leather, &c.
Ural metals
Floor, fish, brandy
Tea and luxuries
Total
FAMILIES.
7,000,000
7,000,000
3,000,000
3,000,000
£28,000,000
A. — Large Famiues.
PUc«.
Florence .
Indiana
Abbots Langley, Herts
Scotland
Madame Frescobaldi had never less than 3 children at a
birth.
PiirenL
Mme. Frescobaldi
David Wilson .
Mr. Oreenhill
BeT. Dr. Erskine
Number of
Cbildren.
52
47
89
83
Date.
1570
1850
1760
i88
FAMINES-^FEVBR.
RnnU • .
4-83
Spain . .
. . 4-65
Austria . .
4-04
Belgiuin
Holland
. . 4-04
Hungary .
870
. . 4-22
Switierland
3-94
Denmark .
. . 3-61
Italy . . .
4-54
Sweden . .
. . 4*12
Fedor Vassileff, of Moscow, 1782, had 83 children liTing
when pensioned hy the Czar : he had 69 children by his first
wife, at 27 births ; and, after her death, had 18 more by hi*
second, in 8 birth&
Lucas Saez returned to Spain in June 1883 from the
United States with 37 children, 79 grandchildren, and 81
great-grandchildren — ^in all, 107 males and 90 females; his
eldest son being aged 70.
R — AVBRAGE OF CHILDREN TO A MaRRIAOB.
England . . 4-08
Scotland . . 4*46
Ireland . . . 5*20
France . . . 3*03
Germany . . 4*10
See Births,
FAMINES. — Walford mentions 160 since the 11th cen-
tury, viz. : —
England ... 57 I Scotland . . 12 Germany • . • H
Ireland ... 34 | France ... 10 Italy, fta . , 36
The worst in modern times have been : —
Country. Dato. NaorYicHma
France . . . .1770 48,000
Ireland .... 1847 1,029,000
India .... 1866 1,450,000
FASTING.
1684. Four men taken alive out of a mine, in England,
after 24 days without food.
1880. Dr. Tanner, Now York, lived on water 40 days,
losing 36 lbs. weight.
FEVEK. — Tlie predisposition to fever varies with age in
the following degrees : —
Affe.
Detrree.
Ape.
I>C]iT«e>
Under 5
. 10
25-30 .
. 102
5-10 .
. 94
30-40 .
. 44
10-15 .
. 182
40-50 .
. 16
15-20 .
. 2G9
50-55 .
6
20-25 .
. 197
Over 55 .
2
Napoleon lost 51,000 soldiers by fever in his CAm|vtign of
1812, and the French army 17,000 men in the Crimea, 1855.
Typhoid fever attacks 27,000 iM?rsons yearly in England, of
whom 4000 (that is, 15 per cent) die. See DUetuti.
FIBRE,
189
FIBRE.
.V.
Production in
IOth Century.
^
Tctf.
MilUon« of Lbs.
Cotton.
WooL
Flax.
Hemi).
Jute.
Total.
1810
214
442 .
560
470
• ••
1,686
1820
S02
476
610
490
• • •
1.878
1880
636
545
730
540
10
2,461
1840
1,192
640
1,080
580
20
3,512
1850
1,260
856
1,320
650
55
4,141
1860
2,391
1,041
1,190
770
102
5,494
1870
2.474
1,453
1,280
884
456
6,547
1880
4,039
1,650
1
1,140
955
628
8,412
B. — Consumption in United Kingdom.
Tetf.
MilHona of Lb«.
Batioto
World's Crop.
Cotton.
Wool.
Flux.
60
Hemp nnd
Jute.
Total
I>er Cent.
1810
114
S3
107
364
23
1820
123
85
87
95
380
20
1880
246
110
138
59
553
21
1840
448
129
210
67
854
24
1860
566
158
249
164
1,136
27
1860
1,140
224
228
164
1,756
33
1870
1,101
809
291
484
2,185
83
1880
1,404
838
227
569
2,538
80
C. — Consumption in all Countries (1880).
Millions of Lbs.
Riitio.
Lbs.
per
InLab.
Cotton.
Wool
Flax, Ac.
796
286
217
230
372
230
Total.
U. Kingdom .
France. . .
Germany . .
Ruaria . . .
Austria . .
1 Belgium, kc .
Europe . .
United SUtcs
Total . .
1,404
840
390
140
150
330
338
336
190
170
80
216
2,638
962
797
540
602
776
33-8
12-8
10-7
7-2
8 0
10-4
71
26
18
6
16
15
2,754
910
1,330
320
2,131
100
6,215
1,330
82-9
171
20
25
3,664 1 1,650 j 2,231
7,545
1000
21
The above is irrespective of yam (q.v.)
The average production of fibre per 100 acres is — cottc»n
15, flax 30, hemp 35, and jute 40 ton^
ipo
FINANCES.
FINANOEa
A. — National Govbrnmsnt Ezpenditurk
]
IfillionB
Steriing.
1880.
1840.
1850.
i8eo.
1870.
1881.
United Ejngdom
55
62
55
78
70
83
France
41
67
60
83
90
121
Germany .
16
22
28
32
51
90
Russia
23
SO
42
66
69
80
Austria . . .
18
28
89
45
69
75
Italy
12
19
81
87
41
66
Spain
9
11
14
21
83
88
Portugal . . •
2
8
4
4
6
8
Holland .
8
6
7
7
8
10
Belgium .
8
5
6
6
7
11
Denmark .
2
2
2
2
8
2
Sweden and Norway
2
2
2
8
6
7
ijrreeoe • • •
1
1
1
1
2
4
Roumania
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
6
Turkey .
Europe
4
6
8
13
21
13
191
243
299
383
464
598
United States .
3
5
7
12
58
54
Mexico .
3
3
4
6
5
4
S. American Republics
2
2
3
4
8
11
Brazil
2
8
5
6
8
11
Canada .
1
1
2
3
4
6
Australia
1
1
1
8
12
20
Cape Colony .
1
1
1
1
2
5
Egypt .
2
2
8
5
14
8
India
22
25
28
52
55
76
Java
2
4
5
6
8
11
Japan
The World .
• • •
• • •
> • •
• • •
• • •
11
230
290
858
486
1 638
1
816
In the above table the expenditure for Germany iiicladea
the budgets of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and the minor
States, as in Table £L It does not include State exp^iditure
in the United States, nor local taxes in any country.
The expenditure of Europe has exactly doubled since 1 850,
whereas that of the United Kingdom has risen only 50 per
cent. The British expenditure in 1850 was nearly 16 per
cent of the total for all nations : at present it is only 10 per
cent. French expenditure has risen about 50 per cent since
1860, while that of Germany is increased 200 per cent, and
the United States 350 per cent.
FINANCES.
191
B. — National Expenditure to Population.
ShilUogs per Inhabitant.
1830.
1840.
40
1850.
1800.
1870.
45
1861
United Kingdom
46
40
50
47
^^nnoB • ■ •
25
34
35
46
50
68
13
15
17
18
25
40
Riuna
9
10
13
15
19
20
AmtriA .
15
20
26
28
84
40
lUlj
15
20
81
88
84
40
^Jn
16
18
20
27
40
40
Portngal .
11
17
20
20
24
86
Hollmnd .
24
84
46
44
46
50
18
25
27
25
28
42
86
85
88
81
34
24
Sweden and Norway
10
10
10
12
17
22
CvTeece • . «
20
20
20
16
84
45
RonmaniA
• • •
.« •
• • •
• ■ •
• • •
19
Turkey . ,
7
10
IS
18
27
60
Kurope
16
20
22
28
81
89
United SUtee .
4
6
7
8
80
21
Brazil
7
9
12
15
18
28
Canada
10
14
16
18
20
27
AoBtralia
40
83
30
125
120
141
Cape Colony .
India
• • •
80
28
49
27
90
5
5
5
7
7
8
Jara
7
10
10
10
10
12
Egypt . . .
12
12
27
40
56
80
Argentine Republic .
10
10
10
16
34
40
Chili
7
7
15
IS
21
85
The World
11
18
14
18
22
25
If we take the year 1840 for point of departure, we find
the relative expenditure per inhabitant in the principal
countries haa risen as follows : —
iS4a
ISftO.
ISflO.
1870.
1861.
United Kingdoir
1 100
100
125
113
118
France . . .
. 100
103
135
147
200
Cvermany . . ,
100
113
120
167
267
Russia . . . .
100
130
150
190
200
Austria . . ,
. 100
130
140
170
200
Italy . . .
. 100
155
190
170
200
Spain . . . .
100
121
150
242
242
United SUtes .
100
117
133
500
851
Australia . . .
. 100
90
375
360
424
. 100
114
128
142
192
192
FINANCES.
C. — Expenditure and
Revenue Compared.
MilUons £ ]
per Atmtim.
Expenditure.
Revenue.
183(M9.
1850 00.
1870-82.
1830-49.
1850 09.
1870-82.
U. Kingdom .
54
71
77
• 55
69
80
France . . .
55
92
141
53
78
105
Germany . .
22
42
80
22
37
73
Russia . . .
32
50
82
29
39
60
Austria . . .
29
49
68
28
38
61
Italy ....
21
48
66
20
81
54
Spain. . . .
14
81
89
11
23
30
Portugal . . .
4
6
9
3
4
6
Holland . . .
5
7
9
5
9
9
Belgium . . .
6
7
12
5
6
9
Scandinavia
4
6
10
4
6
9
Turkey . . .
Europe . .
6
15
18
611
6
10
16
252
424
241
350
512
United States .
6
51
51
5
28
64
Canada . . .
1
4
6
1
3
5
Australia . .
1
7
20
1
5
15
Spanish America
12
20
23
9
16
15
Egypt . . .
India ....
The World .
3
8
14
3
6
8
26
48
59
25
285
45
55
301
562
784
453 674
Result for 53 Years, in Millions £,
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy .
Spain and Portugal
Holland and Belgium
Scandinavia
Turkey
United SUtes
Canada
India .
Australia .
Egypt
Spanish America
The World .
penditure
Revenue.
3,501
3,520
4.773
3,985
2,320
2,129
2,706
2,140
2,444
2,113
2,238
1,722
1,724
1,288
773
734
330
317
654
528
1,803
1,492
178
145
2,247
2,115
420
315
402
284
939
695
27,452 23,522
Surplus
Expenditure.
• • •
788
191
566
331
516
436
39
13
126
311
33
132
105
118
244
3,930
Surplus
R49Vrnue.
19
FINANCES.
193
D. — ^BSVSNUBS 8IKCB 1871.
4
Millions A
Decsde A^tr^go, from 1871 to 1880.
Tear 1881,
Total
Bevanue.
Customs.
Plnoporty-
Various.
50-6
TotaL
United Kingdom .
20-1
66
77-3
84-0
Fnnee ....
10-8
87
85*5
104-5
114-2
Gennany. .
8-6
10-6
53-5
72-6
90*2
B»i» .
8-5
10-8
41*5
60-3
737
Anstrin . .
2-6
9-4
48-6
60-6
68*4
lUlT . .
Spam . . .
60
13-0
35-4
53-4
54-2
4-4
9-6
15-8
29-8
81*6
Fortogil .
1-8
0-8
8-2
5-8
7 0
HdUand .
0-4
1-8
6-6
87
8-4
Belgium .
0-8
1-5
70
9-3
11-4
Bemnwrk
10
0-5
1-2
27
27
8 wedea and Norway
Europe ...
2-4
0-5
4-0
6-9
7-0
65-9
73 2
352-7
491-8
552-8 !
United States .
260
• • •
36-2
62-2
75-6 i
Canada . . .
2-7
• • •
2-2
4-9
5-4 1
Australia.
■ i
41
• • •
101
14-2
20-6
Bra&l. .
• i
6-7
0-4
2-2
9-3
111
EOTt. .
» <
0-8
6-0
2-3
81
8-4
■ i
2-2
211
31-8
551
68-5
The Work
\ .
> •
\ 108-4
99-7
437-5
615-6
742-4
R — Revenues op tIib Three Kingdoms (1881).
Thouaands A
Shillings per InhaUtent
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Euglnnd. Scotland.
Ireltxnd.
Customs • .
Exdiie . . .
Stamps . .
Taxes . . .
Post Office .
Sundries . .
15,319
16,626
9,373
10,360
6,630
6,538
1.945
4,524
1,224
1,013
840
830
1,920
4,068
710.
471
830
820
12
13
7
8
5
5
11
25
7
6
5
5
7
16
3
2
3
3
Total . .
64.846
10,376
8,819
50
59
34
N
»94
FINANCES.
F. — Increase of German Bkvenue&
MilllonB£.
BhlUInn r*' f ntt^ii 1
r --
1887.
1882.
1867.
1882.
PmnU ....
26-8
890
21
29
BavsrU ....
6-9
11-1
25
42
Sttzony ....
2-2
8-2
18
21
Wurtembuig .
1-8
25
15
25
Baden ....
17
21
24
28
AlSMB ....
• ••
2-4
• ••
80
Hamburg.
07
1-4
47
61
Dachiea, fto. . . .
Total
8-4
4-8
25
24
40-5
66-5
19
29
Imperial ....
Total
*• ■
24-8
• • •
11
405
91-8 19
40
G. — Expenditure in 1881-82.
Mimoiit£.
QoTcmmant.
Interest on
Debt
Armj sod
NsTy.
TutnL
United Kingdom . .
25-6
29-6
27-9
88-1
France ....
42-1
49-4
29-6
121-1
Germany
67-2
107
22-5
90-4
Romia . .
26-8
24-2
29-5
80-0
Austria . .
88-8
237
12-6
75-1
Itoly . . .
221
24-5
10-4
57-0
Spain . .
14-2
12-4
6-8
82-9
Portugal
87
2-9
1-2
7-8
Holland . ,
6-1
2-3
2-6
10-0
Belgium
6-2
86
1-8
11-6
Denmark
1-0
0-5
0-9
2-4
Sweden and Norway .
Surope ....
4-2
1-0
1-8
7-0
246-5
184-8
147-1
578-4
United SUtes
26-3
18-4
9-4
64 1
Canada . .
8-4
1-8
0-2
5-4
Australia
13-9
47
0-2
18-8
Brazil .
4-6
87
2-9
111
Egypt .
4-4
8-5
0-6
8-4
India
49-2
67
217
76 6
Japan
4-6
4 3
2-2
11-1
Aigentine Republic .
2-2
2-0
1-4
5-6
The Worl
d
.
.
355-0
228-9
185-6
; 769-5
1
Interest on debt includos Sinking Fund
FINANCES.
195
H.~BiLTIOB OF EZPENDITUIUB (1881-^2).
ShiUlnga per InhablUnt
Aliquot Farti of BadgeUI
monl
Debt
Army.
Total.
OoTem-
ment.
Debt
Army
and
Navy.
United Kingdom
14
17
16
47
807
857
88*6
France . . .
28
28
17
68
84*8
40*8
24*4
Gennany. . .
25
6
10
40
68-4
11*8
24*8
Bnaiia. . . .
• 7
6
.8
21
32*8
80*2
870
Anatria . . .
20
18
7
40
51-6
817
167
ItalT ....
SpaLi ....
16
17
7
40
88*8
48*4
17*8
17
15
8
40
43-8
87-2
19-0
Portiigal . . .
17
14
6
87
48-8
86*2
15-0
Holland . . .
26
12
18
50
51-0
280
26-0
Belgium . . .
22
18
7
42
581
81*8
15-6
Denmark . . .
11
5
9
25
44-0
20*0
86*0
Sweden and Nor.
13
8
6
22
60*0
14*8
257
Siirope
16
18
10
89
481
81*6
25-8
United SUtea .
11
7
4
22
49-1
837
17-2
Canad* . . .
17
9
1
27
681
83*2
87
Anatralia. . .
105
85
1
141
73-9
251
1*0
Braril ....
9
8
6
28
400
83*6
26*4
Egypt ....
16
12
2
80
52-8
41*2
60
India ....
6
1
2
8
64*0
7*5
28*5
Japan ....
8
8
1
7
40*9
39*1
200
Aigentine Repub.
17
15
12
44
89*8
84*2
260
The World . .
11
8
6
25
46*8
29*6
241
The countries in wliich debt absorbs too much of revenue
are the following : —
Italy. Egvpt
Debt .... 43*4 41*2
Government . 88*8 52*8
Army and navy 17'8 6*0
Total
France.
40-8
84-8
24*4
Japan.
891
409
200
Speiin. Portugal.
87*2 86-2
43*8 48*8
190 15*0
. 100*0 100*0 100*0 1000 100*0 100*0
The countries wherein military expenditure (army and
navy) constitutes a high ratio are the following : —
Rn«RU
Army and navy 87 "0
Government . 82*8
I>ebt .... 80*2
Denmark. U. Kingdom. India.
360 33-6 28*5
440 30*7 640
20 0 857 7*5
Brazil. IIolLind.
26*4 260
40*0 51*0
83*6 230
Total
100*0 1000
1000 1000 100*0 100*0
FINANCES.
L— BmnsH BsvEHuBa tti 40 Yeabs.
UOUdiua. 1
lM3-n.
IBUn.
WW-TL
im-n. |«>r«n.l
Cmtomi . . .
BxdK. . . .
St>mpi . . .
PortOffio . .
Sondrie*. . .
ToUl . . .
K6
161
71
G6
IS
«6
887
181
78
102
80
GO
221
204
94
78
4S
69 .
711
ig»
268
110
71
74
77
868
804
8S3
soa
WT
S48
tier
67B
7» |V65 1
BhimDg.F.r
paAnau
>>■
184^^1.
185i.«.
iHi-n.
ins-SL
Mtw..
Cuatomii . . .
187
16-9
14-7
12-2
1*7
Eici». . . .
11-2
IS'G
16-2
13-4
Stamp. , . .
6-2
6-B
6-2
67
B-9
6-2
Port Office . .
1-3
2-2
8-0
4-G
27
Sondrie. . . .
ToUl . . .
3-6
8-5
46
47
4-0
420
48-2
47a
4S-S
45-8
iUquotPwta 1
1M2-51.
166S.M. I«»--l.
)8T!-S1.
<0 7^
Ciutoiiui . . .
39-8
34-8
81-1
26-0
EicUe. , . .
26-5
287
28-7
33-6
Stampi , . .
12-6
11-5
13-2
137
12 8
9-8
IS'l
10-9
S-D
3-2
4-4
6-3
6-2
Snndriwi , . .
8-1
7-5 9-8
9-7
87
Total . . .
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0 i
The fiDancial legislation of the last 30 jeais has bad for
object to lighten tJie Customs dues, which press nnduljr on
the working classes ; the percentage of pauperism in England
declines steadily as the Customs dues are rcdncod. Tho
iocreose of Post Office revenue is another favourable sign,
this item now representing more than 10 per ccnL of Uia
total revenue.
FINANCES.
K. — British Expenditure in 40 Years.
107
MilUoDii £.
II 1 '
Goremment.
Debt.
Army and
Navy.
Total.
1842-51 . . .
1852-61 . . .
1862-71 . . .
1872-81 . . .
40 yean. . .
102
186
164
283
287
285
265
281
160
288
268
280
549
709
692
794
635
1,118
991
2,744
ShiUinga per Inhabitant per Annum.
Government.
Debt.
Army and
Navy.
TotaL
1842-51 . . ,
1852-61 . . .
1862-71 . . .
1872-81 . . .
40 yean . . .
7-5
97
10-9
14*2
10-5
21*3
20-3
177
17-0
18-5
11-9
20-5
17-5
16*9
167
407
50-5
46*1
48-1
467
Aliquot Parta.
1842-51.
1852-61.
1862-71.
1872-81.
40yeAr8.
Cvovemment
Debt ....
Army and navy
Total . . .
18*6
52-3
291
19*2
40-2
40*6
23-5
38-4
381
29-3
35*4
35-3
231
407
86-2
1000
100-0
1000 100-0
100-0
Comparing the expenditure with population, we find the
cost of administration or government has risen from 7s. 6d.
per head in the first decade to 14s. 3d. in the fourth, that of
the army and navy from 12 to 17 shillings, while the burden
of debt has declined from 21s. 4d. to 17 sliillings.
Comparing expenditure with national earnings, we find:—
Annual Average, Millions £.
Nat. Earnings.
Expenditure.
Ratio.
1842-51 .
610
55
90
1852-61 .
. . 715
71
100
1862-71 .
890
69
7-8
1872-81 .
. 1,110
79
7-2
40 yean average .
830
69
8*3
FINANCES.
L— FiNASCBS OP Cures (1880-81).
TlimaBid.*.
CpalnbetlteDt. |
Annod
B>I«dUui.
Debt
E.p«dl.
DebL
Antwerp .
S7S
21
Barlin .
2,200
6,610
20
61
Biimiiuliuii
1,610
6,110
4'0
lG-0
BortorT .
6,200
16-5
Bradford.
1,'i'oo
8,400
e'o
19-0
Brodati .
361
1,270
1-6
6-S
Brighton .
210
700
1-6
6-5
Brutol .
m
600
2-0
2-9
Brooklyn.
7.S0O
14-9
BuehueM
m
670
1-6
1-8
BndvPnith
672
1,280
2-2
4-3
2S0
845
8-3
4-5
32B
850
4-1
Florence .
SGO
6,540
6-7
33-5
Frankfort
422
1,460
3-5
121
Genoft .
466
1,600
2-6
9-0
Leeda .
1,SOO
3.500
4-2
11-3
Leip«g .
312
740
2-3
5-5
LifeiT .
309
1,6U0
2-7
13-5 1
LiToipool
8,200
21,600
5-9
39S
London .
11,300
20,600
2-9
53
MMKheMer
1,800
6,200
33
10-9
Milan
3,050
B-3
Mnnich .
395
1,500
1-8
7-0
NaplM .
4,860
0-9
Voo
700
27
4-8
New York
28,100
191
Pklenno .
'820
640
i'^
2-2
P»ri.
10,4*0
85,300
47
34-2
PbiUdelphU
8,400
4-1
Rome .
8*20
2,340
27
7-8
SuFruicUco
S-0
750
4-1
3-2
St.LouU.
*,eoo
14-0
Sheffield .
iio
600
1-4
1-a
Stockholm
860
480
2-3
3-0
120
400
11
87
Trieate .
373
600
3-7
4-9
Turin
G20
610
27
2-7
VeDlo« .
1S2
430
1-4
3-3
Vienn. .
2,700
8,470
2-5
7-8
The debts of cltiea in the United States in 1
an aggregate of 116 millions eterling for 9,1{
bitants, or £12, lOs. per head. See Debts.
iSl reacheil
»,000 inha-
FIRE.
199
FIEE.
A. — ^Valub op Property Destroyed Yearly.
TboasancU£.
ShllUngs
perlnba-
bitaiit.
Ratio of
Insurecl
Property,
per Cent.
United Kingdom
9,100
6 1
46 .
France
8,100
1-7
75
Germany .
6,200
2-7
74
Boana
14,000
8 4
9
Austria
8,600
20
• • •
Italy?
1,000
0-7
• ■ •
Spain?
500
0-6
*• •
Belgium
^land .
520
400
1-9
2 0
43
• • •
ScaadinaTia
1,800
3-2
• • •
£arope
39,620
3 1
• • •
United States .
16,800
7 0
55
Canada
• •
2,100
9 2
4-2
44
The Worid .
58,520
• • •
R— Fires
1 IN Cities
1, Annual Average.
Number of ^"iSJSnP^' Lc
^"^ InhSiJSu. (ThouBandB^).
Per
lubabitaut,
Pfuce.
London
1,991
49
1,100
66
Paris .
• • •
• • •
270
34
New York .
1,783
144
780
150
Manchester .
328
59
120
55
San Francisco
• • •
• • •
112
122
Philadelphia
655
76
460
130
Chicago
490
98
360
180
Boston
389
117
130
95
Baltimore
172
52
70
55
Cincinnati .
213
85
144
144
8t Louis
197
49
160
98
C— I
NCREASE OF LONDON FlREa
Annual ATerag^
Yeari.
Number Houses to luhabitants
of Fires. s Fire.
to ft Fire.
1840-49 .
. 768
362
2,731
1850-59
. 977
331
2,570
1860-69 .
. 1,430
288
2,390
1870-^
JO .
. 1,795
264
2,150
Fires on Saturday are 5 per cent more numerous than on
Lny other day in London ; but in Paris Friday has 20 per
:ent. over the average.
200
FIRE.
D. — Fires in France.
Annual ATenge.
Tears.
1845-50
1851-60
1861-70
Number
OfFlTM.
8,260
10,556
18,865
Hon tea to
aFire.
878
716
562
s
Inhabitants
toaFire.
4,120
8,485
2,720
E. — Deaths by Fire.
Peb Million Inhabitants fib Annum.
Munich .
Glasgow .
Berlin
Paris
4
17
20
24
Naples
Hanover
Cologne
London
41
57
71
83
The loss of life in England and Wales from fire averages
1490 persons yearly, of whom 42 per cent are males and
58 per cent females. The London firemen save 110 lives
yearly.
F. — Historical Fire&
Year.
Place.
LOM.
1570.
Moscow .
• •
200,000 victims.
1666.
London .
• •
13,200 housea
1812.
Moscow .
• •
15,500 „
1824.
Cairo
• •
4,000 victims.
1831 .
Constantinople
18,000 houses.
1835.
New York
• ■
£6,000,000.
1842.
Hamburg
• •
£7,200,000.
1851 .
San Francisco
2,500 blocks.
1871 .
Chicago .
• •
£88,000,000.
1872.
Boston .
• •
£15,000,000.
G. — Fire Brigades.
(9*
Flrc-
EnginM
Firemen.
•
CoHof
Brigade.
Fireroen
per 100,000 ,
Inhabitaiita. *
Gnat of
Briitade,
Pence per
Inhab.
London . . .
38
536
£80,000
13
5
Paris. . . .
203
1,500
98,000
68
11
St. Petersbiirg
37
1,150
• • •
127
• • •
Hamburg . .
53
790
• • •
805
• • •
New York. .
38
690
250,000
55
48
Philadelphia .
27
404
103,000
49
29
Chicago . . .
27
200
94,000
40
48
Boston . . .
26
472
110,000
138
79
Cincinnati . .
18
155
62,000
62
64
St. Louis . .
17
100
40,000
26
24
Baltimore . .
18
140
40,000
43
80
San Francisco
14
200
• • •
82
• • •
Berlin . . .
50
1,090
• • •
96
• • •
Lyons . . .
48
475
• • •
98
• • •
FIRE'DA MP^PIRE WOOD.
20 1
The London fire-brigade uses 17 million gallons water
yearly, that is, 4^ gallons per inhabitant, or 8500 gallons for
each fire. The New York brigade consumes 32 million
gallons, that is, 25 gallons per inhabitant^ or 18,000 gallons
per fire.
H. — Cost of Bbigadb to Ntjmbeb of Fires.
London. . . £40
ayoDtiy ... 88
New York. . 188
FhOftdalphU. £163
Chiosgo . . 188
St LoQiB . . 201
Baltimore .
Boston . .
Cincinnati .
£230
280
296
Great Britain
Belginm
Pttrlod.
1871-80
1848-78
Ezplodom.
424
194
Beathfl.
2,685
967
Per Annum.
268
82
In Great Britain during 10 years ending 1880, the deaths
from fire-damp explosions were nearly one-fourth of the total
in mining accidents, viz. : —
Number. Per Annum.
Fire-dMnp .... 2,686 268
BooffaUingin 4,508 451
Various .... 4,156 416
Accidental deaths
See Mining.
11,349
1,135
FIBEWOOD. — ^The average yield, per acre of forest, is as
follows : —
Age of
Te«rs.
10 .
15 .
20 .
25 ,
30 .
40 .
Firewood,
Age of
Cubio
Treen,
Feet.
Yerin.
. . 700
50 . .
. . 1,100
60 . .
. . 1,800
70 . .
. . 2.600
80 . .
. . 8,300
90 . .
. . 4,900
100 . .
Firewood,
Cubio
Feet
6,200
7,500
8,300
9,200
9,700
10,200
Age of
Firewood,
IVeee,
Cubic
Yeara.
Feet
120.
. . 11,400
140.
. . 12,400
150. .
. . 12,800
200.
. . 13,400
250. .
. 12,000
300. .
. 11,000
Firewood is usually measured and sold by the "cord,"
which contains 125 cubic feet, or 2} tons. Europe consumes
126 million tons of firewood yearly, and the United States
28 j^ million tons : the ordinary value is 5 shillings per ton.
The lowest consumption is in England and Belgium, about
2 cubic feet per annum per inhabitant; the highest in
Norway, Russia, and Canada, almost 40 feet per inhabitant
See Timber ^ ForesL
202
FISHERIES.
FISHERIES.
A. — FlSHKRY OP THE WoRLD
Men
Thousand Vsloe
Per Cwts of
Vessels.
(Thou-
Titns
(Thou-
Fisher-
Fish
sands).
Fish.
mmn. per Man.
United Kingdon
i 84,900
118
880
£3,550
£32
68
France . . .
. 21,900
85
130
8,480
40
31
Germany . .
8,100
17
40
400
24
48
Russia . . . .
18,500
68
220
2,200
33
62
Austria . . .
2,800
7
15
150
22
41
Italy . . . .
. 18,200
61
100
1,000
16
34
Spain . . .
. 10,200
88
50
500
13
27
Norway . . .
. 16,600
118
115
1,660
15
21
Holland . . .
2,000
. 128,200
8
510
20
200
25
£26
50
Europe . .
1,070
£13,140
42
United SUtes .
6,600
52
140
950
19
55
Canada . . .
11,200
. 146,000
53
615
260
1,470
2,450
48
£27
98
The World
£16,540
48
B.—
British Fisherikh. fS"
Vessels.
If en.
Barrels
BerrinffK.
English
* •
14,420
44,200
845,000
Scotch .
• •
14,650
47,100
1,580,000
Irish .
• •
5,830
21,300
210,000
Total
. 34,900
112,600
2,635,000
The above vessels take other fish besides herrings, but the
latter form 70 per cent, of the total value of our sea-fishing.
Including fresh-water fish, the annual value is nearly
£5,000,000, viz. :—
Kind.
Tons.
Value.
Salmon . . . .
8,600
£380,000
Ck)d . . . .
. 13,000
140,000
Whale . . . .
1 • • • •
700,000
Herrings
. 300,000
2,400,000
Pilchards
3,000
30,000
Lobsters, &c. .
s • • • •
900,000
Total .
1 • • • •
£4,600,000
The take of salmon is 60 per cent. Scotch, 30 per cent
Irish, and 10 per cent Englisk A barrel of herrings con-
tains 1000, of pilchards, 3000 fish : about half of the her-
rings and two-thirds of the pilchards are exported. Salmon
caught in the Tay sometimes weigh as much as 70 lbs.
FJSHERIES^PLA X.
203
C. — ^French Fisherib&
The product in 1880 was as follows : —
Kind.
Cod • • • • .
Herring and mtokerel
Sardinat
Tons.
Value.
84,000
£810,000
48,000
680,000
88,000
1,660,000
10,000
840,000
Total . . . 180,000 £8,480,000
The difierence between deep-sea and coast fishing was aa
follows : —
Dcepiea. Oosit ToUL
Men . . 18,000 72,000 85,000
Tontfiah . 84,000 96,000 180,000
Value. . £860,000 £8,180,000 £8,480,000
Being an average of X26 per deep-sea, and £44 per coast
fisherman.
D. — Norway Fisheries.
Fithermen
Fish, millions
Value . . .
Cod.
58,000
66
£920,000
Herring.
58,000
410
£640,000
Ttitiil.
111,000
475
£1,660,000
Besides the above the Norwegians take 350 whales, 80,000
seals, and in fresh waters a quantity of salmon.
K — Canadian Fisheries.
Fish. Value.
God, tons .... 46,000 £620,000
Herring, tons . 48,000 680,000
Seals, Number 460,000 280,000
Whale, &<x . . . . ... 1,070,000
Total £2,450,000
FLAX.
A. — Production.
United Kingdom
Fnuioe
Oemumy .
RuariA
Anstrift .
Italy
Belgium and Holland
Scandinavia
United States .
Tboutand
Tone.
26
87
48
270
63
23
88
4
12
ThotuMad
Acres.
164
165
292
1,960
262
203
187
41
160
Lbs. per
Acre.
860
610
870
280
460
265
450
218
175
Total
610
3,414
835
204
FLOODS—FLOUR.
B. — Consumption in Unitbd Einodoic.
\tutr
MiUion Um.
Value per
Ton.
British.
Importod.
Total.
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
80
85
40
46
65
72
58
57
103
170
202
163
219
169
87
138
210
248
228
291
227
£80
80
70
36
50
53
45
Kew Zealand phormium gives 17 per cent, of flax.
C. — Consumption in All Countries.
Tons per
Too* par
Annum.
Annum.
United Kingdom
. 104,000
Austria
. 60,000
France
66,000
Italy and Switzerland . 11,000
Germany
85,000
Belgium
and HoUand . 30,000
Russia .
41,000
United SUtea . . 20,000
FLOODS.
Date.
Place.
IXMB.
1642 .
China .
800,000 lives.
1646 .
Holland
110,000 „
1875 .
Toulouse
£15,000,00a
1876 .
Bengal .
200,000 liTea.
1879 .
Zegedin
£8,500,000.
1883 .
. Rhine Valle
y
£6,000,000.
In the last-mentioned the area of country under water
was 260 square miles, equal to the extent of the Lake of
Constance.
FLOUR. — The nutritive value is as follows ; —
Ordinary English .
. 100
Essex (England) .
. 121
German . . •
. 115
Scotch .
. 134
Canada .
. 117
United SUtes
. 145
There are 12,000 flour-mills in the United Kingdom,
valued at 25 millions sterling.
A sack of flour containing 280 lbs. will make 368 lbs.
bread in England, and 420 lbs. in the United States, 7 lbs.
of American flour being equal to 8 lbs. of the best English.
One ounce of flour contains 148 foot- tons of energy, soflicient
to lift a male adult 500 feet See Diet,
FOOD.
205
FOOD.
A. — ^Yearly Consumption of Nscbssaribs.
United Kingdom . .
France
Gennany
Boana
Autria
Italj
Spain
Belgium and Holland
Demnark ....
Sweden and Norwaj .
United States . . .
P«rInhAbltuit»Ll».
Yaluo.
Ormln.
Meat
Butter.
Sogmr.
880
105
13
68
£7 2 0
406
74
4
21
5 4 0
416
69
8
21
5 8 0
440
48
3
7
3 4 0
410
64
5
14
4 16 0
sao
23
1
7
3 8 0
860
49
0
5
8 8 0
400
69
6
16
4 9 0
400
70
15
81
5 10 0
840
65
9
17
3 17 0
892
120
16
23
6 6 0
406
70
7
20
5 6 0
R — Consumption of Luxuries, per Inhabitant.
United Kingdom
France
Germany ....
Rania
Anstria
Xwaiy . ...
Spam
Belgium and Holland
Denmark ....
Sweden and Norway
United States . .
Average ....
0unce«
.
Gallons.
Coffee.
Te*.
Tobacco.
Wine.
Boor.
Spirit*.
15
72
23
0*44
28-60
1-05
52
29
20 12
5-10
0-90
83
72
2-70
19-40
1-33
3
26
0-88
0-80
2-20
35
80
7-50
6-50
0-80
18
22
17-60
0-70
0-30
4
32
13-50
010
0-20
175
8
84
0-80
22-20
2-60
76
8
61
0-30
12-60
4-30
88
2
29
0-20
5-40
4-20
115
21
59
0*60
10-20
1-50
44
11
41
5-50
8-60
110
There are many valuable items of food besides tbose in
the foregoing tables. Grain is largely supplemented by
potatoes in Ireland and Germany, and by chestnuts in Italy :
moreover, this column does not include rice, the consumption
of iTirhich is rapidly increasing. Meat includes fowl, but
neither game nor fish, nor lard, all of which enter largely
into European food. Cheese (q.v.) is another important
item not included above. The same may be said of fruit
and vegetables.
2o6
FOOD.
C—
Cost
OF Food.
MiUionB£.
«
▲▼waga
Grain.
Meat
Liquor.
Son-
dries.
TotaL
Inh^taat.
United Kingdom .
55
140
102
176
478
£13 9 0
Franco • . • .
72
105
74
141
892
10 8 0
GronnAny . . .
80
126
80
154
440
9 5 0
RuBsia ....
112
107
84
218
516
6 8 0
Austria ....
56
88
63
118
820
8 8 0
Italy
42
25
87
80
184
6 6 0
Spain
82
21
20
50
128
7 11 0
Belgium & Holland
21
17
19
45
102
10 14 0
Denmark . . .
5
5
5
8
23
11 8 0
Sweden k Norway
11
10
8
28
52
8 6 0
United Stotei . .
Total. . . .
85
110
74
255
524
10 9 0
571
754
566
1,258
3,149
£9 8 Oj
D. — Comparative Cost of
Food.
Million* £.
Ratio of
Foodto
Earnings,
Days of
National Food
Work Eaual
to Food.
Earnings.
Value.
per Cent.
United Kingdom . .
1,247
473
37-8
114 i
France
965
392
40-6
121
Germany
850
440
51-8
155
Russia
848
516
60-2
180
Austria
602
320
531
159
Itoly
345
184
533
163
Spain
218
123
56-5
164
Belgium and Holland
224
102
45-5
148
Denmark
45
23
50-6
152
Sweden and Norway .
104
52
500
150
United States . . .
1,420
524
37-0
113
Tho days of work are 300 per annum, allowing rest on
52 Sundays, and 13 days of sickness for each ioiiabitant,
the latter being Dr. Farr*s average.
Those countries are relatively the most affluent where the
cost of food is lowest as compared with total earnings, vix.,
Great Britain, the United States, and France, and in these
wealth will most rapidly accumulate. But if we consider
only the working classes (see Wages)^ we find that in the
United States the cost of food is exactly one-third the value
of labour, whereas in Great Britain it is almost one>half, and
in France still more.
FOOD.
E. — Food Impoiitb into United Einodov.
207
•
Thouaandfl of Tons.
IV>r InhaUtuit, Lte.
U6O1
187a
188a
180a
187a
1880.
WbMt .
MMt . .
Butter .
Cbeete
Bogur . .
Te* . .
Codm •
Rioe . .
Egsi .
1,588
91
48
80
441
85
16
19
8
1,858
144
58
52
765
54
14
95
22
8,810
650
116
88
999
72
14
220
87
128
7
8
2
88
2
1
1
i
187
10
4
4
55
4
1
7
1
212
41
7
5
64
5
1
14
2
Total .
1 1
1 •
2,271
8,057
5,506
172
223
851
Each inhabitant consumed in 1870 twice his own weight
of imported food, and in 1880 three times his weight Meat
includes hud.
F.— Valui
1 Gw Food Imports, United Kingdom.
MiUioiit A,
Shilling! per Inhabitant
18«0.
187a
issa
IMO.
187a
1880.
Wheat . . .
20-9.
19-7
89'3
15
13
23
Meat . . .
4-4
7-7
26-6
8
5
15
Butter . .
41
6-8
121
8
5
7
Cheese . .
1-6
8-3
6-1
1
2
8
Sugar . . .
12-4
17-6
22-2
8
11
18
Tea . . .
6-9
90
8-8
4
6
5
Coffee . . ,
1-2
0-8
1-3
1
1
1
Rice . .
0-4
0-9
21
• • •
• • •
1
Eggs . . .
0-5
11
2-2
• ■ •
1
2
Total . .
1 •
51-4
66-9
119-7 1 35
44
70
The United Kingdom imports of food, compared with
consumption, are as follows : — 37 per cent of the meat (in-
cluding lard), 58 per cent, of the cheese and butter, and 61
per cont of the wheat, necessary for its annual supply '
G. — Food of French Cities.
Feb Inhabitant, peb Annum.
Bread
Meat
Butter
Urn.
449
Wine
127
Beer
8
Cider
Gallonj^
. 35
5
6
The consumption in Pari^ 1880, wu u follows : —
AW 127 eggs, 48 gallone vine, and 1^ ^lloa epiriU.
The consamptton of bread per inhabitant in Fui* baa
declined as followe : —
Tmt. Lla. 1 Tmi. Um.
IS3»-35 . . 3&S lBm-99 ... Ml
185S-G9 . 846 I 1879 .... SSI
The consnmption of bread per inhabitant 18 falling in
most French cities, viz. : —
The conBnmptioQ of meat averagea per annum 181 lbs.
per inhabitant in Lyons, 1S6 in Bordeaux, and 113 in Lille.
The ratio is rising in these towns.
II. — Food Expokts of Ukitkd States.
Y...r.
MUUou.
Pa IiiluhlUiit. 1
UiulieLi.
Lta. ,CbaH^LbL
Cbttwt.Um.
1821 . .
s
22 i 1
OS
2-2
0-1
1S3I . .
11
21 2
0'»
2-0
0-2
1S41 . .
s
0-5
2-e
1851 . .
11
78 11
o-a
3-3
isei . .
es
142 43
2-0
4-4
62
23S 73
1-6
ISSl . .
285
1^30 180
6-8
301 1 36 1
I>Ieat includes laid and live cattle.
L — Food Exports op Russia.
miUcnu.
1881
1865
1870
187S
1880
lliubaU. Lb*.
Tiliuof
tMlh.
£9,200,000
8,600,000
20,800,000
21,100,000
24,200 000
FOREIGN RESIDENTS^POREIGN SERVICE. 209
rOBEXGN SE8IDENT8.
A. — ^FoRxiQNXB^ nf Various Countries (1880).
United IQngdoiii 127
Vnyiee .
BwitMilimi
ItolT .
SfJn .
Bdgiam
[boa-
Pttroontego
Thon-
Pttnsontei^
ind*.
127
of Pop,
0-86
SwedandNor.
■anda.
17
of Pop.
0-27
864
2^0
Greeoe . • .
20
1-20
291
0*64
89
1-82
148
0-21
Bnrope • . •
2,866
0-80
127
0-85
United Stotes.
6,680
18-40
211
777
Bnudl . . .
248
2-64
278
1-02
Argent Itepub.
212
11-20
41
0-26
EOT* . . .
chal. . . .
83
1*62
64
1-66
27
1-81
98
1*96
China . . .
4
• • •
64
2*84
Japan . . .
2
0-01
R — ^Foreign Residents at Various Periods.
Ratio to Population.
United
Kingdom.
AnuiMk
United
Statee.
United
Kingdom.
Franoe.
United
States.
1880 . .
1870 . .
1860 . .
1860 . .
1840 . .
1820 . .
1800 . .
• • •
161
102
62
86
• ■ •
• • •
864
731
475
871
...
*• ■
■ • •
6,680
5,569
4,136
2,241
859
177
44
• • •
0-62
0-35
0-23
013
■ • ■
• • •
2-30
203
1-33
1-06
• • •
• • •
• • •
13-40
14-48
1310
9-62
610
1-86
0-62
1
C. — Foreigners in Cities.
Paris .
London
PerlOOO
Inliab.
76
21
Berlin . .
Pestb-Bnda
PerlOOO
PerlOOO
Inhab.
Inhab.
13
Buenos Ayres 88
14
Montevideo . 96
D. — Foreigners in Paris (1881).
Thousands.
Belgians . . 46
Germans . . 31
Italians . . 22
Swiss ... 21
Total
Tlioiwand*.
English . . 11
Dutch . . 9
Americans . 6
Russians . . 6
Thousands.
Austrians . 6
Spaniards . 4
Various . . 6
164
FOREIGN 8£BVI0E.~Bctween the years 1691 and 1745
there were 453,000 Irishmen who died in the French ser-
vice.
A. — FOREBTS OF THX WoBLD.
-M"
Itettoto
F»d.ttt.
pvKn,
h^
'^
Burn^
Uuted Eingdom .
3
3
«
60
15
23
17
60
EO
3S
SG
76
U
83
666
20
27
62
Itoly
11
IS
40
46
Sp^ .Dd Portog*!
8
«
88
Belgiou ud Hoa
H
10
18
48
ScMdlwU . . .
Enrope. . . .
32
710
SO
073
27
220
36
United St>UB . .
176
8
S43
18
17i
0
MIO
2
Br«il
135
8
1,3B0
1
GrmCbKO. . .
37
3fi
Algeri- ....
Total ....
fl
3
180
1.201
12
333
... ..n
Sinco 1848 tho French have converted 9 millioR acres of
-waste land into forest, producing 7 shillings an acre. Paris
bums the tiraber of 50,000 acres yearly, requiring an area
of 1 million acres of forest to keep up Uie supply. Wood-
cutters in the United States fell 10,000 acres daily, or 3 million
acres per annum. There are (1882) 16,100 eaw-miUa in
United States, and 640 in Canada. 8tat« and Commanal
forests in Franco cover 8 million acres, and ue valued at
XI 5 per acre.
£. — Forests in Gkrman't.
£1,070,000
640,000
220,000
1,740,000
£3,670,000
FORGERY— FOUNTAINS. 211
C. — Crown Forests.
Aroft, Acres.
Product
Per Acre,
Sliillingii
Fnaoe . 2,560,000
Geniumj 9,480,000
Aiutria . . 7,520,000
RoHiA . . 888,400,000
Sweden and Norwaj 10,800,000
Ita^ 540,000
£1,520,000
8,670,000
1,480,000
13,200,000
1,500,000
220,000
12
8
4
1
3
8
IVyUl . . 868,750,000 £21,590,000
Kossiaii crown forests comprise 30 million acres belonging
to the Czar and 303 millions to the National Exchequer :
the annual product averages only 10 pence per acre, against
30 pence in forests not belonging to the State. The Czar
employs 27,000 wood-police, who cut 12 million tons, chiefly
firewood, per annum, that is, 1^ tons daily, valued at 2 shil-
lings per ton (50 cubic feet). In Hungary, besides crown
forests, there are 1^ million acres held by the clergy : the
yield of Austrian and Hungarian forests is nearly 60 per
cent firewood, 40 per cent for carpenters. See Timlter^
Firetcood,
FOBOEBT. — In one year (1820) no fewer than 46 persons
were hanged for forging Bank of England notes, but some
of the notes were afterwards asserted to be good. Juries
refused to hong any more.
FOBTIFIOATIONS.— Louis Philippe spent 16 millions
sterling on forts, especially the enceinte of Paris. I^ord
Palmerston spent 7^ millions on the coast fortifications
begun by him in 1860. The German Government has spent
2| millions sterling in military works around Strasburg.
The site occupied by the Paris fortifications is 3900 acres,
and was value<l in 1840 at £140 an acre : it is now about
to be sold for £700 an acre, on the levelling of the forts.
FOSSILS.— See Geology.
FOUNDLINOa— The Paris hospital receives 105,000
yearly, of whom 60 per cent, die before 12 months. There i«
a similar hospital at Moscow, which receives 12,000 yearly :
the boys are brought up for the navy.
FOUNTAINS.— The Drinking Fountain Society of Lon«lon
(established 1859), of which the Duke of AVestminster is
213
FREIGHT—FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
president, maintains 511 fountains and 526 troughs, from
which 15 million persons and 6 million horses and other
animals drink every month. Sir Richard Wallace erected
50 drinking fountains for the poer of Paris.
FEEiaHT.
A. — By Land and Water.
Feb 100 Milxb, 1 Ton.
6 pence I By railway .
lOihilliiigi
80 ..
By sea .
„ canal . 2 shillingB | „ high-road
The average varies according to country, but the above is
a general average for European nations, llie merchandise of
the world pays £S ocean freight for every £100 worth
carried.
B. — Freights bt Railway per 100 Miles, per Ton.
Pence.
Belgium . .
70
Germany
84
United StaU-s .
66
Italy .•
. 108
Austria .
. Ill
Holland .
118
Ireland ...
. 119
'
Pence.
Great Britain
1^5
Great Eastern (England)
120
Great Western
130
North- Western
130
Great Northern ,,
150
France ....
154
Sweden
160
The above rates are for grain, except Germany, vrhich id
the general average (1882).
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
A. — General Statement.
Members,
MilUoDs£.
CaniUl
per Mem.
bcr, £.
1
Memben
No.
Thou-
•Ands.
per 100
Inluih.
Great Britain . .
18,234
5,780
56-2
96
16
France ....
6,777
1,066
3 8
3-6
3
Germany ....
4,920
1,710
28-6
16-3
4
Russia ....
477
34
0-3
80
• • •
Austria ....
128
73
0-6
8-2
« • •
lUly
2,091
330
0-9
30
1
Switzerland . . .
632
101
0-3
3-0
4
Holland and Belg.
514
420
0-2
0-5
4
Denmark. . . .
721
99
01
10
5
Canada ....
40
80
51
68-0
2
Australia . . .
Total ....
879
55
0-7
13-0
2
35,413
9,748
96-8
9-9
8
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES^FROST.
213
B. — ^Frxbkdlt Sooieties of Great Britain.
Vatnra,
Friendly •
FMHdent •
Building .
ToUl.
Kmnber.
16,879
1,687
1,268
18»284
Merobon.
4,692,000
716,000
872,000
6,780,000
Funds.
£12,760,000
6,887,000
87,080,000
£56,167,000
Indnding non-registered societies, the estimated number
of members is 7 millions, or one-fifth of the population ; 56
per cent men, and ii per cent, women. In 10 years the
OddfeUows and Foresters have increased 310,000, and their
funds oyer 2 millions sterling.
C. — ^French Fribndlt Societieb.
Number of If embera.
Tmt.
1860
1870
1880
Female.
70,000
107,000
141,000
ToUL
681,000
826,000
1,066,000
461,000
719,000
926,000
The revenue in 1880 was £820,000, of which £670,000
was given to sick and aged members, the balance of £150,000
going to increase the reserve funds, Avhich amount to
£3,760,000.
D. — German Friendly Socteties.
Teer.
1860
1870
1880
Bodetiee.
133
740
4,920
Members.
31,600
814,700
1,710,000
Reeerre Funds.
£80,000
2,200,000
8,660,000
The principal societies are those founded on the plans of
Mr. Schultz-Delitsch, who commenced his labours in 1864 ;
they are of a co-opemti ve nature, with a " turn-over " which
in 1880 exceeded 140 millions sterling. There is also Uie
Journeymen's Union, with 268,000 members, and an income
of £1,100,000, supporting widows and orphans.
FBOST.
A. IK
1234. Mediterranean frozen : traffic with carta.
1420. Boephonu frozen.
1468. Wine at Antwerp told in blocks.
1607. First fair on the Thames.
1668. Swedish artillcxy crossed the Sound.
1716. Oxen rrva.«ted on the Thames.
1740. Third Thames fair, with shops.
214
FROST—FRUIT.
1766. Snow knee-deep at Naples.
1789. Thermometer Fahrenheit marked 23* below zero at Frankfoit,
and 86° at Baale.
1809. Moecow, 48" below sero^ g^atest cold recorded there : mercmy
frozen.
1829. Jakoutsk, Siberia, 78* below zero on 25th January : greateit cold
on any record.
1846. December marked 25* below zero at Pontarlier : lowest ever
marked in France.
1855. Fires on Serpentine, Hyde Park.
1864. January, Fahrenheit stood at zero in Torin: greater cold
recorded in Italy.
Captain Parry, in his Arctic explorations, suffered for
some time 51 degrees below zero. Frost is diminishing in
Canada with the increase of population, viz. : —
Hudson's Bat Closed.
1828-37
1871-80
184 days per annum.
179 „
>i
ft
FBOZEN
'. — An engine of 70 horse-power can
refrigerate a chamber for 250 tons of meat from Australia to
Europe, using 1 cwt of coal per hour, or 1 J ton per day.
FRUIT. — The degrees of sugar in various fruits are :-
Peach
. 1-6
Apple
Mulberry
Raspberry
. 40
Strawberry
. 5-7
Pear
Currant .
. 61
Cherry
Gooseberry
. 7-2
Grape
7-9
9^
9*4
10-8
14-9
A. — Importing Countries.
Year.
Tons per Anntun.
Value (Thouaanda£>.
Lba. per Inbabltani.
U. Kingdom.
Franco.
U. Blingdom.
France.
U. Kingdom. France.
1
1855
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
43,400
79,100
104,600
107,400
152,400
152,600
• • •
• • •
82,'ioO
61,100
169,700
1,410
1,840
2,180
2,160
8,810
8,260
• • •
• • •
• • •
540
1,100
8,880
8
6
8
8 t 2
10 . 4
10 10
Tlie United States have regularly imported since 1871
about 6 lbs. fruit per inhabitant per annum.
FUEL—FUNERA LS.
21
B. — ExPOSntO COUNTRIEB.
Tmt.
Ttaa per Annam.
Value in £ (Tbousanda
omitted).
Avenge
Value
per Ton.
IUI7.
8|MlllJ.
Oroeoe.
Italy.
Spain.
710
850
1,880
1,520
1,680
Greece.
1863
1865
1870
1875
1880
48»800
72,600
80,800
09,100
98»500
87,100
42,800
62,600
78,400
121,200
44,100
68,800
52,600
89,800
• ••
1,240
1,640
1,100
1,620
1,860
540
730
720
1,470
• • •
£20
19
16
17
14
FUEL.
A. — Annual Consumption.
Mflliona.
Coal,
Flrewnnd,
Coal,
1
Firewood,
Tona.
Cable Feet.
Cwts.
Cubio Feet.
United EliDgdom
180
60
74
2
Fiaiios
27
850
14
23
QenntsBj .
55
760
24
18
RiiaiiA
9
2,770
2
33
Anstrift
16
1,120
9
29
Italy
8
230
2
8
Sp*iii and Portugal .
2
110
2
6
Belgiiim .
12
10
44
2
Holland .
3
10
14
2
Sweden and Norway .
Enzope ...
2
820
5
17
40
259
6,240
20
United SUtes .
70
1,410
28
26
Canada
Total .
2
140
9
81
331
7,790
i 18
22
Pounds of water evaporated by 1 lb. of fuel as follows : —
Straw. . . ,K , 1*9
Wood 31
Peat 3*8
Coke or charcoal
Coal.
Petroleum
6*4
7-9
14-6
FIJin)&— See Consols.
FT7HERALS.
A. — Chadwick's Table for England.
Panpers
Working-class
Middle-class
138.
£5
£40
I
Gentry ,
NobUity
£100
1,000
Average : £10 for eacli interment, or 5 millions per annum.
2l6
FURNA CES^FURNITURE.
B. — French Offioial CLASSincATiox.
Annual Pereentag*.
Fnnenliof
1878-74.
1878-7a
Rich penons
Hiddle-dass .
•
8-2
8-5
•
18-6
14-8
Working-cUn
•
83-2
82*2
Total
•
100-0
100-0
SNAOES (1881) :-
—
No.
Tons Pig
TVmspcr
*»w.
Iron.
Pumaoe.
Great Britain .
555
8,826,000
14,700
United States .
487
4,160,000
9,400
Germany.
220
2,790,000
12,700
France ...
270
1,880,000
7,000
KnsBia .
206
480,000
2,850
Belgium .
40
610,000
15,200
Austria .
98
520,000
5,800
Sweden .
224
390,000
1,760
Total . . 2,050
19,156,000
9,400
FTJBNITXJBR — Including also carriages, clothing, jewel-
lery, paintings, && ; the value under this item amounts to
half the value of house-property.
A. — FORNITURB IN UNITED KlNGD03f.
Tesr.
Millions £.
Per Houae.
Per Inhabi
1802 .
190
£70
£12
1830 .
270
75
18
1850.
440
95
16
1860 .
580
118
20
1870.
740
181
24
1880 .
. 1,030
158
29
Jl — Classification
IN 1880.
Houtes. Fumiturs,
Thousands. MiUions £.
ATera^e.
Class.
Per House.
Per InhaU.
Ist .
23 136
£5,900
£1.080
2nd .
261 274
1,050
190
Srd .
663 172
807
55
4th .
. 1,423 186
130
23
5th .
. 4,175 262
62 11
Total
6,445
1,030
£158
£29
The above does not include churches or other publio
buildings.
FURS— G A RRISONS.
217
FUB8. — ^The principal fair is at Leipzig: the sales in
1880 were :—
Thousands of Skins.
Fox .... 180
Skunk ... 950
Squirrel, &c. . 4,855
In Bussia and Siberia the annual slaughter of fur-bearing
animals is as follows : — 50,000 martens, 3 million ermines,
15 million marmots, 25 million squirrels.
Bear .... 6
Beaver .
80
Sable .... 54
Black cat
. 125
Otter .... 66
Ermine .
. 160
a
QAELIO.^-The number of persons speaking Gaelic in the
United Kingdom is as follows : —
Ratio to
Number. PopulatioDi
Per Ceut.
Ireland .... 660,000 18
Scotland .... 282,000 7
Wales . . * . 850,000 33
United Kingdom .
1,242,000
GARRISONS.
station.
Mediterranean
West Indies
Africa .
Ceylon, ftc. .
Total .
A. — British Colonial.
Hon.
11,000
6,400
6,600
8,500
27,500
Annual Cost.
£750,000
470,000
600,000
260,000
£2,080,000
Per Man.
£68
73
91
74
£75
The garrison in Ireland varies from 20,000 to 30,000 meiL
In India it is ordinarily 70,000. In Great Britain from
60,000 to 70,000.
B.— German (1883).
Mon.
Men.
Berlin .
. 17,800
Coblenz .
. 6,400
Metz
. 14,400
Konigfiberg
. 6,400
Strasborg
9,000
Potsdam .
. 6,600
^layence .
7,700
Madgeburg
. 6,100
Cologne .
7,700
Spandau
4,300
There are 29 smaller garrisons, ranging from 2000 to 4000
men each.
2l8
GAS.
GAS.
A. — Cost op Stbebt Lightino.
Ooot,
per Annum.
Price per
1000 Feet,
Pence.
Cort,per
Inhao.,
Pence.
Ouidle
Power.
London
. £460,000
45
80
12
Paris .
620,000
68
70
18
Rome .
24,000
«••
20
• ••
Vienna
48,000
45
10
15
Berlin .
53,000
51
13
16
New York .
* •• •
120
• • •
16
SanFrandflOO
59,000
• • •
67
• • •
Glasgow
• • •
48
• • •
28
Bucharest
20,000
• • •
24
• • •
Palermo
20,000
• • •
28
• • •
Liverpool
* • • •
42
• • •
22
Turin .
18.000
• • •
20
• • •
Florence
14,000
• • •
22
• • •
Manchester .
■ • • •
86
• • •
22
Buda-Pesth .
16,000
• ••
12
• • •
B. — Consumption in London and Paris.
London.
Pftris.
■~v /<■
I860.
1880.
i8oa
1880L
Millions cubic feet . .
8,200
18,100
2,660
8,470
Perinhab. „ „
2,980
4,750
1,610
8,940
The Paris Gas Company in 1880 showed receipts £3, 450,000,
net profit £1,600,000. Paris has 49,000 street lamps, the
other French towns 190,000; total 239,000.
C. — Consumption in United Kingdom.
London.
Other Towns.
TotftL
Millions cubic feet .
. 18,100
58,500
71,600
Per inhab. „ „
4,750
8,100
8,400
The average expenditure for gas is 21 shillings per inhabi-
tant per annum in London, and 10 shillings in other towns.
A ton of coal gives 9000 cubic feet of gas.
D. — London Gas and Watbr Supply.
Thoumnda Omitted.
Oas.
Water.
TotaL
Capital
£13,026
£12,250
£25,276
Income
3,993
2,150
6,148
Expenses .
2,610
1,420
4,080
Profit, per annum
1,388
730
2,113
GEOLOGY^GLASS.
219
GBQLOQY. — ^Professor Philips gives the following table
of stnta, and number of organic forms to each stratum : —
TertiMy
Cretaceoiif.
Oolitic
8«Iiferoiia .
Cttrboniferoiia
Primary
Fatt
Thick.
2,000
1,100
2,600
2,000
10,000
20,000
Orgmio Forma
per 100 Feet
141
71
46
8
6
2
A. — F06SIL Rbicains.
ReptilM
FUm.
Oonohifenk
ChMteropoda
KepluJopoda
GbnuUoea^ &C
Total .
GIANTS.
Name.
Goliath . .
Galbara . .
Funnam . .
Do Vallemont
Coant Bacart
Theutobochus
Unknown .
John Middleton
Kama.
Frederic*! Swede
Cujanua . . .
Gilly . . . .
Patrick Ck>tter .
Chang Gow . .
144
71
188
74
2,026
880
788
1,970
. 6,186
Terrestrial plaota
,, animals
Marine plants
„ animals .
Fr«^-water plants
animals
»t
Total
500
830
40
6,065
40
260
7,285
A. — Anciekt.
PUce.
Palestine
Rome .
Scotland
Rouen .
Dauphiny
Dauphiny
Palermo
England
Height,
Feet.
11-0
10-0
11-6
17-0
22-6
25-5
800
9-3
If
B. — Modern.
Birthplace.
Sweden
Finland
Tyrol .
Cork .
Pekin .
Hcitrht,
Feet.
8*4
7-9
81
8-7
7-8
Period.
B.a 1068.
Claudius Caesar.
Eugene II.
14th century.
16th
16th
15th „
A.D. 1578.
Data.
>t
1806
1880
GLASS. — Consumption in United Kingdom as follows : —
1801
1833
16,300 tona
18,200
>*
In 1880 the consumption of plato gloss in Great Britain
amounted to 6 million square feet, of which one-sixth was
imported^ the rest native manufacture.
220 OLOVBS—GOLD.
OLOVEB. — Ftaiice makes Tear); 26 million p*iii^ and
exports IS million pain. In 10 years ending 1880 Gnat
Britain imported 15 million pain per annum, valued at 1{
aLTOEEINE.— Prodocticm in 18S0 :—
HoUttDd.
out . 000
. 1,810
. 2,»S0
Auitrw .
Italy .
. 1,720
SwiUetloDd
Greece .
. 1,840
Ronnuuiiji 1P4
Turkej . . . 7S0
South Africa . . S,7»0
ladu . 19,000
An ordinary goat givea a quart of milk daily, and lives
10 years. The Turkish breed, known as Angois, prodaces
a fine hair trorth 2 Bhillings per lb. — say 2 lbs. per goat per
annum. One-third of the goats in Soutli A^ca are of
Angora, or mixed breed, tlie first baring been introdaced
from Smyrna in 1860.
OOITBE. — In France 42,000 persons affected, two-tbiids
women. It is prevalent in ports of Switzerland and at Men-
doxa (foot of the Andes), supposed to be caused by snow
A.— PflODUcnoN IN 500 Ybabs (1380-1880).
Too..
UUUoii.4.
United SUtes
2,042
280
1,840
2G8
Spaniih-America .
2,220
SIO
Kri^ . . .
1,040
145
KuHia.
1,23 1>
173
Afrie.. . .
7M
104
AMtrta . .
460
65
Other countriei .
778
107
GOLD.
221
B. — Periods of Production.
A.D.
Toxu.
Increase of
Period.
Total Value,
Millions £.
1600 .
750
• • •
104
1700 .
. 1,660
910 tons
282
1800 .
. 8,570
1,910 „
497
1850 .
4,750
1,180 „
661
1880 .
. 10,355
5,605 „
1,448
C. — Production since 1850.
MilUons £.
United States
AnstndiA
Rnasia.
Other coontries
Total
1861-60.
. 102
. 104
. 88
. 88
. 282
1861-70.
98
82
40
44
264
1871-80.
70
72
48
50
240
80 years.
270
258
126
132
786
D. — Production and Consumption.
Tc.irs.
Production,
Tons.
Consumption, Tons.
Coinage.
Manufacture.
The East.
Total.
1831-40 .
1841-50 .
1851-60 .
1861-70 .
1871-80 .
203
548
2,018
1,885
1,703
50
350
1,683
1,008
849
180
200
280
570
840
10
28
100
300
120
240
578
2,013
1,878
1,809
50 years
6,357
3,890
2,070 558 1 6,518
Teara.
Production,
Millions £.
Consumption,
Millions £.
Coinage.
Manufacture.
The East.
1
Total.
33
! 1831-40 .
28
7
25
; 1841-50 .
77
49
28
4
81
1851-60 .
282
223
39
14
281
1861-70 .
264
142
80
42
264
1871-80 .
50 years
240
119
118
17
254
891
545
290
78
913
For gold movement since 1860 see Bulliuu,
The above table shows that the production since 1831
\ra.s not enough, but that the world used up some of previous
stuck existing, as has likewise occurred with Silver (q.v.)
GOLD~GRA DIENTS.
E.— PRODOOTIOS IK FoUB Ybabs (1681-84).
rrnitedStktei.
Rani*
Spuifih-Americk
Jftpftn, Afric>, Ix. .
ISO
ISO
40
ss
£2^,800,000
23,«00,000
17,800,000
6,700,000
*,eoo,ooo
ToUI . . .- .
640
■. £77,800,000
The ki^t nugget ever found was the "Welcome," at
Ballarat, Australia, on June 11, 1868; it weighed 2020 oz.,
and was worth £8376. Austnlian ore haa averaged only 30
shillings pef ton, Colifomion £2, and the earuiiigt of minen
£85 and £90 leepectivelj per sunnm.
Gold bearing the "hall-mark" must have at least IScanti,
representing a value of 64 shillings per ounce : the British
standard is 22 carats, worth about 78 Bhillings (£3, 17b. lOd.)
per ounce. The wear and tear of coin amounts to 1 ton of
gold per annum. Allowing also for loss bj shipwreck, fire,
&C., the stock of existing gold is about 9900 tons, oi 21
times the amount of coin. Jewellers melt down nearly 100
tons per anni
in England.
I, of which one-third i
1 France, one-fifth
A. — Railways with UsAvr Gkadikkts.
Flar«Dcc-Bolognk ,
MoDt Ceni* . .
GeDOk-Turia . . .
DarjeeliDg .
Foti-TiflU .
Einuedeln .
Zuneh-Utlibei^ .
Righi ....
Apennini
Alps .
Gndtnt.
UulDIDBl
i,s8a
4,290
1,320
3wlU«rUnd
SwitierlMid .
The Zurich-Utlibcrg is the maxiiiiiim of simple adhesion,
the Kigbi being furnished with clip-brakes. The Vesuvius
line has one gradient ssid to be as steep as a ladder (63), the
Righi being compared to a slairca^a The Philadelphia
and Pittsburg has an inclined plane of 46 in 100, length 840
feet Cantagallo, Uruil, has 9J per cent, incli&s.
(at 25 Lb9. PBS Ton, Lktil Wai>
47 11m. p«r ton 6 p«t emt. . . 187 lb*. p«r ton
70 I, —
I 10
aso ,
C — ^M'Kku.'b Mail Coach Dtnahombteb.
FotM Baqidnd >t Ifllia par IlDar.
OMillnt. imiH. 8HI]a! UIHImT'
Lml ... Ill Um. ISO »». 138 Ibi.
UpOT«nt.. . 160 „ 1« „ I7S „
* „ . . S13 „ SIS „ SSE „
6 „ . . S68 „ SSO „ SIS ,
A. — CaOPS OF TBI WOBLD.
Valu, Burtu
IbLe, a
ofDuihaU.
2,078
1,764
6*0
206
Total . . &05 8,307 1,316
It. — AcRItAGB L'N'DRK GOAIM.
uiotKorA
™.
T>iut
0,...
Darlex.
2X
10-5
United KiDgdom
; 3-0
42
2-5
OS
Krwco . .
■ 17-1
00
3-5
8-5
3S1
*-5
»•!
4-0
17-1
34-7
KuMia '.
29-0
33-0
16-2
R2-8
161 fl
Aiutria .
8-5
71
60
15-5
361
lUJy . .
Rnaln and rnrtucml
115
1-0
1-0
65
19-0
8-0
la
4-0
60
190
BclKitim.ndH<.Ilu>^
1-0
1-0
2-0
40
ScandiniTu .
0-5
2-5
i'-i)
3-0
TO
1 *o
0-5
20
4-0
10-5
F.nniTC .
1 8S-1
6R-4
39-2
144-2
339-9
Unitrf State- .
; 35-2
l&'O
■1-0
65-0
117-2
C»»d. . .
2-0
•i-0
0-5
05
5-(i
Aii>t>«Ii* . .
SO
0-5
05
4-0
India . .
is-u
19-0
Japui . -
1-0
2-0
i'fl
4 0
JgS. : :
1-0
1-0
1-0
30
20
2-0
4 0
Scnith America
3-0
BO
6-0
TbeW.»-l.i .
161-3
"^
47-2
218-2
~^5.~
\
22d
GRAIN.
C. — Grain Crops of CouNTRin.
Millions of BoaheU
V»lae,
Whest
Oats.
Barley.
Othv
KiDdn
TdtaL
MUUons
United Kingdom
74
180
90
28
822
68
Fnuioe
272
220
80
154
726
161
94
180
86
274
634
129
Roflda
210
520
180
850
1,710
266
Anrtria
115
180
80
228
548
110
lUlj. .
140
20
20
113
298
65
Spsin and Poriogal .
Belgium and Holland
145
24
18
85
76
• • •
91
46
825
105
63
21
Scandinavia •
7
76
87
50
170
84
Enrope . • •
85
10
40
90
225
45
1,166
1,884
689
1,919
5,058
967
United States .
440
405
40
1,585
2,470
207
45
55
15
15
180
22
Australia .
85
• ••
15
10
60
13
India
270
• • •
• • •
• • •
270
67
Other countries .
120
• • •
110
179
409
70
1,346
The World .
2,076
1,794
819
3,708
8,397
D. — Production and Consumption
OF Grain.
MiUioDi of Bushels.
Bushels per InlusbL
Produc-
Conftump-
Produe- Conmimp-'
tion.
tion.
Uon.
tion.
United Kingdom
322
607
91
17-8 i
France ....
726
895
20-4
25-8 1
Germany.
634
750
14-1
16-7
Russia ....
1,710
1,500
228
20-0
Austria ....
548
516
14-8
189
Italy ....
293
298
10-7
109
Spain and Portugal .
Belgium and HoUand
325
825
16-2
16-2
105
145
111
15-5
Scandinavia .
170
160
201
18-9
Roumania, &c
Europe
225
205
821
29-8
5,058
5,401
168
18-0
United States .
2,470
1,740
48-8
84 1
Canada ....
130
120
81-2
28-8
Australia.
60
40
22-2
14-8 ■
Algeria ....
50
45
166
15-0
Argentine Republic.
16
12
53
4-0
Other countries
Total ....
643
1,069
• • •
• • ■
8,397
8.397
• • •
• • •
GRAIN.
225
£. — Gbaih Cbops of Unitbd Kingdom.
{Affermgefor 10 Tean ending 1880).
United
Klnfdon
Aona.
MmioiM of Buahelt.
Britftln. ^
r».i.«^ United
Wlieat
• •
8,468,000 80
4
84
Oftti .
• .
4,158,000 118
55
168
Bukr-
• •
2,704»000 88
8
91
Bj» .
■ •
81,000 2
• ••
2
Total
• •
10,886,000 278
67
845
F. — Grain Imfobtb into Unitsd Kingdoil
1
Amraal ATonga
Annoftl Ayengei
miUoa
LbtbMr
InhaV.
Period.
Million Lbuper
Buhela.
Bubela.
InhaU
1761-SO.
1
5
1881-40 .
8
18
1781-90.
1
5
1841-50 .
81
64
1791-1800 .
4
15
1851-60 .
. 78
154
1801-10 .
5
17
1861-70 .
. 127
288
1811-20.
4
12
1871-80 .
. 229
874
1821-80.
5
12
1881 .
. 256
409
G. — Grain Imports into France — Value.
Period. Annual ATomge. Per Inhabitant
1841-60 .... £1,410,000 10 pence
1861-70 .... 8,110,000 21 „
1871-80 .... 10,400,000 72 „
The above shows net imports — that is, after deducting
values of exported grain in years of surplus.
H. — Grain Exports op United States.
Annual ATerage.
Annual ATerage.
I'*^^*- Million
Lba. per
Inbab.
Period.
MUlion Lba. per
Bufthela. Inbao.
BuabeU
1821-40. 6
26
1861-70 .
48
76
1841-50. 15
41
1871-80 .
. 147
211
1851-60. . 29
60
1881 .
. 285
812
L — Grain Crops (
3P United States.
MilUoD BusbeU.
1850.
180a
1870.
IMOi'
Whest
101
178
288
460
Barley
5
16
30
44
Oftts ....
147
173
282
408
Bye ....
14
21
17
20
Buckwheat
9
18
10
12
Maize
592
868
839
761
1,765
Tutal .
1,240
1,388
2 099
P
CRAN1TB~^RA VITY.
K — Graik Cbops and Expobiv ow RoanA.
^.
Crop.
Export.
oS^.
Crop.
Exporl
Boo*
a>UQnp.
1800-13 .
188*-40 .
18*0-*7 .
1867-68 .
1871-80 .
690
1,0*0
1,210
1,270
1,730
10
27
83
34
148
880
1,01S
1.178
1,288
1,584
22
21
23
20
22
. 2
21
12
Uuzs
Whe«t
L. — COHFONSNTS OF GRAIN (PI
^■^ Sitn)B«noot Fit.
Cent.)
GEANITE la worth i shillings per cubic foot, ftnd requiies
a crusbing force of 24,500 Ibe. to a half-inch cuba
OEAVITT, SFEOniO.
A. — COMPAKBD WITH WaTBB,
Liquids
Timbtr.
MottU.
W»ter. . .
100
Cork . . .
24
Zinc . . .
719
103
PopUr . .
S8
CwtiTOD .
721
De«l&*. .
124
Fir . . .
GS
Tin . . .
729
Aloohol . .
64
Cedar . .
81
Bar iron .
779
Olive oil . .
62
Pear . . .
66
Steel. . .
783
99
W&Inat . .
67
Copper . .
6W
WinV . . .
100
Cherrj . .
72
BfJ^ . .
840
Vnae . . .
101
Maple . .
76
Silver . .
1,051
Cider . . .
102
Apple . .
79
l>ad . .
1.135
Beer . . .
102
A.h . . .
84
1,357
Womw.'. milk
102
B««h . .
85
Gold . . '.
1,»2«
Cow'i
103
106
Platina. .
1.950
Go.t'1
104
0.k^ .' .
117
POTter. . .
104
Ebenj . .
183
A gaUon of
wine
OX water woig
Pbkhodb Sk
s 10 lbs.
EmmJd . .
277-5
353 0 1 0.met . . .
406-3
Crjrt»l. . .
2863
Topax. . .
4011
Ruby . . .
4^-S
GREENBACKS.
227
SURDBIB.
ladlgo. . •
. 77
P^ . .
. . 188
Chu^ptywdsr •
. 93
Opituii
Uoney .
. . 184
Butter. . .
94
. . 145
loe ....
. 117
Ivoiy . .
Bndc. .
. . 188
CamT . . .
Cod . . .
. 120
. . 200
. 180
Sulphnr .
. . 203
B. — ^Weight in Ccbio Fsbt.
Lbs. por
Cub. Ft
Cork . .
. 15
Cedar.
. 86
Beech.
. 51
Butter
. 56
Water.
. 62
Mahogany ,
. 66
loe
. . 70
Oak .
. 70
Clay .
. . 72
Coal .
. 80
OBEEN
BACKS.—
Cub. Ft
psrlVm.
150
Peat
62
Brick .
44
Stone .
40
Granite.
86
Glass .
84
Iron
82
Copper .
82
SUver .
81
Lead .
28
Gold .
Poroelain
. . 226
Stone . . .
. . 252
Marble . .
. . 270
Granite . .
. . 278
Chalk. . ,
. . 279
Glass . .
. . 289
BBT.
Lbs. per
Cub. Ft
Cub. Ft
per Ton.
80
28 0
120
190
150
15-0
166
18-5
172
18-0
470
4-8
520
4-8
680
8-6
680
8-8
. 1,155
2-0
convertible from 1862 till December 1879.
Tear.
Table of Value Compared with Gold.
1
Uaxlmum.
Minimum.
Average.
Value of $100.
1862
98
75
88
£18 6 0
1863
79
62
69
14 6 6
1864 .
64
89
49
10 4 0
1865
74
46
64
13 6 4
1866
79
66
71
14 15 0
1867
74
70
72
14 19 0
1868
74
69
72
14 19 0
1869
82
72'
75
15 12 0
1870
90
82
87
18 2 0
1871
92
87
90
18 14 0
1872
92
87
89
18 10 0
1873
92
85
88
18 6 0
1874
91
88
90
18 14 0
1875
89
85
87
18 2 0
1876
93
87
90
18 14 0
1877
97
94
96
19 19 0
1878
• • •
• • •
98
20 7 0
1879
100
100
100
20 16 0
The average for 10 years ending 1870 was 76, and fur the
following decade 93.
saS
GUA NO~HARBOVRS.
OUAITO. — The FeruTun OoT«mment exported bom tba
ChiDcha iBl&nds betveen 1850 and 1880 more than 13 mil-
lion tons, worth 110 millious Bterlin^ Great Britain paid
65 milUoiu foi 5,200,000 tons aince 1856.
aULF BTBEAH.— Equal to a river 50 milee wide, 1000
feet deep, current 4 miles an hour, with a tempetatuie of
65° Fahrenheit, cooling down to W as it gets north,
OUSPOWDEB^
EngUdi. .
-Tb"
IB
-lo-
100
Freneh. .
78
ll
100
GemiM
7S
14
100
RtUdM
74
13
100
AnrtiiMi
n
11
100
SpanUi
78
13
100
sWub
7S
S
100
Chineu
7S
10
100
Amarioui
7S
13
100
Sporting .
77
10
100
umber
in Europe
reaches
712,000;
YU.:—
Orut BribuD . .
18,000
At»tri>
. 197.000
Ri>Mi> ....
15.000
Routuuiia
. 198.000
Scuidiiutvu .
7.000
Turkey
. S00,000
ai«in . . . .
40,000
G«™n,,
te. '.
42,000
HAIt«T0BH8.
less, Julj SOth, Norwich ; wMokcd botun mud klllad nuny
1697, Ma; 4th ; kiUed ihecp in many pvt* of Endland.
177I>, M>j 13th, Mureik, Spun ; haiutonn like onnpa, wal^
ing SO oL
1814. in Luiguedoc. {rieCM of ice fell, weighing 11 Ib^
1874, New Jeiwy, U.S., hulrtonei like turke; egga,
Damage to crops in France by hail since 1850 has averaged
£1,420,000 per annum.
HANK — A measure of yam ; 840 yards. " Tarn of
sixties " means 60 hanks to the tb., and so of othon.
HASBOUBa.— See Doekt.
HARES AND RABBITS— HEAT.
229
HARES AHD RABBITS.— About 30 millions are killed
eveiy year in the United Kingdom, wofth £2,200,000.
. — ^There are 12 million silk hats made annually in
the United Kingdom, worth 4 millions sterling. The most
ooetly hats in the world are those made at Panama, of straw,
whidi take six months to make, and are sold at £5 each.
United Kingdom
Fxanoe
Gennany .
Auitri»
IUl;r
Spam And Portuffal .
Belgium and HoUand
ScandinftTiA
Europe .
United States .
XilUon
Tons.
4
14
26
20
15
8
2
8
7
94
86
Yalae,
XiUious £.
16
82
60
20
80
6
4
8
14
190
54
Tons per
HaMlol
Cattle.
0-26
0*80
1-16
040
0-80
0*60
0*27
0-85
1-12
064
0-66
Total . .180 244 0*65
In the above table all kinds of farm-stock are reduced to
common denominator, as already laid down in Cattle,
A. — Scale in Deorbeb Fabbenhsit.
Degree.
Degree.
82 . . Ice melts.
594 .
Lead melti.
50 . . Temperature of globe.
1,140 .
Heat of common fire.
98. . Blood-heat
2,233 .
. Brass melti.
174. . Alcohol boils.
8,479 .
Jion melti.
212 . . Water boils.
B. — Spboific Heat of MiNERATiH (W
ATER BEINO 1000).
Lead .... 29
Zinc .... 98
Glass . . , . 117
Mercury ... 88
Gopper ... 95
Sulphur ... 188
Bilrer .... 56
Iron .... 110
C. — Highest Tempbbature becsi
nXT MARKEa
Pleoe. Date.
DegreeelUi,
(Shade).
London . . July 15, 1881 .
951
Naples „ 25, n
96
Paria . „ 15, „ .
. 1001
Rio Janeiro December, 1880
. 103
Adelaide, aA.
• Janu
ary, 1881 .
• 114
HEIGHT— HERRING-FISHERY.
Fra;biirg Cathednl
Salubury „
Florence „
BL Fwil's, London .
St. Nb^oU^ HMnbuTB
St Peter*!, Rons .
Stnibnrg Cktimdnl
Pjnmid oF Cbeopa .
St. atephm'a, Viaiin*
Anleni CMbednl .
HEIOHT OF MEN. — See Anthropometry.
A. — Production (Thousands of Tom).
. . . 110 I Rqh[» ... 60 I Hollud . . .
. . . eo I Fnoee . . . £0 | Hanilla, Ac . .
B. — CoNSUKPTiotr iH Gbx&t Bbrain.
1810 .
. 48,000
1830 .
. 26,500
1840 .
. 30,100
I860 .
. 54,200
1S60 .
85,200 £1
1870 .
71,800 3
1680 .
73,400 SI
1881 .
78,800 3<1
r of eggs
laid jeas\j u
HilUon
Annul ViJiia ar
Em>-
En>*n<IChlck«a.
2.000
£0,800,000
S,700
14,200,000
3,000
12,400,000
2,800
11,200,000
1,600
6,500,000
per ben.
United KiDEdom
Gemuny
AnitriB .
luly .
Ilen-eggB usually form 80 per cent, of all eggs in ordinsiy
use. The food of hens costs about fiO per cent of the Taluu
they produce yearly. Mr. Baker, of New York, who is
supposed to be "the chicken-king of the world," hatches
yearly 260,000 chickens by steam.
H'RRTi.TW'n-yiBHERT.
EdeUiIi
TouHnrtafl.
TUofc
. . . . 140,000
£1.700,000
. 80,000
950,000
20,000
240,000
42,000
660,000
. 60,000
700,000
. 48,000
600,000
Import.
Export.
CoDsump-
ti«»n.
68
18
55
98
28
70
145
89
106
165
50
115
HIDES— HOPS. 231
About 10,000 herrings go to a ton, a British barrel con-
taining 1000, a Norwegian 500 fish. The number of men
engaged in herring- fishing is 180,000, who catch on an
average 22,000 fish eacL See Fisheriea.
^frnpft — The importation into the United Kingdom shows
thus : — MilUoni of Lbs.
Made into
Leather,
Millions Lbs.
1850 ... 68 18 55 70
1860 ... 98 28 70 87
1870 . . .145 89 106 132
1881 .165 50 115 144
British hides will be found included under Leather.
HOLIDAY-TBAFFIO.— During the Christmas holidays
of 1882, the railways brought to London 260,000 hampers
with presents from friends in the country, and conveyed
138,000 passengers from London to Scotland, Ireland, Man-
chester, Birmingham, &c.
HOMESTEAD GKANTS.— In 1862 the United States
law was passed to encourage settlers from Eiurope, whereby
lots of i square miles or 160 acres are given to immigrants,
on condition of 5 years' occupation, the fees for title-deeds
seldom exceeding £3 sterling. In this manner the American
Govemment has in 20 years given away 67 million acres to
420,000 immigrant families.
In Canada similar grants are made of 200 acres to the
head of a family, and 100 acres to each male adult, subject
to these conditions : — (1.) To build a log-but or house not
less than 16 x 20 feet. (2.) To reside for 6 months each
year during 5 years on the farm. (3.) To cultivate at least
15 acres in every 100.
Free grants are likewise given in Australia to any settlers
not Chinamen; and in Algeria, only to settlers of French
extraction.
HOPS.
AerM. Crop, Tons. Value.
England . • . 67,000 26,000 £3,120.000
Germany . . . 62,000 19,000 2,340,000
France . . . 9,000 4,500 550,000
United Stotefl . . 10,000 6,000 600,000
Germany consumes only throe-fourths of her crop, but
England has to import annually 7000 tons, her consumption
averaging 33,000 tons.
232
HORSES— HORSB'PO WBR.
H0B8ES. — ^There aie 52 million honesi npiesenting a
« M ^ ^ ^^ *W * A V*
V«K&«««^ \/A «^ • •
r «J
HonM
PtrlOO
HOCSM
PirlOO
^hooMndiX
Inhab.
(ThouMiids). luhth.
United Kingdom 2,906
8
Denmark • . 852
18
Fnnoe . . . 2,888
8
Sweden . . 466
11
Germftny . .
8,860
7
Norway . . 152
8
Rnasift. . .
. 16,200
21
Greece ... 97
6
Anstm . .
. 8,760
10
10
Switeerland .
110
4
United States 10,888
90
lUl^ . . .
Spam • . .
658
2
Canada . . 866
20
590
4
Australia . . 1,606
89
PortngAl . .
70
2
Rirer Plate . 6,150
175
HoIlAnd . .
280
7
Cape Colony . 241
28
Bdgiom . .
288
6
Algeria . . 850
117
A horse lives 25 years, and weighs 1000 lbs. An omnibus
or tramway horse lasts only 4 to 5 years. The society for
eating horse-flesh, founded at Paris in 1866, consumes over
2 million lbs. yearly, at a cost of 2^ pence per lb. — the ave-
rage yield of meat being 450 lbs. per horse.
HOBSE-POWEB. — One horse-power will raise 10 tons per
minute a height of 12 inches, working 8 hours a day. This
is about 5000 foot-tons daily, or 12 times a man's work.
(1.) Mail-coach horses : 4 will draw a coach, say 2 tons,
at the rate of 10 miles an hour, for 6 days every week, and
last 5 years.
(2.) Canal horses : 1 will draw a barge of 25 tons, resist-
ance 108 lbs., at 2^ miles per hour.
(3.) Waggoners' horses : 1 will easily draw a ton 30 miles
in a day of 12 hours.
Sims mentions a Devonshire cart-horse, 15 hands, 1200
lbs., which gave an average of 8000 foot-tons daily.
The horse-power of Niagara is 3^ million nominal, equal
to 10 million horses effective, and valued at £15,000,000
per annum, if conveyed by electricity to New York.
The measurement of horse-power, that is, of raising a
certain weight 12 inches per minute during 8 hours daUy,
is variously given by the best authorities, viz. : —
Lbs.
Urn.
Smeftton
. 22,000
Detagolien .
. 27,500
Sims
. 28,400
Watt .
. 82.000
Tredgold
. 27,500
Saonnre
. 84,000
HOSPITALS.
233
HOSPRALa
Beriin. .
Vew York
Copenhagen
J>ipeic
MAiteiUes
Vienna
A. — Municipal Hospitals.
8«nFTmncboo
Hooen.
Subsidy.
£858,000
70,000
84,000
82,000
81,000
24,000
28,000
28,000
20,000
19,000
17,000
Pence
perlnhab.
42
16
7
86
65
16
5
27
21
44
18
Nantes .
Florence
Venice .
Stockholm
Tonlouae
Turin .
BudA
GhriatianU
Rennes .
Havre
Frankfort
Subddy.'
£15,000
14,000
14,000
11,000
10,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
Pence
per Inhabti
80
21
25
16
18
18
6
22
21
11
8
B. — Principal Hospitals in United Kingdom.
Hoepitala.
St Bartholomew's
St Thomas's
Guy's .
Bristol •
lieicester
Edinburgh
Aberdeen
Manchester
LiTerpool
Leeds
Birmingham
Glasgow.
Misericordia (Dublin)
London (Whitechapel)
Founded
A.D.
1547
1548
1722
1735
1736
1739
1758
1767
1778
1794
1855
Beds.
600
860
620
270
220
500
240
830
830
830
800
630
230
790
Annnsl
Patients.
5,500
8,200
5,600
2,600
2,000
4,500
2,100
8,000
8,000
3,000
2,700
5,700
2,100
7,170
Deeth>
Bute.
6-0
120
97
7 0
50
10-5
6-5
10-8
7-2
7-0
8-0
10-7
6-5
Death-rate averages 6j^ per cent, in Irish hospitals, 8 in
English, and 9^ per cent in Scotch. There are in the
United Kingdom 496 hospitals, with 16,400 beds, relieving
145,000 sick yearly, who are attended by 820 physicians.
Total expenditure £1,200,000, or £8 per patient, equal to
5 shillings a day for each bed occupied. Death-rate is lowest
in small hospitals, viz. : —
Less than 100 beds
100 to 200 beds
Over 200 beds
6-5
7 1
8 0
In the year 1800 there were but 51 hospitals in Great
Britain and Ireland.
234
HOSPITALS.
The London Charities report for 1881 showed that the
city hoapitals received £503,000, being 82 in number. This
is equal to a subaidy of 3 shillings per inh&bitant annually
to the hospitals, as compared with oUier cities in Table A.
C. — Britibh akd Fbskch Hospitau Compahui.
Nomberotbed. . . ie,«H)
72,100
Adminion . 146,000
498,000
Eipeoditure . . . £1,200,000
£2.*82.000
IfiSI
B«l^perphjaicUci. . 20
40
Duly Gort p«r bed pence . 64
ss
The average of days to eocb patient are
:—
Dublin ... 27 1 GlMgow ... SO 1
AJlEoeUnd .
Pftria .... 28 1 Gny'a . . . . Z5 \
AllFrrow. .
The average death-rate on the Continent is 13 per cent.
D._Nbw Yoke Hospitals (1882).
Subeidiei
. £34.000
Free . .
MIS
Pay patient* .
18,000
Pay
2.220
Donatioas .
38,000
Total. .
»,I6S
lUceipU
. £88,000
Daja free
282.000
. £92,000
Total dayi .
The average was 37 days to each free, and 48 to each
paying patient, and the cost in general £10 per patient, or
S shilBngs per day, which exceeds the averages above given
in Table C.
E. — HOBFITAU COMPARED WITH PoPULATIOtT.
A<lnltU4 ti
H-piuO.
United Kingdom
. . 146,000
France
. . 4SB.aOO
Spain ....
343,000
New York .
»,200
See Sieknetg.
HOUSES.
235
HOUSBI.
A. — Houses and '
Value,
HOOMS.
Thouaanoa.
Value,
Millions £.
Average
per House.
Da per
luhab.
Inhab.
perHouie.
TTniied Kingdom .
6,452
2,280
£852
£65
5-4
Fnnoe ....
8,813
1,890
218
50
4-8
Germftny. . . .
6,770
1,470
255
83
7.7
Rnana ....
9,150
880
96
11
9 1
Anstrift ....
6,290
770
124
21
5-9
Ital^
4,420
656
143
28
6*3
Spain and Portugal
8,810
420
111
21
5-4
Belffiom ....
HoUand ....
1,060
140
182
25
5 1
720
116
155
29
5-5
Scandinavia. . .
Enropo
1,200
180
109
18
6-9
47,685
8,752
£185
£29
6-8
United States . .
Total ....
8,956
2,780
311
58
6;6
56,641
11,582
£203
£52
6*6
The abovo table is not official.
B. — IIOUSB-PBOPERTT, UrBAN AND RuRAL.
U. Kingdom .
France . . .
Germany . .
RoBsia? . . .
Aostria? . .
Italy? . . .
Spain k Port ?
Belgimn . . .
HoUand . . .
Scandinavia
Europe . .
Value,MillionB£.
Ratio.
Hotiae Value per lubab.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
OeneraL
1,206
1.074
53
47
£89
£48
£65
502
1,388
26
74
71
44
50
330 1,140
22
78
45
80
33
120
760
14
86
24
9
11
140
630
18
82
56
18
21
202
454
30
70
44
18
[23
97
323
23
77
41
18
21
53
. 87
38
62
36
22
25
48
68
41
59
42
24
29
84
96
26
74
41
12
18
1
2,782
6,020
31
69
£56
£22
£29 ;
The above table is not official.
C. — Yalub of Housk Built pbb Annum.
Amount
Belgium . . £4,900,000
Bnenoe Ayres 720,000
France . . 82,600,000
GlaMow . . 1,630,000
Loodim . . 15,800,000
ShiUinga
per
Amount
Inbab.
15
New York .£5,600,000
61
Montevideo 230,000
17
Toronto . . 320,000
62
Turin . . 250,000
77
U. Kingdom 68,000,000
ShiUinga
per
luhab.
88
39
69
22
39
2j6 HOUSES.
D. — Houses in Great Britain (iothout Ibxland).
Tear.
Hotuet in TboaMndc
Number.
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
2,298
2,695
8,257
8,648
4,189
4,672
5,475
from 1821.
402
964
1,855
1,846
2,879
8,182
Rantel,
Rmt
lUIUona
per
£.
Huuaa.
19-4
£8*4
271
10-0
88*5
11-8
44-8
121
58-2
14-0
74-5
16-0
114^
21-0
Bent
per
Inbab.
£1*4
17
21
2-2
2-5
2-9
8-8
House-pioperty has apparently risen in value faster in
London than tlm)aghoTit England. There is a house in
Lombard Street, the rent of which was £25 a year in 1665,
and the building on the same site is now rented for £2600
a year, under lease from 1877.
£. — Classifioation in Great Britain (1681).
Claaa.
Housea.
TliOUMUUU.
Rentel,
MUlions £.
1
21
14 0
2
288
28-5
8
512
17-9
4
1,294
19-4
5
8,410
84*4
Arerage
Ratio of
Rental.
Huuaea.
£665
0*4
120
4-8
35
9-8
15
28-4
10
62^
Total
5,475
114-2
£21
100-0
F. — House-property of United Kingdom (1883).
MilUona £.
Lcmdoii .
Provinces
Scotland
Ireland .
Total
RentaL
81-6
73-4
11-8
8-3
120 1
Capital Value.
620
1,387
213
60
2,280
nouee-propL
Inhab.
per
£65
The increase in the value of house-property varies from
50 to 70 millions sterling per annum, that is, on an average,
35 per cent of the increase of national wealth. It is not
merely the number of houses growing faster than population,
but also a higher ratio of those paying house-duty, vix. :^
Tear.
1851
1871
:.88i
Subject to
Bouae-duty.
434,000
797.000
1,002,000
Ratio to
Total Number.
12 percent.
17 „
18 „
HOUSES.
237
The average value per house in Great Britain has risen
from £216 in 1851 to £380 in 1881 : this is not including
Ireland.
G. — Houses of Great Britain in 1812 (Colqtthoun).
Number.
Rental.
Over £100
£40 to £100
£20 to £40
£10 to £20
Under £10
Total
Urban.
6,500
S0,000
100,000
200,000
679,000
RoraL TbtaL
500 7,000
6,000 86,000
20,000 120,000
100,000 800,000
995,000 1,574,000
2,037,000 880
915,500 1,121,500
H. — Houses op United Kingdom in 1832.
Ai
OTer £40
£20 to £40
£10 to £20
Unde]L£10
Number.
84,400
130,400
229,600
8,788,000
Rental.
£5,100,000
4,150,000
5,200,000
15,850,000
4,232,400 29,800,000
Ratio.
17
14
17
52
100
L — Houses op England and Wales in 1862.
Annual
Rental.
Over £1,000 ,
£500 to £1,000
£200 to £500
£100 to £200
£50 to £100
£30 to £50 .
£20 to £30 .
Under £20 .
Total
Number.
Aggregate
Rental
Value
(Millions £.)
Ratio
233
£440,000
8
0-7
924
650.000
12
11
8,633
2,860,000
51
4-5
82,806
4,830,000
86
7-6
101,948
7,120,000
128
11-8
169,920
6,880,000
124
11-0
205,528
5,110,000
92
8-3
8,624,608
84,700,000
626
55-5
4,144,600 62,590,000 1,127
K — House- Valuation in Cities.
100-0
London .
Parifl . .
Liverpool
Manoiester
Glaa^w .
Birmingham
Nevrcastle
Brighton .
A^eecLB •
MUUonfl£. Perlnhab.
620
286
66
62
54
28
14
12
22
£158
130
120
109
106
70
97
96
71
New York
Rome .
Sheffield
Buda .
Bristol.
Turin .
Milan .
Sydney
Melbourne
Milliona£. Per Inhabw
224
14
18
44
16
10
13
15
10
£181
48
63
120
77
52
41
140
140
Sydney and Melbourne do not include the suburbs, in
'M'bich the bulk of population resides.
238
HOUSES.
1836
1852
1882
L. — HousBS IK Francb.
Window*
per BouM.
4*6
6-0
6-6
HOUMS.
6.805,000
7,524,000
8,818,000
Inhahltantt
per Hooee.
4-98
4-77
4*28
This shows that the houses have improved 25 per cent as
regards the number of windows, and the population have
15 per cent more houses per 1000 inhabitants than they
had 50 years aga The classification of houses in 1868 was
as follows : —
CUm.
Houeet.
Rstia
Gentry
• •
168,000
2-2
Commercial, <
&0.
583,000
7-9
Tradesmen
• •
. 2,167,000
29-4
Operatives, ^tc
. 4,458,000
60-5
Total
• •
. 7,861,000
100-0
M.
— HoUSBS
IN Paris (1882).
Rent
Number.
««"**>• (Mim^£) »*««
Over £600 .
1,920
£1,100,000 17
6-0
£160 to £600
13,100
4,2CO,000 63
22-0
£40 to £160 .
66,250
6,300,000 94
82-7
£16 to £40 .
135,400
2,800,000 42
14-8
Under £15 .
469,000
4,700,000 70
24-5
Total . . 684,670 £19,100,000 286 100*0
The above shows the "logements" or tenancies, but the
actual number of houses is less than half. The official valua-
tion deducts 25 per cent, from the above for repairs, &e.
K — Growth of Housk-Pbopkrtt in Paris.
Teiir.
Mmione£.
For Inhah.
1848
. • . .
81
£82
1860
• • • •
188
109
1870
• • • •
223
122
1882
• • • •
286
128
0.-
-Houses in United State&
Relatlre Inermim,
Hoaaes.
Inhabitant,
per House.
SOTei
Hounea.
ira.
Tear.
Popul*.
ti«n.
1850
•
. 3,362,000
6-9
100
100
1860
• .
. 4,970,000
6-3
160
135
1870
• •
7,043,000
5-5
211
166
1880
. •
8,956,000
5-6
270
218
HUNGER AND WANT--ILLBGITIMACY. 239
Nuanber.
Per 1,000 Deaths.
101
1-2
812
0-0
8,789
87«
260
0-8
HUHGEB AHD WAlfT. — ^Deaths lecoided in 1879 from
this cause were : —
liondati • • •
England
Ireliuid
Fnusoe
In England there were 60 male to 40 female victims ; in
France 85 to 15. In London the real number of victims
was much greater, many of the suicides resulting from
hunger.
UUMTIHG IH FBANOE. — The number of licenses com-
pares with population thus : —
• Tear. UowMee.
1846 145,000
1859 249,000
1869 828,000
1879 847,000
See Wild BeasU
Per 1,000 IiilMbitanta.
4-1
6-9
8-6
9-2
ICE. — Norway exports 160,000 tons yearly, valued at 7
shillings per ton, mostly for England. Lake Wenham, in
the United States, produces 300,000 tons, of which one-
fourth is shipped from Boston for Europe, valued at 12
shillings per ton. Ice is 17 per cent, heavier than water.
ILLEGITIMA07.
A. — Percentage of Illeoitxhatb Births.
Englimd .
. . 4-5
SootUnd .
. . 8-9
Ireland
. . 23
Franoe
. . 7-2
Germany .
. . 8-4
Ru^aia . .
. . 31
Austria . . . 12*9
Italy. ... 6-8
Switzerland . 4*6
Spidn & Portugal 5*5
Belffium . . 7*0
HoUand . . 3*5
Denmark . .
Sweden . .
Norway . .
Greece . . .
United SUtes
Canada . .
11-2
10-2
8*5
1*6
7-0
5.0
B. — England and France Compared.
Tears.
1841-50
1851-60
1861-70
1871-80
EngUnd.
67
6-5
61
51
Franco.
72
7-4
7*5
7*8
240
IMMIGRA TION— IMPORTS.
DOCGBATIOK. — ^The Aosinlian colonies hare
pended 8^ millions in promoting immigration, yil. ^—
ex-
New Zealand
Victcnia
QaeenaUnd, ftc. fta
Ksrosncled.
£1,950,000
2,880,000
8,600,000
£8,480,000
Immlfrantiu
101,000
167,000
802*000
470,000
£18
The yalne of an able-bodied immigrant, male or female^ ii
estimated by Engel at £200, in the United SUtes at £16$,
by Dr. Farr at £246, in Buenos Ayres at £240, and in
Australia at £260. Each immigrant, big and little, in-
creases the Australian revenue by £4 a year, equal to £10 a
year for those between 20 and 60 years of age. See Emigra-
tion,
IMPORTS.
A— Value op Net Imports (1881-82).
U. Elingdom
France .
Germany
Russia .
Austria .
lUly .
Spain .
Portugal
Belgium
Holland
Millions £.
348
199
148
62
64
53
20
8
67
76
Per Inhab.
Shillinifa.
196
104
65
14
33
86
25
35
246
875
MillloosA.
Scandinavia 36
U. SUtea
India
£gypt
China
Japan .
Australia
Canada .
S. America
& Africa
151
38
7
25
8
68
25
42
9
Perlnhah.
lUkUllngSw
84
55
4
80
2
5
420
110
81
168
£. — British Imports, Fboqress op.
Tear. Reign.
1355 Edward IIL
1573 Elizabeth
1614 James L
1687 James IL
1718 Anne. .
1750 George II.
1761 George UL
1775
Thou-
sands £.
120
2,100
2,140
4,200
6,850
7,290
10,292
14,816
Per
InhAb.
SbiL
1
9
8
15
24
21
28
37
Reign.
Tboa>
sands £.
1801
1820
1835
1840
1850
1860
1870
1882
George IIL 81,420
George IV. 86,515
William IV. 48,912
Victoria. . 52.000
95,000
182,000
259,000
848,000
P«1
Inhabc
ShiL
40
86
38
89
•I
•I
If
125
167
198
The amounts above are according to the value in weight
of silver. They stand for England and Wales down to 1800,
and afterwards for the United Kingdom. They are nel
imports, exclusive of goods in transit
c
.— Bmtish Importb, Valcb.
OnMlmportiOlll
IUd>x«.
1890.
iro.
WBO.
IHO.
1870.
UHl
Oottoi . . .
S6S
68-B
42-8
80-4
45-4
S7-8
ll-O
lS-8
26-4
87
10-S
13-0
9-»
S-3
81
8-8
4-8
S-4
B-«
10-4
10-1
6-6
97
8-7
Oi^. . . .
S3-8
887
895
83-0
SI'S
888
8-9
77
26'S
8-9
77
26'S
Batter, Ac . .
A-S
11-9
21-2
8-8
11-9
21-3
13-8
17-«
ISD
12'4
17-1
22-4 1
S-T
15 4
19-8
7-6
9-2
10-9
8-a
S-0
s-s
47
7-1
7-4
TImlwr . . .
107
la-a
16-8
107
lS-3
18-8
8-4
28-6
837
s-o
28-0
82-8
Totd . .
6S-4
781
uo-o
46-9
821
88-0
211 D
S08-0
411'0
182-0
269-0
848-0
D. — British Impobtb, QuAKrmg Coksumbd.
HIUIOM.
IStO-
WTO.
1880.
IMO. 1 18T0.
40
Cotton, Ib^ . .
1.141
1,101
1,404
39
35
118
Meat „
86
184
840
24
Butter „
97
ISO
258
Che«n „
87
116
198
Coffee „
36
31
32
T»
78
IIS
160
8ng»r „
980
1,180
2,220
34
63
42
210
510
Tofaaooo „
35
40
60
1-2
1-S
1-4
173
420
770
14
22
^L,«iloD. .
7
16
16
0-5
0-6
0-6
SB
MO
265
2
6
8
l"™"
PIIIUOB.
)■
B.UO. 1
\ 1SW.
,87^ 1
1880. 1
800.
ism. 1 luo. 1
Food ....
67-3
87-6
S5'2
7-0
3.1-8
44 '6
FibiM. . . .
61-1
701
60-4
8-1
271
17-3
MknurMtam .
60
26-0
826
3-3
lo-o
9-3
BuDdriM. . .
67-6
76-8
99-8
1'6
291
28-S
Tat>l .
182-0
2.19-0 '
48-0 ■ I
M-O
100-0
1000
IMPORTS,
I Imports, Whxri Fron.
,^
a» Import. (1[1111«.«.
K«. 1
im
18T0.
iwa
UTI.
ISM.
Pr«nce ....
18
38
43
IS'S
106
Germmy . . .
15
IB
34
60
6-8
16
20
IS
6-6
8->
lUlT
S
1
S
IS
07
&«iliftPortUK»l.
a
S
14
3-0
8-4
s
U
28
4<
63
Belgium. . . .
1
11
11
S6
27
Eim^ . . .
7
13
14
4-0
»■»
77
123
15S
40-6
87-2
IB
107
S6-0
South America .
10
20
17
«■«
4-1
ChlDft Uld JUUD .
Turkey ud Egypt
0
10
IS
83
s-g
10
21
13
7-0
81
43
65
»S
21-6
227
Total . .
U
14
16
4-6
4 0
211
303
411
lOOD
100 0
F. — Imports into Frakce.
V^lua
n £ (TliDUHodi Omlttdl), Anniul A
«M«
IM1-SS.
ib«s-tol
1811-76.
iB7«-Ba
IMt
GndQ . . .
6.100
7.600
10.400
21.200
21 .000
Wool . . .
8,21*0
8.800
12,600
12,700
12,800
Silfc . . .
lO.JOO
14,300
14,800
14,100
18.800
Timber . .
6,400
7,000
6,600
S,100
7,800
R«w cotton .
10,400
12,100
Cattle. . .
2,900
4,700
6,600
WiDtJ . . .
800
4,100
14.100
4,400
6.200
8,900
8.800
4,900
6,400
Sugar . . .
4,600
4,200
4,200
Total . .
42,600
63,100
122,200
65,700
141,800
78,200
172,400
94.700
flMOO
109.000 !
G. — Impoktb isTo Gkhmakt.
Valur, Afinaai Avtragt, iei6-80 {Thouinul* OwtiHfd\
Rnin . £29.200 i Yanii . J.7.600
Wnoi . . 10,800 I Silk . 6,500
Cotton . . . 9,700 Hide* . 4.200
Coffee . . 9,100 I SundriM. . . 99,700
Total £176,800
IMPORTS.
243
H. — Imports into Italy.
Value in £ CThouBands Omitted).
Fence,
per Inhabitant
1862.
1870.
1880.
186S.
1870.
1880.
Raw cotton . .
800
1,400
8,800
8
13
28
Grain ....
8,100
8,200
2,800
84
80
24
Coal ... .
700
1,500
2,300
8
14
21
Silk, raw . . .
4,100
1,800
2.100
45
12
19
Wool ....
500
500
1,200
5
4
11
Sundries . . .
Total . .
24,500
27,900
85,500
270
260
802
83,200
85,800
47,200
865
333
405
I. — Imports into Spain.
Value in £ (Thousands Omitted), Annual Average.
1861-65.
1866-70.
1871-76.
1876-80. 1880.
1
Raw cotton .
Dry goods .
Timber . .
Machinery .
God-fish . .
Goal . . .
Sundries . .
900
2,700
400
300
500
800
10,500
1,400
2,200
400
200
600
400
12,000
3.100
2,100
800
800
700
700
10,700
18,400
2,800
2,600
1,000
700
700
800
10,000
3,000
2,500
1,100 !
1,000
800
900
9,600
Total . .
! 15,600
17,100
18,600
18,900 !
K. — Imports into Belc;ium.
Value in £ (Thousands Omitted).
RhillingB per 1
rnhah.
1860.
1870.
1880.
1860.
1870.
1
1880.
Grain . .
2,800
3,600
13,400
11
14
48
Wool. . .
2,100
3,500
7,400
9
14
27
Meat . . .
700
1,300
4,900
3
5
18
Flax . . .
700
2,600
4,000
3
11
15
Iron . . .
400
900
1,000
2
4
4
Umber . .
600
800
2,100
3
8
8
Raw cotton
800
1,400
1,700
3
6
6
Sundries . .
Total .
12,600
22,700
32,700
52
90
118
20,700
86,800
67.200
86
147
244
IMPORTS— lUPROVEUBNTS.
L — Ihforts into Holland.
TihuliiX<Tliaiuuda
OmUted}.
8bllllDg.[nI»h.b. [
1HL
1870.
1B80.
1«U
WIO.
ino
OaId. . .
S,100
8.i00
19
IS
42
900
C
8
2»
GoSce . .
2,700
8,600
3,800
16
20
18
Sngmr. . .
2,600
3,600
2,800
16
20
14
Raw cotton.
1,600
1,800
2,300
10
10
la
lUlow . .
400
2,300
1
2
12
Rtw . . .
1,200
1,000
1,900
7
>
9
Smulri«i, .
Total .
1E,000
as,700
41.900
M
130
210
27,200
88,800
69,000
163
211
346
iL — Imposts into Rubbu.
1 *'
'■ IMl-M.
18«-«. 1 mi-js. 1 18-«-».
1,610
Cotfem, cwU. .
. 1 390
820
1,280
1,560
CMa,ton. . .
610
1,060
1,640
1,990
20
184
866
89«
88
167
243
220
320
Cofls^cwta .
116
12S
ua
135
160
Rioe,^ „ .
80
98
ISO
151
310
N.
— iMPOBn INTO United States.
Ytii.
Viltia (Id Onid) NUIlou Btollng.
RMto
oia..
2:;^:
Bu^,
^X"
driu.
sbmnci
1821 . . .
5
\
18
1831
9
H
17
27
1841
10
24
28
1861
18
»l
42
33
1861
18
22*
67
85
1881
; 26
n 18 18
69
130
60
Raa Rivoli, Puis
Boulev., Sebutiipol .
New Cuinon Street, Londun
Victoria Street,
Baion Haussman rebuilt a great
c>st £2,860,000
„ 1,390,000
„ 600.000
„ 330,000
n of I'aris in tlie
years 1653 to 1669, at an outlay of 85 milliona sterling.
, K K
i
1
il'ii
u. 8
p
z
1 t S 3 § S S S s
. "MiML
INCOME.
a45
orooME.
A. — Gross Eabninqs ov Nation&
Jlillknu Sterling.
Ratio par
Inlubiunt.
Agricoltaie.
Other
Industrlfle.
TotaL
UnHadK
Franoe .
Gennany
RoMia .
Anatria .
Italy . .
Spain. .
Portugal.
Beltfinm
HoUand .
Sweden k
Switierlai
Greeoe
ingdcMn .
a • •
• • •
» • • •
« • •
» • • •
• • •
• • •
ft • • •
1 • • •
• • •
f Norway
» • • •
266
444
466
509
822
178
186
81
46
45
87
71
18
10
981
621
894
889
280
167
82
80
76
59
10
33
26
13
1,247
966
860
848
602
846
218
61
120
104
47
104
44
28
£86-2
25*7
187
9*9
16*8
12*0
13*8
13*6
22-1
26 0
23*2
16-2
16*0
11-8
Earope . . .
United States . .
Canada ....
2,568
604
58
76
8,010
816
60
67
5,678
1,420
118
133
18-0
27-2
26-9
43-4
TheWt
[>rld . .
8,306
3,943
7,249
19 6
Agriculture includes not only tillage, but also pastoral
farming and forestry. The table is not official
B. — British Incomb at Various Dates.
Tear.
Hillious £. ]
Per Inhab.
Kingdom.
1664
42
£7-8
England and Wales.
1688
46
8-2
1,
1770
122
16-8
If
1806
170
15-2
Great Britain.
1822
280
19-8
N
1840
640
20-6
United Kingdom.
1860
760
26-2
„
1882
1,247
86-2
*t
c-
—French Income at
Various Dates.
Tear.
Million!
£.
For Tnhab.
Pop. (MiUionsX
1780
160
£61
26-3
1800
216
7-7
27-4
1820
815
10-4
30-8
1840
480
141
84*0
1868
806
21*6
37-6
1882
965
257
87-6
INCOME-TAX.
D. — Ikgohe 07 Bbitibh Pboflk.
CUs.
LD.1SSS.
A.I1. iwa
"■- 1
sr^
brnlngi
F>mm«,
Number.
Sm!^
oJm!^
(JentiT..
Middle .
WorUDg
ToUl .
18,600
114,000
310,000
769,600
0
12
16
11
36,000
28
57
67
78
222,000
604,000
1,220,000
4,628,000
S33
241
244
447
1,200,000
46
1,780,000 230
6,675,000
1,26E
E. — Eabninob of British Nation in ]
Engluid . . . 1,048
ScoUuid ... 121
Irelud ... 78
£41
32
16
84-0
68
United Kingdom 1,247
38
100-0
mOOME-TAi ^
r«« ATenga Rata AddiuI
'"«■ (PmceX Product
1842-61 7-0 £5,487.000
1862-61 9-8 10,224,000
1862-71 6-6 7,784,000
1872-81 3-8 7,062,000
40 veM S'O 7,625,000
1881 6-0 10,660,000
£782,000
1,041,000
1.408,000
1.868,000
1,275,000
1.775,000
Pro!
63
52
66
73
B. — Ass£9SXBNTa IN United Kinodok
Hmi»D<£.
'1B50. 19W
Hou^e ... 47 61
Land. ... 66 68
Profuaioiui, *c . 171 216
1870,
77
65
S03
65
437
Tot&l . . 274 335 445 63>
This includes an estimate of 18J milliona for Ireland in
1850, the tax not being then extensive to that conntry.
C. — Aliquot Parts.
ProfsBioni, t,c. .
17-1
17-3
20 1
10-3
«9'0
100-0
INCOUB-TAX.
— I>IBrKIBUTIOII IN ThRKB KlKaDOHS.
1
t.
is«a.
im.
im.
ISM.
mo.
'-
Eaglud . . .
Inlmnd
Uidted Kiogdom .
282
80
23
87B
*0
28
m
GS
SO
10
1
£17
12
G
£19
16
7
S35
ta
678
£11
li 1 17 ]
E.— Betdbns foe 1860 a»d 1880.
HaU<u*£.
bgtatld.
aeouud.
irtbBd.
U. Kingdom. 1
MM.
ISM.
ItM.
lg».
IBM.
3
9
1
10
IBM.
3
10
1
22
IBM.
81
G8
IE
201
112
69
81
368
EOOMI. . . .
Lud> ....
fSr^ ■ : :
G2
12
17E
08
61
28
Sll
8
6
2
16
11
8
i
33
ToUl .
282
488 1 30
56
23
38
33E
678
F. — BsLATivB Increase since 1830.
RailwajB
ProlewionB
Tool .
G. — Relative Value op the Three Kikodoms.
Englud . , 860 81-1 8G-2 6f2
Scotland . 8-1 90 90 V^
IreUnd 88 8« G'8 8-3
Uoited Eingdam 100-0 1000 100-0 1DO-0
H. — Clarsifigatioh op IscouEa is 1877.
iDOnnia. Englud. aotlimd. Inland. V. Rinadi
O*er£G0,000 . . 71 IG 1 90
£10,000 to £50,000 901 132 31 1,067
£1,000 to £10,000. 18,622 2,191 878 21,6m
£160to£l,000. . 276,733 27,812 14,173 317,818
Fot previous years, soe page 28.
INDIA R UBBBR— INDIA S'S.
X. — AssiaaMKNTB of Income in Italt,
£3,116,000
2,420,000
8,060,000
1,240.000
I,2!0,0D0
1,210,000
ie,S85,000
Over £200 .
£80ti>£200
£40to£S0.
S,l»
22,300
4B,S00
114.S40
1SS,S00
911,400
041,180
TiiUl . £28,430,000
Iin)IABUBBEE.~This is mostly obtained from the
SeringueroB of the AinaEon, who sell it for sixpence a poand
to the mercliBnta of Para, but its value on reaching England
or United States is over two sbilUngs a ponnd. The quan-
tities imported into Great Britain and United States have
been ae follows : —
Into
Too. ImpofMd. 1
I860. IBTO.
lao.
Great brituQ ....
United SUtea
2,150 1 7,608
1,810 1 4,316
8,479
7,52S
ToUl .
3.760 11,922
16,008
Value per ton
£22* £216
£277 1
The best nibber-f uresis in Brazil will ultimately be ex-
hausted, owing to the reckless mode followed bj the Serin-
gueros or tappers. The ordinaij product of a tapper's work
is from 10 to 16 lbs. daily. There are 120 indianibber
manufacturers in the United States, employing 16,000
operatives, who produce 260,000 tons of goods, valued at
52 millions sterling, per annum.
INDIANS.
A. — Principal Tribes in Ukited Statis.
Cherokee^ Choctaw* . . 47,800 [ Crow, Flathewl. , . . 19,400
EwjuinuHUE, Ac . . . 62.400 Pawnee, Foi .... 18,100
Sbnehones, Snakei . . 2S,3O0 Apachei, Narajai . . . 20.100
Dacotah, Siouji . . , 28,100 I OregDo, Arinma, te. , . 111,000
Total.
Ea»t o( Rnckj MountaiDi 183,400
Wert of „ . . . 143,700
33^100
INDIANS-^INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.
249
B. — Indians Patino Taxes (United 8tates).
Stote.
1870.
1880.
IncreMe.
CalifomiA .
. 7,241
16,277
9,036
New Mexico
1,309
9,772
8,468
Michigan . .
4,926
7,249
2,828
WMhmgtoD Territoiy .
1,819
4,405
8,086
Arizona
81
8^98
8,462
Wiaoontin
1,206
8,161
1,955
Various
9,699
22,050
12,851
Total
25,781
66,407
40,676
C. — Industry, Schools, &c., op Indians.
Civfllsed.
Balf-arilised.
SaTnge.
Total
Population .
104,800
144,800
83,000
882,100
Acres tilled
278,000
157,000
480,000
Grain, btishels .
2,780,000
1,070,000
8,850,000
Hay, tons .
177,000
48,000
225,000
Yegetablei^ tons
8,500
9,800
18,800
Churches .
117
...
117
Rriiools
844
844
Pupils
:
L8,850
18,850
Horses
801,000
801,000
Cows . . . .
811,000
811,000
Sheep
447,000
447,000
Pigs . . . .
214,000
214,000
The number of Indians who vote as American citizens is
24,600. The Indian race has diminished 60,000 since 1836.
D. — United States Indians in 1837.
Eastof MiBsiA
Cherokees . .
Bippl.
. 22,000
Chippewas . .
6,500
Senimoles . .
5,000
Winnebagoe . .
4,500
Various . . .
. 11,865
Total
. 49,365
Blackfeet
Sioux .
Creeks .
Apaches
West of If issiMippi
. 30,000 Choctaws
. 21,600 Pawnees .
. 20,437 EutawB .
20,280 Crows
Camanches 19,200 Various
15,000
12,500
19,200
7,200
117,710
Total
E. — Indians in Canada.
LocaUtj.
Ontario
Quebec
Manitoba, kc.
Population.
16,000
11,000
75,400
ProTpmtj.
£1,968,000
363,000
283,127
Average,
per Head.
£128
88
Total . . 102,400
INBIJSTBIAL S0H00L8.^8ee Ee/ormatanea.
ISO INDUSTRIES— INFANTS.
HTSUBTBIES.
VJu
taMtUlo
■»£.
,s.
*sr-
[»tD^
Com-
Tnm-
port.
Total.
266
81 B
670
188
1,840
£53
Fnnee .
1*1
484
S40
90
1,3«8
16
Qennui;
456
44B
815
110
1,830
30
RlMB>
eoB
2S8
120
83
930
13
Anatrw
322
210
128
44
704
19
'&:
. 178
117
sa
18
40»
15
IM
M
41
14
287
18
Fortunl
31
20
13
3
67
le
Belgium
HoUand
IS
92
lie
11
2St
48
IS
40
121
6
213
53
J7
IS
19
3
75
38
8»ed.uidN
Europe
or. 71
. iTbio
87
ss
It
168
24
2,627
1,91 S
S62
7,844
25
United SUU
« . 60*
1,112
313
252
2,281
44
C.n»d» .
58
62
46
11
167
38
Argent Rep
ub. 42
11
21
*
78
80
Amtnlu.
78
26
101
9
838
212
10,382
71
Tot,
1
. 3,320
3,828
2.396
29
In the above table numn/actures incliidM mining.' For
numbera employed see Occupalioru. The table ia nut
officiaL See Work.
A. — Ratio of Fofulation dnder 5 Years of Aom.
EnglAnd .
SootUnd .
U. Eingdon
PnncH
Oermuiy .
PnlOO
PnlOO
. 13 5
Aurtria .
. 13-2
. 13 0
luly . .
. 13-8
. Ill
. 13-3
iJ^d!
. 14-2
. 11-8
Belgium .
. 12-1
DenmArk
. 12-6
B. — Death-rate per 1000 dnder 5 Ybabb : per AmtvM.
Ei>gl».d . .
61
AuitdA .
. 112
69
sp.L: :
Fruoe . .
78
. 108
Modlom
INQUESTS-INSANITY.
C— D«1TB-EAT1 OT IhPAKTB CHDBE 12 MOSTHB.
En^-nd . .
15
En«U. . .
27
lUly . .
AoitrU . .
Hol^d '.
Inlud . .
»8
&. ■ ■
ao
Denmark .
Fimno . .
81
Sweden .
Pnwik . .
21
8l«in . . .
19
Norway .
Th« highest death-iate of infonts in the world is at Liver-
pool, where 46 of eveiy 100 bom die before reaching 12
months. The rate at Kew York is 31 per cent.
D. — Ik?ani Dsaib-bate in Fbance.
Dfiag under li MimUittif 100 Bon.
Haka .... 17 I LasHimato . IS i Rnnd .... IS
Femalea ... IS Butardi . . 30 Urban. ... 18
Total .... IS I Total ... 16 { Total .... 10
IirQTJEBTS.— See Coroners.
JS&ASITI.
A. — IXBAHB OP ALL COUNTRIES.
Number.
PcrlOM
RMtdof
AT,i,.i.a
Doslh-
i^riudu.
Per Cut.
PorCmt.
EogUnd . . .
61.600
S-2
SO
10 1
SeotlMd
11.600
32
42
Sf
81
beliuid
19,S00
37
43
8)
France
93.900
2-5
S3
IS
110
Germany
108.100
2-4
31
B
130
Ru**ia
80,000
1-1
74
Auntria
3S,000
1-0
28
Italy .
41,100
1-a
33
Spain and Portugal
13.000
07
B«lt;. and HoUand
10.400
1-3
32
ii
68
Switierland. . .
3,100
42
Scandinaria. . .
Europe . . .
18,100
2-9
87
51S,«0
1-fl
33
la
604
United Stata . .
168.940
S3
47
10
Canada ....
7,300
18
Australia. . . .
41900
17
45
"i
Total
695.600
1-9
36
"
2S2
INSANITY.
B. — Inbanb op Unitbd Kingdom.
Scotland.
Inland.
Unitwl
Kingdom.
Pauper insane . .
Private „ . .
Totol ....
Lunatics ....
Idiots
Unclassified . . .
Total ....
65,400
16,200
8,000
8,600
12,200
7,800
85,600
27,100
81,600
11,600
19,500
112,700
39,600
29,500
12,500
6,800
4,600
200
9,800
6,700
8,000
56,200
40,800
15,700
81,600
11,600
19,500
112,700
C. — Increasb of Insanitt.
Paapen Inaana (per mHion lnhal>.)b
Tears.
1861-65
1871-75
18bO
England
and Walea.
2,080
2,681
2,792
D. — Insanitt in Unitbd States.
BooCland.
2,050
2,290
2,580
1
Tear.
Lunatics.
Idiota.
Total.
Per 1000
Inbab.
Sex Ratio
(Percentage of Males).
Lunatica.
Idiota.
Total
1850
1860
1870
1880
15,610
24,040
87,480
91,990
15,790
18,980
24,580
76,890
81,400
42,970
61,960
168,880
1-86
1-89
1-61
8-80
51
49
47
46
60
58
60
60
55
53
58
51
R — Ratio op Sex.
Inmates of Asylcims.
Male.
Female.
Total
England
. 47
53
100
Scotland .
, . 48
52
100
Ireland . .
, . 52
48
100
Inmates of Asylums.
Male. FWnale. TotaL
France . . 48 52 100
Italy ... 56 44 100
United SUtes 51 49 ICO
Even in countries where the number of insane females
exceeds that of males, it is found that men are more liable
than women to insanity, but die faster. Thus in France
there are annually admitted 110 males to 100 females,
though the existing number of the latter is greater.
JNSA NITY^INSURA NCE.
253
Herediteiy .
F. — Caubbb
Per
Cent
. 24
. 14
. 12
07 Inbakitt.
Loss of friends
Sickness .
Various .
Cent
11
10
29
The above result is the medium average arrived at on
comparing the returns for England, France, Denmark, and
United States.
O.— Inbanb aooobdino to Logalitt (Great Britain).
Pauper Inmme per 100,000 InhabUanlt,
Bhetlind .
Orknej
Bradford .
Darham .
Goniwall .
Leeds . .
Tear.
1886
1846
1856
1866
1869
1879
96
107
121
129
168
160
Edinburgh
Sheffield
Newcastle
Swansea
Liverpool
Perth .
172
179
191
202
219
288
AxgyH ... 259
Manchester . 270
Birmingham . . 801
Oxford ... 812
Nottingham . . 842
London . . . 861
tt^— Insanitt in Francb.
Per 1000
InbAh.
0-80
1-20
Namber.
27,000
42,400
59,800
90,100
94,800
98,970
1*66
2*88
2-47
2-52
Giiiuedhj
Driuk (per Cent).
7
8
9i
14
Male.
1871 28,002
1880 84,809
INSURANCE.
L — Insanity in Prussia
Per 1000
Inhab.
2*21
2-43
Fenuile. TotaL
27,041 55.043
82,086 66,345
15
15
Ratio of males
(per Cent.X
51
51
A. — LiFB Insurance of
Nations.
Polidee
Amount
ATerage
Policy(£).
Insuranoe to
^lumaanda).
(Millions £).
Pop. (£).
1870.
688
188a
1870.
1880.
1870.
505
1880.
1870.
1880.
6. Britain .
879
838
422
460
10-5
121
France . .
129
208
51
87
895
418
1-4
2*4
Germany .
456
797
64
127
142
159
17
2-9
Austria . .
90
170
20
40
220
230
07
1-2
U. Sutes .
748
725
405
312
540
430
10-2
6-1
Canada . .
ToUl .
40
48
14
17
350
414
348
3-8
4-0;
2,151
2,827
892
1,005
855
6-0
5-0
254
IXSURAXCn.
Vi. — ]'>USINh>
-s Dune
IN 188
0.
Great
Britain.
France.
Germany.
United
Sutes.
Premiom (millions £) . . .
Rate of premiom ....
PoUcies pftid (millions £) .
Avenge number paid . . .
New policies (millions £)
Nomber issued during 1880 .
18-2
815
11-2
27
20-9
44,900
2-8
816
1-2
1-8
177
47,800
8-4
270
1-9
1-5
18-8
47,600
127
4-00
• • ■
• • •
87-5
128,000
British life companies show assets 130 millions, and total
revenue 19^ millions sterling : American companies 84
millions steuing for assets, and 17 millions for revenue.
C. — Life Insurance in France.
Tears.
Annnal ATerage.
New
PoUcies.
]lillioiis£.
Per Policy.
Inaurera,
per MUlioa
Inbabitanta.
1861-70 .
1871-75 .
1876-79 .
1880 .
12,870
14,900
82,025
47,800
5-1
7-6
12-2
177
£896
511
884
872
868
480
890
1,820
Number of policies
Amount, millions £
Policies paid
Ratio to insurance
D. — LiFB Insurance in Germany.
1S50. 1800. 1870. 1880.
40,900 129,600 456,200 797,100
7-4 21-2 64-0 127-3
£150,000 £350,000 £1,020,000 £1,870,000
20 17 1-6 1-5
E — Fire Insurance
OF Nations.
Amount Insured.
Ratio of
Insurauce.
Annual Firea.
MlUionB£. Per luhab.
i
IfUDona.
1
PerlnbaU
Shillings.
United Kingdom .
2,738
£78
0-25
9-2
5
France ....
4,056
112
010
81
2
Germany. . . .
3,170
68
0-20
6-4
8
Russia ....
180
2
0-50
12-0
8
Belgium ....
400
72
010
0-5
2
Scandinavia . . .
115
14
0-27
1-0
8
United SUtes . .
1,290
26
0-90
230
9
Canada ....
Total ....
140 82
110
8-0
15
12,089 £47
0-27
58-2
5
INSURANCE.
^SS
F. — FiRB Inbubanoe 07 United Kingdom.
TaM*.
Amount (Millions £).
Per
InhAb.
Ragland.
Scotland.
United
Kingdom.
1801 .
1810 .
1880 .
1850 .
1868 .
1882 .
220
825
482
680
921
2,855
4
12
84
43
99
274
9
17
19
84
52
109
233
354
535
757
1,072
2,738
£15
20
22
28
86
78
The assets of fire companies in 1881 amounted to 24
millions stexling. The figures for amount insured in 1882
are estimates, the last official returns being for 1868.
Tear.
G. — FiRB Insurance in France.
Amount Inenred.
Mimoni4^
Per InhBh,
1851 .
. 1,318
£41
1856 .
. 1,810
54
1868 .
. 8.092
88
1875 .
8,190
90
1881 .
4,056
112
Preroinm LoesM Paid
(Tbouaanda jE). (Thousands £>
1,140 560
1,666 774
2,440 1,460
8,030 2,390
8,855 2,430
H. — Fire Insdrance in Germany.
Amount Injured.
Year.
Millions £.
Per Inhab.
1850
. . 815
£27
1860
. . 1,460
40
1870
. . 2,030
50
1880
. . 8,125
67
Premium Losses Paid
(Thtmsaitda £). (Thousands £).
1,650 1,200
3,000 2,000
4,160 2,900
6,370 4,400
L — Fire Insurance in United States.
Tear.
Amount Insured.
Premium Losses Paid
Millions £.
Per Inhab.
^JLtlUUBMUUS J^/.
1856
. . 175
£7
1,440
880
1862
. . 865
11
3,100
1,900
1876
. . 1,310
80
11,800
8,800
1881
. . 1,290
26
11,680
8,950
Z^6 INVESTMENTS OP BRITISH CAPITAL.
Lloyd*8 .
Bjiabwrg
Frendi maritime
Various .
K. — Marine Insurance.
Amount
(MiUioiis£).
480
105
102
200
Total
887
AT«rag« Premlom
per Voyag*.
1-2
1-2
1-6
The loss of sailing vessels averages 4 per cent ; that of
steamers, 2^ per cent, per annum.
Im — Hamburg Marine Insurance Compant.
Premium per
lilHiii
Tear.
1820
1840
1860
1870
1878
Amomit
(MillioDe£>. ^'^g'jS|"«*
11 84
20 80
47 27
65 24
105 23
INVESTMENTS OF BRITISH CAPITAL.
MUliooe Sterling.
Rftteof
CnpiUl.
luterest.
Ini crest.
National Debt .
. 769
231
30
Railways .
770
83-2
4 3
Banks.
270
16-6
6-5
Mines and iron .
215
11-8
5-5
94
37
4K)
Gas and water
72
57
8-0
Telegraphs .
30
17
57
Insurance .
20
1-2
60
Shipping, kc
193
97
5-0
British .
2,433
1067
4-4
Colonial loans .
148
7-4
5-0
Indian da .
154
6-2
4K)
Indian and colonial railways
186
93
5-4
Foreign loans and
railways
570
257
45
ToUl . 3,491 155-3 4*4
In the above table are not included loans on which no
interest is received, such as Peruvian, &c. Neither are
counted sums on mortgage lent by British capitalists on
properties in Australia, Brazil, and other countries. New
companies in England absorb about 60 millions per annum.
8ee Joint-stock,
IROS\
2S7
ntON.
A. — INCRBA8B
OF Proe
AUCTION 8IKCB 1830.
Thoiuands of Tous.
1880.
I860.
1870.
1871-80.
188S.
GiMi Britoin . .
682
2,250
5,280
6,620
8,488
Untied SUftM .
165
560
1,580
2,440
4,023
GermMiy . . .
120
402
1,310
2,020
8,171
Firnaoe . . .
105
408
1,230
1,410
2,083
Belgium . .
96
170
260
580
640
AurtrU. . .
80
140
280
440*
' 550
RoMi* ....
115
220
860
390
505
Sweden ....
105
130
800
330
410
Total
1,468 4,280 10,550 14,230 19,820
B. — Pboduotion
Compared with Population.
Pounds of Pig Iron per Inhabitant.
two
1850.
1870.
188^.
Greet Britain .
66
190
420
555
United SUtee
28
54
90
196
Gennany
9
26
82
140
France .
7
25
83
117
Belgium .
CO
85
115
250
Austria .
7
11
17
SO
Russia .
5
8
11
12
Sweden .
80
84
165
190
C. — Consumption op Pig
Iron.
«
Thouaands of Tous.
Lbs. per luhabitant
1850.
1881.
1S50.
1881.
Great Britain
1,970
6,416
170
420
United SUtes .
560
5,372
55
240
Germany .
420
2,520
27
126
France
450
2,110
27
122
Belgium
170
720
85
303
Austria
150
520
12
30
Rusida
300
630
10
18
Sweden
Total .
45
180
30
90
4,065
18,467
1
42
68
D. — Uses op British Iron (1881).
Tons.
Pig iron exported 1,480,000
Made into steel 1,950,000
For various manufactures .... 4,896,000
Total .
8,826,000
IRON.
— Yalub or Iron MAitorAOrDBza
. £1 I Mads into penk&lTM . £<60
I „ bDttoni . .S,100
I „ watch-ipriiigi Sl,300
Yiaiting cords are now Gometimes made of very thin ilieet
F. — FBODnonoK im tbe Thbxb KnaDOHS (1881).
Tou Lbi. Ptoinn
CHinuuHla). p«r iBbiUiwA
Engbad ..." "■
Wi3m
Scotland
Irekud
917
1,20«
-Pbiceb of Piq Iroh fob Ten Ykaro (1870-80).
BhlUiDgiiMrTaii.
Gn*t BriUln. CoathHDt. UatUd StaW
— YlBLD OF iBOtrSTOKS.
PtrtttUage </ Irait,
I Unfted States . 43 I Gnu
Genoany .
I, — Coal Used in Making Pia Ieok (Gbxat Bbteaih).
tol Tontrflno.
],S»8
G,230
0,365
8,32fl
Netlson'a itiTeiition ii
4.877
lfl,2M
16.700
18,800
9 of the bot-blost, 600* Fahren-
lieit, caused a, saving of 33 p«r cent, in the quantity of coal
<«1
mt
^\
«•!
^!
<«!
-^^
^1
^Jl
«1
IRON.
259
required Cowper's regenerator of 1500*" Fahrenheit^ intro-
duced in 1857, canded a further saving. Charcoal is some-
timeB used, the average requisite to produce a ton of iron
being 15 cwt. in Styria, 16 in Sweden, and 23 in United
States. The ironworks of the United States consume
680,000 tons of chaicoal* equal to 60,000 acres of timber,
per annum.
E. — Coal and Pig Ibon in 1881.
TMu (ThoasKids Omitted).
Fig Iron.
Gold
Raisod.
for Iron.
Great Britidn
8,826
154,800
18.300
United States
4,160
70,000
9,100
Gemuuny
. 2,790
69,000
6,200
France .
1,880
19,000
4,200
Belgium
610
17.000
1,800
Austria .
520
16,000
1,100
Russia .
480
8,600
1,000
Other countries
584
9,100
1,800
Total
19,300 848,000
42,500
Pereentsge
orCkNdiued
for Pig Iron.
12
18
11
22
8
7
28
14
12
L. — Total Coal used in Ibonworkb (Grbat Britain).
For ptg iron •
finished iron
Bessemer steel
other steel
tin plates
boilers, engines, &c
shipbuilding
sundries .
m
tf
n
H
»»
Total (1881)
Tons.
18,300,000
8,043,000
906,000
776,000
577,000
1,000,000
506,000
4,655,000
84,763,000
M. — Cost op Produoinq Iron (1883).
Shilling* per Ton.
England
France .
Piglnm.
50
73
Wrougtit Iron.
122
182
SteeU
160
224
Germany
Belgium
59
47
144
130
192
131
The above is from a report of French Goyemment to
Legislature.
26o
IRONCLA DS-^IRRJGA TION.
N. — (ToNsuMBBS OF Britibh Iron.
Tons.
Lbs. per lahsWtant. 1
1878.
1882.
1871
1881
United States .
070,000
1,198,000
66
61
Germany . . ,
812,000
681,000
44
86
166,000
247,000
110
122
Australia
96,000
801,000
118
228
Russia .
188,000
164,000
4
6
France .
108,000
206,000
6
11
Belgium
168,000
86,000
72
41
Italy . ,
20,000
118,000
2
9
Spab . .
24,000
82,000
8
4
BraaU . .
21,000
67,000
4
12
Various
867,000
8,888,000
1,266,000
• • •
«••
Total. .
■
•
4,860,000
• • •
...
ntONOLADa See Navy.
IRBiaATION.
France, — Only 260,000 acres irrigated, which yield crops
worth £3 per acre more than ordinary.
//o/y.— The canals in the Po valley irrigate 1,370,000
acres, which receive every day in summer 45 million tons of
water, measured through a great number of little sluice-
gates : the permanent right to an inch of water is worth
from £500 to £800. The usual rent of these lands is £6
per acre per annum.
Belgium, — Since 1859 an area of 160,000 acres of waste
lands has been made valuable by irrigation, adjoining state-
canals.
Spain, — Land unwatered may be rented at 5 shillings an
acre, but the irrigated lands of Valencia, where the old
canals and works of the Moors remain, readily rent at £5
per acra The total area of irrigated lands is 2} million acrea
Algeria, — The most important work is the " barrage " at
Habra, with a basin holding 30 million tons of water, the
main wall being 110 feet high and 1500 feet long. The
distributory canals are 310 miles, irrigating a large extent of
country.
Egypt, — During his reign of 17 years, from 1863 to 1879,
Ismael Pacha constructed 112 canals branching from the
Nile, to irrigate 1,400,000 acres, with an aggregate length
JVORY— JESUITS.
261
of 8,400 miles, the cost amounting to about 12 millions
sterling. The lands thus newly irrigated produce crops
worth £10,600,000, or 22 per cent, of the total value of
Egyptian crops. The actual length of Nile canals is 52,000
miles, the task of irrigation employing 476 steam-pumps,
107,000 Persian water-wheels, 150,000 men, and 60,000
animals, at an annual cost averaging 4 shillings per acre.
IndicL, — The Ganges canal irrigates 400,000 acres, is 880
miles long, having 902 bridges and 297 aqueducts, and cost
£2,400,000. In the Madras Presidency irrigation is also
carefully studied: there are 53,000 tank-reservoirs, 30,000
miles of dykes, the whole having cost 16 millions sterling,
and producing a revenue of £1,500,000 per annum.
Cyprus. — The canals made by the Venetians had fallen
to ruin under the Turks, but many of them have been re-
stored by British engineer officers since 1878. Irrigated lands
yield three times heavier crops than the rest of the island.
CkdifornicL — Since 1870 have been constructed 2000
miles of canals, irrigating more than 10 millions of acres.
South AmeriecL — The Incas had a perfect network of
canals irrigating the lands on the western slope of the Andes.
Near Mendoza, at the Eastern foot of the Andes, still exists
the Zanjon or canal made by the Cacique Guaymallen, irri-
gating a tract of 18 miles of country.
IVOBY. — An ordinary elephant produces 120 lbs., worth
£60. England consumes 650 tons (of which Sheffield one-
third), for which it is necessary to kill 12,000 elephants
yearly. At the Exhibition of 1851 there was a tusk of
162 lbs., but Gordon Gumming since got one of 173 lbs.
JESTJIT&
A.
—Numbers in 1865.
Europe
AUA .
Africa
•
•
•
. 6,689
. 296
. 213
America . •
Australia . •
Total
. 475
. 65
. 7,728
B.-
— Numbers in 1882.
Italy
Germany .
France and Colonies
1
. 1,568
. 2,876
. 2,789
Spain and South America 1,933
G. BriUin and U. SUtes . 1,894
ToUl .... 11,049
262
JEWS.
JEWS.
A. — Numbers
AND InCRKASB.
Thoosands.
IMO.
1880.
Inoreai
Russia
2,025
2,621
596
Austria
. 1,048
1,875
827
Germany .
898
512
119
France
88
' 49
*• .
Holland
68
78
15
Great Britain
45
51
6
Italy .
Turkey, fta
28
85
12
260
280
20
Europe .
. 8,945
5,001
1,056
Moroooo
840
850
10
TripoU
160
170
10
Algeria
82
188
51
Egypt
7
8
1
America
85
110
25
Asia .
200
200
• • •
Total
4,819
6,972
1,153
B. — Vital Statistics (Jbwish and Eubopkan).
Jews Earopeims
(Per Cent) (Per Cent)
. 16 5
2 6
Births.
Excess of male births
Illegitimate births
Still-births
2i
H
Age,
Marrying Age.
Jews.
Europeans.
Mmles.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Under 20 ....
20 to 80
30 to 40
40 to 50
Over 60 ... .
Total ....
2-2
66-4
17-4
7-4
6-6
23-5
68-5
9-8
6-4
2-8
1-8
62-6
25-3
6-2
41
12-1
65*6
16-2
4-6
1-5
100-0
100-0
lOOH)
100-0
Ratio of Deaths.
Age at Death.
Under 12 months
1 to 5 years
5 to 15 ,, ',
Over 15 „
Jews.
Europeai
861
28-5
17-6
14-3
6-5
6-7
89-8
50-5
100-0
lOOD
JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES'-JUTB.
263
C. — Dbathb of Jews AocoBDma to Sex and Aqe.
Jews.
Afro.
Male.
Femalaw
Christlanii
(BothSexei>X
Under 1
. 88-4
887
29-3
lto5 .
. 18-6
167
19-2
6 to 10 .
. 47
4-3
4-9
10 to 20
. 4-3
4-5
4*6
20 to 40
. 8-6
12-6
11-3
40 to 60
. 12-0
18-8
12-9
Over 00
. 18-6
16-0
17-8
100-0
100-0
100 0
D. — Life-Yalub Compared with Chbi8tian&
Survival 0/ 1000 Persona Bam,
Jews
ChrlstkuM.
-^^^ (PruMUX PniMla. England.
5
10
15
20
80
598
535
514
482
482
689
620
610
(S02
562
761
727
714
699
650
Chriitlaiii.
Ao* Jews '^ ■
^■** (PrusaiaX Prussia. Eugland.
40 864 506 587
50 305 438 506
60 237 345 898
70 153 206 253
80 62 80 108
jonnr-STOOK companies, gbeat Britain.
MiUions £.
Pbrlod.
1862-65
1866-70
1871-75
1876-81
New
Companies.
2,986
2,722
5,584
6,688
Capital
639
824
548
469
20 yean
See Investments,
17,030 1,980
Annual
Average.
160
65
110
78
99
Capital
per
Company.
£213,000
116,000
98,000
82,000
£116,500
JIJ8TI0E8 OF PEACE. — In England and Wales there
are 9660, of whom 7770 are for counties, the rest for towns.
JUTE
A. — Exports prom India.
Tear. Tims. Viilne.
1850 .... 19,500 £89,000
1860 .... 38,000 290,000
1870 . . . . 120,000 1,620,000
1880 .... 305,000 4,880,000
Jute is manufactured in India at 22 mills, with 6500
power-looms, which turn out 100 million sacks yearly,
California taking 20 millions.
264
KINGS^KRUPP FACTORY.
B. — Consumption in Grbat Britain.
Yew
1850
1860
1865
1871
1875
1881
Million Lbs.
Imported.
42
90
234
388
883
553
Exported.
« • •
4
47
64
117
146
Coniumed.
42
86
187
824
266
407
Lb«.per
InhAb.
n
8
6
10
8
11
Yalaeof
M«ia&otiiro
(ThooMiideX
£860
1,980
4,150
0,470
5,880
8,610
C. -^Exports of Jutb Manufacturb from Great
Britain.
Tear.
1865
1870
1875
1880
1881
Million
Yards.
15
52
101
183
204
Valno
CHiouaaoda).
£812
790
1,405
2,255
2,363
Per
Yaid,
Penoe.
4-8
3-6
8-8
8-0
2-8
Yam,
Million
Urn.
5
13
16
17
18
Total Export
Value
(ThovMands).
£894
987
1,681
2,488
2,608
England
France .
. 35
. 84
23
24
Germany
Russia .
. 39
. 60
21
16
No.
32
ATernKO
Reign,
Yearm.
26
89
21
53
15
35
17
KINGS. — In 1883 there are 22 kings, including emperors.
The number who have ruled in various countries since the
battle of Hastings, a.d. 1066, has been as follows : —
Average
No. Reign,
Yeiire.
Spain
Denmark
Sweden
Turkey
The Turkish dynasty dates only from 1299. The average
reign of the above 317 monarchs was just 20 years.
KOUMISS. — Spirit extracted by the Ealmucs from mares'
milk : 2 gallons of milk give 18 ounces of koumiss wine, or
6 ounces of koumiss brandy.
KBXJPP PAOTOEY. — Situate at Essen, near Cologne;
is one of the greatest in the world.
Operatives . 15,000 I Iron oonstxmed . 26,000 ton^
Steam, horae-power . 18,500 | Steel „ . 130,000 „
About 500 tons of steel or iron are daily converted into
artillery or railway bars. There are 82 steam hammeiBi the
heaviest weighing 50 tons.
LA BO URER^LA KES.
265
LABOUBES. — Dr. Farr estimates the value of an agri-
caltmal labourer to the commonwealth as follows : —
Age.
Valu6L
Ag9.
Yaliie.
Aga
Yftlua
5
£56
80
£241
55
£188
10
117
85
228
60
97
15
192
40
212
65
46
20
2S4
45
198
70
0
25
246
50
168
At the age of 75 he is a loss of £25, and the loss rises to
X41 at 80. This is only true of agricidtural labourers, since
intellectual workers are often of much value after 70 years
of age, which balances the account See Work.
LAOE. — This industry employs in Great Britain 9000
men and 41,000 women, who produce lace annually to the
value of 6 millions sterling. It is stated that more than
500,000 women on the Continent make lace, worth 30 millions
yearly, or £60 each, but this seems a high average.
LAKE&
Square
ItUea.
Depth,
Feet
Area equal to
Superior
. 82,100
688
Ireland.
And .
. 28,800
781»
Holland.
Huxxm
. 20,400
600
vrreece.
Baikal
14,800
580
Denmark.
Michigan .
. 12,900
690
Belgium.
Erie .
9,600
84
Sardinia Island.
Ontario
7,650
510
«•« •
Ladoga
6,250
• ••
Wurtembuig.
Onega
8,850
• • •
Ck>r8ica.
Wenner
2,180
294»
DeTonahire.
Wetter
788
410
Oxfordshire.
Constance .
180
1.027*
Isle of Man.
Neagh
153
42
Malta.
Maggiore .
180
700
• • •
Zurich
40
600
St Helena.
* Maximum depth. The rest show the arerage depth.
A,— CCLTIVAnON AND VaLUE.
AerM(HUlleiMV
Tiln*.
birt,
Uof*.
nt«d.
^
ToU.
£
inlub-
lUnt.
U. KiBgdoTO .
47
23
70
1,737
£4S
£33
SO
FiMoe. . .
67
49
116
2,624
70
36
24
Gvniiuj . .
08
67
125
2,060
46
25
18
IBS
8»4
1,089
1,38S
18
S
2
Amtrik. . .
67
SS
142
1,290
SS
16
8
a : : :
27
41
SS
810
28
22
11
22
m
112
6S0
40
18
6
POTtDglJ . .
i
17
!1
158
SS
SS
S
B.lgium . .
HolUnd . .
S
1
G
U6
46
48
80
6
s
7
212
S3
42
SO
DoDIDU-k . .
S
2
8
210
110
33
24
Sweden. . .
12
S6
98
812
66
12
6
Nam; . ,
3
70
78
no
60
11
4
Greece . . .
t
0
11
lOS
67
IS
12
520
1,426
1,946
11,819
40
20
8
United SUto
170
1,636
1,806
1,923
87
7
C«uul». . .
IS
1,902
1,918
180
42
8
Aiutndik . .
11
1,847
1,853
132
S4
7
A^enkBepub.
ToUl. . .
i
773
777
122
45
4
721
7,fi83
8,304
14,326 ' 39
17
The above values do oot include pabliclamls in th«UDitod
States, Canada, Australia, or the Argentine Bepublic.
R — LaND-OWMBRS op UnTED KlNODOH.
C la. No. AoH. ATsrajra lumm.
iBt . . 34 S,S11,000 18^,000
2nd. . 841 8,166,000 3,760
8rd . . . 179,649 60,912,000 330
/!_»* > ._« . ■ ^ »t Hmt par
Owners Acrefc ^j,^ EanUt Acii
Kngbnd . . 154,774 33,110.000 212 ^£334 £1 U 4
ScDtlMid . . 8,240 17,780,000 2,150 940 OSS
IreUod . . . 17,510 19,386,000 1,120 S65 0 10 3
U. Kingdom 180,524 70,279,000 SM £387 £0 19 9
LAND.
267
C. — Owners of Land.
Number
ATorage Estate.
Lsnd-owners
of Ownara
^m -^
to Populaiiou.
(TboasandsX
Acres.
ViUiio.
per Cent.
United Kingdom
180
890
£9,600
0-5
France
8,226
32
810
9
Germaqj .
2,436
87
850
5
RoMia
. 11,836
75
120
14
Anctria •
3^432
41
370
9
Italy
1,865
85
430
7
Spain
680
150
970
4
Portugal .
252
80
630
6
Belgiom .
835
18
735
6
Holland .
154
45
1,370
4
Denmark
71
115
2,960
4
Sweden .
204
400
1,550
5
Norway .
110
300
1,000
6
Greece
163
66
80
640
£490
9
Europe
24,444
8
United States .
4,005
160
450
8
Canada .
408
120
250
9
Australia
168
380
1,090
6
Argentine Republic
390
850
310
13
Total
29,415
96
£503
8
The above table does not include cottiers or persons owning
less than 5 acres. See Serf-Lands^ page 403.
D. — Land Tenure in United Kingdom, Cultivatbd Area.
Number of Holdinsrs (Thousands).
Acrss.
Eogland.
Wales.
Scotland, i Ireland.
U. Kingdom.
Under 50
. 295
41
55 435
826
50 to 100
. 45
10
10 56
121
Over 100 .
. 75
9
15 32
131
Total
415
60
80
523
1,078
Distribution of Area,
Acres (Thousands Omitted^
Area. England. Wales.
Under 50. 3,500 600
50 to 100 . 3,200 700
Over 100 . 18,200 1,400
Scotland.
700
700
8,400
Ireland. U. Kingdom.
7,800 12,600
4,400 9,000
3,100 26,100
Total . 24,900 2,700 4.800 15,300 47,700
Ratio.
265
18-8
54-7
100-0
E. — Land Rbhtai. or Unitkd Kikodom.
T«»r.
TboiuudiA.
Rmtd
Eniluid.
Bootlud.
■ nlud.
D. Klngdn^
SLiiiui
1760
. 12,700
800
3,100
16,600
i^
1780
. 16,900
1,200
6,800
28,400
7
1814
. 87,063
4.850
7,100
40,013
14
1843
. 42.127
6.687
8,200
66,911
10
18S0
. 42,834
B,686
8,400
60,820
16
1860
. 42,094
8,282
8,961
68,W7
17
1808
. 47,7M
7,186
8.21 1
Si,I63
18
1884
. 47,856
7,605
6,982
06,442
IS
Woroeiter .
WMTirick .
BhUllng.
BhmiDBi
tWen.
pvAcn.
. 28
StaSold
. 21
. 27
Kent.
. 20
. 24
Bedford
. 19
. 23
LiDooln
. 18
. 22
Surre;
■ 17 1
DsrODihirs . 10
ComiraU . 15
Monmoath . 14
Dnrhun . . 9
CanUgwi. . 6
F. — AvERAQB Rent of Parxb in Enoulnd.
J701-60 .
1761-80 .
1781-1800
1801-20 .
Vimywd.
£40 £
MeJow . .
52
TUbge . .
86
The official valuation of lands i
igh) gave the following summary
».^L7.
frhou»Mi(U OmltUd).
OrchKd.
1,788
Vintjmrdt
5,446
MMdom
6,170
Anble
41,319
Putnie, &c
28,010
Fonrt
21.388
Wute.
17,616
France (vrhich appear*
ToUl . 116,631
LAND.
269
H. — Land Valub in 17th Century (a.d. 1660).
MiUion £. Per Acre.
England
Pnmoe
HoUand
Yalue.
185
122
46
B«Qta].
15
4
Value.
£410 0
14 0
9 0 0
BeutoL
£0 6 0
0 8 0
0 15 0
The above does not include houses (see Colbert's Letter to
Louis XIY.) .
L — Land Tenubb in United States.
Aeree.
No. of Furmt (TboutendiX
Ratio. 1
1
IMO.
1870.
1880.
18«0.
1870.
1880. i
Under 20 . .
20 to 50 . . .
50 to 100 . .
100 to 500 . .
Orer 500 .. .
Total .
216
617
609
487
25
467
848
754
565
20
890
781
1,088
1,696
105
Ill
81-6
81-2
24-8
1-8
17-6
820
28-4
21-8
07
9-8 1
19-5
257
42-4
2-6
1,954
2,654
4,005
100-0
100-0
1000 ,
K. — Land Tenure in Austraua.
Land-
owners.
Bquattem.
Millions of
Acres.
ATtngB FSrm
(Acres).
Free-
hold.
Sheep-
Ruue.
Free-
hold.
Squatter.
New S. Wales .
Victoria . . .
New Zealand
Sonth Australia .
Queensland . .
Tasmania . . .
West Australia .
39,900
49,600
24,100
81,000
9,500
12,000
1,800
4,330
612
997
1,472
6,600
500
4,500
25-5
14-8
4-1
9-2
4-6
4-2
17
133-2
14-8
121
115-0
2390
1-8
24-0
634
821
167
296
478
853
950
80,700
23,300
12,050
78,000
86,000
8,500
5,300
Total .
167,900
19,011
64 1 ! 539-4
884
28,300
Class. '^
Ist .
2d .
3d .
Total
L —Land-owners in France.
Number.
154,000
686,000
2,486,000
8,226,000
Averai^e
Acres.
820
Area
(MiUion Acres).
48
50
82
10
23
32
103
lyo
LAND.
Land-ownkbs in Franob — caniinued.
Number of Properties.
Tax.
Over ^40
£4 to £40
Under £4
^iSS!"
1881?
. 16,310
. 480,000
. 5,597,630
1868.
15,870 14,774
466,000 600,000
5,590,150 6,828,809
Total • 6,093,940 6,072,020 6,942,974
M. — ^Land-ownbbs in Gbbmant.
Number.
Aeree.
Pmnia
. 1,088,000,
48
Bavaria
456,000
25
Saxony
64,000
50
Wurtemborg
152,000
17
Baden .
111,000
15
Darmstadt .
140,000
10
Goburg
SmaUStates
15,000
88
475,000
40
Total
. 2,436,000
87
K— I
lAnd-ownebs in
Russia.
(MiUlon Acres.)
49
11
2i
2
'\
19
88
CUse.
Number.
Millions of Aei
Arable. Forest,Ae.
res.
TotaL
Aremge
EaUU
(Acree).
Nobles .
Cossacks
Civilians
Peasants
Total
103,000
142,000
240,000
10,851,000
60
10
6
164
132
8
82
438
192
18
38
602
2,000
130
160
55
11,886,000
240
610
850
75
0. — Land-owners in Italy.
Betatesi
Acres.
Area
(MillioQ
AcreoX
19
16
21
16
Lombardj and Piedmont
Tnscany and Romagna .
Naples ....
SioUy, &a
1,180,000
145,000
120,000
410,000
16
110
180
40
Total . . . 1,865,000 39 72
Almost one-half of Italy is farmed by the owners of the
soil, as shown by the tenure, viz. : —
1,140,000 proprietors farm 38,000,000
1,248,000 meUyers „ 18,000,000
310,000 tenanta „ 20,000,000
The "metayer" system is adverse to improvement
tt
t*
LAND.
271
P« — ^LAND-OWmSBS IN AUBTRUL
Ettitaa.
Aoftiia
Bobemk
GalitiiA
Styria
Tyrol
GMiiitliift» fto.
HoDgMry •
Total
Nobles
PoMante .
Total
169,000
190,000
496,000
184,000
98,000
118,000
277,000
1,506,000
1,925,000
8,481,000
11,800
8,420|000
8,481,800
ATerage
Aerea.
42
65
40
40
56
68
54
50
85
41
5,200
28
41
(MiUion
AeraaX
8
13
20
a
7
15
74
68
142
62
80
142
Q. — ^Land Tenure in Belgium.
Claaa.
Small tenante .
Small freeholda
Middle aixe ditto
Large estates .
Total .
ATaraga
Acrea.
10
8
40
160
15
Holdinga.
63,000
270,000
61,700
4,000
898,700
(AcraaX
640,000
2,200,000
2,500,000
650,000
5,990,000
R — ^Land Tenure in Denmark.
Holdan.
Number.
ATaraga
Acras.
Area
(AcraaX
Kobles .
550
2,500
1,880,000
Farmers
1,180
800
860,000
Bondsmen
69,100
60
4,200,000
Hunsmen
. 187,000
4
560,000
Total.
207,830
81
6,500,000
S. — Land Tenure in Sweden.
Number.
Kobles .
Freeholders
Tenants .
2,650
191,000
40,000
ATcraga
Acrea.
14,000
200
400
(Million
AcreiiX
38
88
16
Total
238,650
396
92
272
LA ND-A CTS-'LA ND-O WNERS.
LANDAOTS (IRELAND).
let in 1850. Encumbered Estaiea In 30 yean ending
December 1880 the Land Court sold 3,600,000 acres for
£52,700,000, nearly £15 per acre.
2nd in 1870. During 10 years down to 1880 the tenants
bought 49,300 acres for £838,000, say £17 per acre.
3id in 1881. The working during the first 12 months to
August 1882, was as follows : —
Old rent
New ftdjudicfttkm
£580,000
£464,000
ftdiudicated 25,849
Acres affected . 710,000
Griffith*! valuation . £421,000
Tenants' interests have acquired an average value of £4
per acre.
LAND^&ANTS (UNITED STATES).
From the year 1800 till 188rthe United States Govern-
ment ceded 192 million acres of public lands to railways,
77 million to schools, 62 million to military, and 30 million
for other purposes, besides 248 million acres in sales to set-
tlers (see page 273), this last item including 67 million
granted in homestead lots at twopence per acre.
LAND-OWNEBS IN UNITED KINQDOU
A.— Over 150,000 Acres.
Argyll, Duke . 175,000
Atbol, Duke . . . 195,000
Baillie,Evan . 166,000
Berridge, Richaixl . 170,000
Breadalbane, Marquis . 488,000
Buccleuch, Duke . . 460,000
Conjrngham, BdarquiR . 173,000
Devonshire, Duke . 193,000
Fife, Earl . . . 258,000
HamUton, Duke . . 157,000
Lovat, Lord .
Mackenzie
Matheson
Middleton, Lord .
Northumberland, Duke
Portland, Duke
Richmond, Duke .
Ross, C AV. • . .
Seafield, Earl
Sutherland, Duke .
B. — Rbntam Over £100,000 per Annum.
Anglesea, Marquis . £107,000
Bedford, Duke . . 142,000
Buccleuch, Duke . . 231,000
Bute, Marauis . . 232,000
Calthorpe, Lord . . 123,000
Derby, Earl . . . 170,000
Devonshire, Duke 170,000
Downshire, Marquis 100,000
Dudley, Earl . . 123,000
FiUwUliam, Earl
Haldon, Lord
Hamilton, Duke .
Norfolk, Duke
Northumberland, Duke
Portland, Duke .
Ramsden, L
Sutherland, Duke
Tredegar, Lord .
162,000
165,000
627,000
i,ooe,ooo
18^,000
162,000
286.000
167,000
80e,000
1,858,000
£186,000
109,000
141,000
270,000
176,000
140,000
175,000
142.000
125,000
LAND SALES.
V3
LAUD SALES.
A. — ^Australian Crown
New SoQtli Wales
Victoria
Kew ZeaUuid
Boaih Anstralift
Qneenslaiid
WeftAustnOla
ToUl .
Acres Sold.
14,802,000
1,803,000
2,360,000
2,580,000
2,820,000
210,000
151,000
24,216,000
Lands (1876-80).
Annual Avenge. Aoret Unsold.
2,800,000
860,000
470,000
516,000
564,000
42,000
80,000
164,600,000
44,090,000
52,000,000
570,000,000
422,700,000
12,640,000
622,800,000
4,782,000 1,888,830,000
R— Other Colondw (1876-80).
Acres Sold. Anntisl ATsnige.
Gape of Good Hope . 7,530,000 1,560,000
Ceylon .... 144,000 29,000
Trinidad 38,000 7,000
Katol .... 180,000 25,000
Total
7,837,000
1,621,000
C. — United States: Acres Sold.
Sale of PMic Landi during
DakoU
Nebraska
Minnesota
Califomia
Wisconsin
Oregon
Washington
Michigan
Arlcansas
Alabama
Colorada
Florida
Other SUtes
187a-7«.
1,478,000
4,545,000
3,258,000
2,442,000
3,334,000
1,811,000
1,016,000
539,000
2,054,000
1,142,000
796,000
860,000
570,000
2,663,000
10 Yean ending
1877-81.
8,190,000
8,022,000
4,220,000
4,208,000
2,602,000
880,000
1,001,000
1,424,000
1,107,000
1,638,000
1,280,000
807,000
718,000
3,452,000
Acres Unsold.
56,900,000
12,160,000
790,000
8,900,000
78,750,000
1881.
10 Tears.
9,668,000
12,667,000
7,473,000
6,660,000
5,836,000
2,691,000
2,017,000
1,963,000
3,161,000
2,680,000
2,075,000
1,667,000
1,283,000
6,116,000
Total . . 26,502,000 39,344,000 65,846,000
Summary of United States Lands sold since 1800.
Acres Sold. »^"?"i' ^"A**** ^!.«?P
o«M*. ReceiTod, of Acres Sold.
1800-20 . . 13,060,000 ^4,080,000 650,000
1821-40 . . 72,430,000 16.882,000 8,620,000
1841-60 . . 68,520,000 12,726,000 3,426,000
1861-80 . 94,110,000 9,523,000 4,710,000
80 yean
248,120,000
43,211,000
3,100,000
8
174 LANGUAGES.
tAlTOUAGES.
A. — Spoken in 1801 (THOOBAtriM Oxittbd).
BVlUh.
1
™^
•fulik.
J2i"
.^
U.Kli^on. .
u.m
30
10
fi
j"
16
26,700
1.180
10
2
Gernuuv
30
aoo
20.380
2
"30
Ruttu
2
40
430
8
29.600
AtutrU
1
20
<.3O0
280
1,100
lUIy
480
8
11,440
Bp^
40
1
1
10,230
"20
Portugal
B
1
1
SO
3,030
Holkad
a
80
200
Belgium
3
1,800
100
Scuidin.vi>. .
10
20
"io
SwiturUnd . .
Europe . .
1
400
1,400
T2O
HM8
80.156
30.004
14,841
10,286
3,050
80,730
V. SUte* . .
6.260
230
280
6
5
Britiib colouiea
680
310
20
2
2
French „ .
io
460
2
2
2
SpuUhAniBHcii
2
10
1
3
16,430
"20
BniU. . . .
1
a
1
1
120
4,180
TheEut. . ,
The World .
140
290
10
220
370
250
'*'*0
20,621
81,448^30,318 16,074 26.]94
),4S0 130,770
B.— Spo
KN IS 1883 (TBOL-BANDa Oim
irm).
S5,a00l 100 ; 100, 40 10
... 1 ...
Prmii» . . .
ISO :88.400 1 800 , 250
20
Oennuiy
120 fl00!43.300; 10
...
:;:
80
En»d.
10 200 1 3,700 10
S
83;200
6 100
11,800 1 4G0
2
3,230
pr:
10 640
3 27.380
1
z
4 60
1
18,890
20
Portunl
2 10
1
30
4,220
B 20
400
Belsiimi
15 3.820
240
&»ndiii>vii>. .
3l 40 60
'.'.'.
s
SwiWerland . ,
Europe . .
5 1 808 ! 2,031
182
35,559 42.798 '62.488
28,353 18,456
4,240 tM.4»1
V. SUUs . .
60.300; 840 6.130
180 1 370
10
30
Britiih colonic*
11,880,1,220, 80
401 40
French „ .
30 2,360 1 10
B0| SO
Sptmiih America
80 - 160 40
880 !2a,!00
'90
Bruil. . . .
2 20 80
70 480
8.130
TbaEart. . .
2.200 1 430 60 420 1 1.180
870
240
Tb«W<i
rid .
BS,8« 47.818 (8,828 29,873 ;40.B3B
H8I0;«.725|
LANGUAGES.
C — C0¥PAIUB0N BSTWSBH 1801 AND 1
Bpokan hj UlUlaiu.
Aliquot [VrU. 1
1801.
ua.
1»1.
ISM.
f& ■ ■
CknnH '
ItoUu . .
Total . .
21
82
80
16
20
8
81
100
18
69
30
41
IS
87
12-g
19'S
18 '4
9-3
60
18-9
27-1
lS-0
18-8
81
11-4
8-6
lS-8
183
S6S
100-0
100-0
— Lkrehb Emploted in LASQCAaBS (Prosx).
EmlUh. Pranch. IttlluL epanlgh. I^ln. 0«n
Total . 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Where bluika occur it shows eitlier that the letter is not
osed, 01 that the use does not teach 1 in 1000, such as "z"
in English, or " x " in Spanish. The Spanish K, of which 55
•re oaed, includes three " n," equivalent to " nj " in English.
ijG LATITUDE AKD LONGITUDE.
LATITUDE AXO LOHaXTUDB.
IMtai*.
WT
Utltode.
Al?i«ri. .
36*8 N.
Ure*^ .
63-24 N.
258W.
51-2] „
4-68 „
LoDdoli .
Sl-31 „
0-6 „
Antwerp .
61-18 „
4-2S „
Madelr* .
88-0 „
18fl „
AicbMig«l.
6510 „
<3-0 „
Madiu .
1812 „
80^1 E.
AioniB. .
asfl „
26-0 W.
Madrid .
40-28 „
8*0 W.
33-20 „
44-24 E.
UalU . .
36-64 „
14-27 E.
3B-15 ..
76-30 W.
G8-29 „
a-14 W.
B«Uut. .
64!« „
B-66 „
MMiIlla .
14-86 H
180-ME.
BttHn
62-83 „
13-26 „
«S'18 „
G-C8 „
Bomte* .
19-2 N.
7260B.
Manrithu.
20-16 S.
67-0 „
45-0 „
0-20 W.
87-62 „
]45'0 „
Borton . .
*2a) „
71-9 „
MezlM. .
1S80N.
BS-9 W.
BniBMla .
GO'52 „
3-21 K
Milan . .
U-40 „
S'lOB.
«-28 „
26-9 „
MontiMl .
46-80 „
78-80 W.
Buda-Pmth
iT-31 „
lB-1 „
ttowow .
66-40 „
87-28 E.
B. Ayra, .
81 39 S.
68-22 W.
Munich .
487 „
11-36 „
C»ili« . .
88-32 N.
6-18 „
N^ilea. .
40-52 „
1416 „
CWro . .
30 5 „
31-45 E.
N. Orteani
30-7 „
eo-0 w.
CaloutU .
22-40 ..
88-26 „
New York
40-40 „
740 „
Canton- .
2310 „
113-9 „
38-6 „
13-23 E.
Cape Town
31-30S.
18-0 „
Faru . .
48-52 „
2-21 „
Cuacu
10-30 N.
67-10 W.
Fekin . .
40-0 „
118-23 ,
CWcgo .
42-0 „
8381 „
PhUadelplua 39-52 „
77-30 W.
CindDuti
Coiutuiti-
89-0 „
iit
84-1S „
28-58 E.
cX'. '■
50-5 „
46-50 „
14-25 K
72-0 \V.
Dople .
411 ,.
0-7 a.
7849 „
65-42 „
12-34 „
Rio Janeiro
23fl ,.
43-20 ,
Dsmetsn.
6 -30 „
68-20 W.
Rome . .
41 53 N.
12 28 E.
Dmdeu .
61-8 „
13-36 K
61-55 „
4^ .,
I>UfaliD . .
63 21 „
6-17 W.
HtLouii .
3840 „
9012 W.
F.lkI»iiJli
65-57 „
61-30 S.
3-12 „
68-0 „
St Peter.-
burg. .
69 40 „
81-0 E.
Faroe h .
62-0 N.
7-0 „
87-6B „
121 59 W.
Florence .
43-45 „
11-16 E.
Sierra Leon
8-46 ..
1310 „
Fnuibftrt .
60 -8 „
?;sc:r.-
1-27 „
103 48 E.
Geneva. .
482 „
B-9 „
69-20 „
18-0 „
Genoa . .
44-30 „
e-0 „
K^. :
84-0 S.
151 13 E,
GibrmlUr .
88 8 „
6-20 W.
28-30 N.
17-0 W.
Gla^aw .
66-62 „
4-8 „
Toronto
43-17 „
79-25 ..
Guatemala
14-0 „
88-0 „
Trinidad .
10-60 „
61-16 „
Halifax
44-30 „
6355 .,
Tunii . .
36-44 „
10-6 E.
53-34 .,
10-3 E.
Turin . .
45-5 „
7 44 ,
Havana .
237 „
82-28 W.
Valpani*
83-02 a
71-45 W.
Hobart. .
42-54 S.
147-27 E.
V«ioo. .
45-27 N.
12-26 K
Jemj . .
4B-16 N.
2S W.
TeraCrai
19-80 „
M40W.
Jer«;Lleni.
81-48 „
85-10 E.
Vtenna. .
48 9 „
10-24 K
Uma . .
12-0 8.
77* W.
Warnw .
6S'I6 „
21-0 „
Li.baB. .
88-44 N.
9-6 „
W.diingt«n
u-u .
77* W.
LEAD—LEATHER.
PBomKmoK OF Ubtaluo Lead (Tonb).
GreittBrit^
48,000
65,000
&I,000
£860,000
Fnuoe
1,100
7.000
32,000
660,000
G«in»7 .
B,E0O
16,000
ISIt: :
8,000
12,000
82,300
1.660,000
7,000
ta 4,000
6,600
14,400
260,000
Europe ,
100,800
lS4,fiO0
290,200
£6,280,000
United Stitca
8,700
88,000
88,000
1,680,000
Total . 104,300 170,600 370,200 £6,880,000
Good lead oio gives 70 pet cent of lead, and in smelting
it takes 2 tona of coal to produce 3 toua of lead The Cor-
doba mines in Spain are said to be the richest in the world.
The Missouti lead-field, near Chicago, ia 1^ miles in length,
the ore giving 70 pet cent. lead. Ttie importation of lend
into the United States fell from 42,000 tons in 1870 to 4,000
in 1880
MUIlow Lb*. LMUtw.
llm..fKtui«lVmlM(Th«l»ud»>|
Taw.
ss
teS"
r^
Boiu.
Eiport.
ToUl.
1805 .
27
27
£8,000
£15
£6,015
1820
36
12
48
9,000
40
9.040
1S30
40
30
12,600
80
12.680
1810
45
37
82
14,200
170
14.370
1850
SO
70
120
19,700
610
20,310
1860
56
87
142
22.800
2,130
24,430
1870
60
132
192
28,600
2,040
31,240
1881
65
144
20S
30,100
3,8!0
34,080
A cow-hide gives 35 lbs., a horse's 18 lbs. leathct. See Hidea,
378 LEGACY RETURNS.
LEaAOT RETUBVa
MIIUouiB.
1811-20 .
. 26*
S,40O
18iI-60 .
43-9
4,420
18Bl-;0 .
. 73B
6.870
1880
. 1187
8,440
The above does not inclode BQCceauon property, vhicli
atDonnte to ftboat one-third of the former.
B. — ^Leoaot ANT) SncoBSSioit Pbopebtt, Aim Dkatbs.
wSE^i.
tSSX
s:ssts£
IMA
ItTT.
IHO.
IJ7T.
iM. [im.
EngUiid
Sootlud
IraUnd
United Kingdom .
47-1
81
4-5
107-9
ie-1
7-3
360
G4
172
601
74
64
£131 ' £218
66 1 217
S6 78
G47
lSI-3
GS6
069 I £93 |£I97 1
The returns for Scotland in 1840 did not include mort-
gages, and if these were added, the averages wonld be 2i
per cent higher, saj ;C70 per inhabitant instead of X6&
C. — NviiBER OP Estates Pbovkd in 1877.
OTer £20,000
946
126
G9
1.129
£6,000 to 20,000
2.784
369
169
3,339
1,000 „ S,000
7,626
1.282
800
9,687
800 „ 1,000
10,387
1.645
1,070
13.002
100 „ 300
11,526
1.022
1,201
13.749
The number of persons who left property at their death,
compared with the general deaths of the population in 1877,
shows a ratio of 66 per 1000 in England, 68 in Scotland,
and only 36 per 1000 in Ireland, or a general average of
61 pet 1000 for the United Kingdom.
LEGACY RETURNS.
J). — Amounts Proved in 1877.
BMtM.
BooUiDd. 1 Inlud.
U. Kingdom.
Orer £20,000
£5,000 to 20,000
1,000 „ 5,000
SOO , 1,000
Under 800
Total
66-3
27-4
17-a
60
21
8-8 1 a-9
8-6 1-9
S-8 1-7
0-9 0-6
0'2 1 0'2
687
82-8
ai7
7-6
2-B
107-9 1 lfl-0 7-3
131-2
I from the above tliat on^-Iialf of the wealth of
the United Kingdom ia held by persona who leave at least
£20,000 at death, and anlj ooe-tenth hj those whose estates
are proved under £1000. The persons in eaaj circumstances,
betveen £1000 and £20,000, represent 40 per cent of the
wealth of the nation.
E. — Ratio of Inhxritancbs akd SuccmetoHs.
.^^
EDgUxL
BcoUiod.
i™u.d.
V. Klugdoni.
Orer £30,000
£20.000 to 80,000
10,000 „ 20,000
6.000 „ 10,000
1.000 „ 6,000
600 ., 1.OO0
800 „ 600
JOO „ 300
Total
116
0 73
2-20
S-36
IS'26
7-98
127B
23-06
lis
0'6G
t'03
288
1705
8-41
12-47
1S81
0-37
0-26
0-81
1-29
S-18
4*7
6-87
12 73
104
064
1-97
8-01
lt'45
7-61
11 '8S
20-62
6662
58-28 I 35-27
61-03
F. — EsTATsa IN Enolani) over £250,000.
The aggregate of wiUa proved over J million sterling ii
the post 10 years shows thus : —
187S
. £12.700
1874
6,600
1876 .
7,800
1877 .
7,400
LEGACY RBTURtfS.
Q. — Lbqaot BvrDBNS in France.
PmUYbm
ABienBtPnTCd,
P<rD«tho(
UilUoniA.
8S0 .
68
£78
840 .
04
76
860 .
81
9»
860 .
. 109
1»
870 .
. 186
128
880 .
. SIO
247
H. — Fbance and Qrbat BBiTAni CovpABsa
Amoont or PntKta, B>tla per DMth
HUUoiuA. arPapakUoB,
'iseo. iSS" 18«. ^^im£
FnuM . . .109 210 £130 £3*7
Great Britain . 89 145 181 213
XTnited Kingdotn . 95 164 160 2SD
Keal ostate is in Fisuce only 49 per cent, whereas in
Great Britain it forms 62 per cent, of the public riches.
From the above table it would appear that the wealth of
France is (greater than that of Great Britain, but this is not
true. In the first place, the French include properties under
£100, which we do not ; and in the second place, their death-
rate being 15 per cent, hi^er than onrs, the transfet of
property is 15 per cent, more rapid than in Great Britain.
L — TMTAMENTiUtY EBTATBS IN HOLLAND.
v„. Tilua, E*UniU«l Publk Per InhaU.
**"■ MUUoiuije. WaaUi. MiUmoit. tuL
1850 ... 13 380 £113
From this it would appear that wealth has grown mor»
rapidly in Holland than in the United Kingdom. See
Table A.
The components of Dutch testamentary estates in 18S0
were as follows : —
HooKi »iid Iftoils .
Furnitnre uid bullion
Shftrei, bontU, tcrip, Ac .
i:n,«oo,ooo
2,800,000
15,80(^000
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS'-LETTERS,
281
LBaUMINOXrS PLANTa
Kurope • • •
184
South America
605
Levant . . .
250
Meditemoflm .
468
AnstralU . .
229
North Africa
108
United SUtet .
183
China . . .
77
Central Africa .
130
Merioo • • .
152
East Indies
452
South Africa
895
Wertlndiet. .
221
Siberia . . .
129
IsUnda . . .
42
LEMONS. — Italy has 4,800,000 treea, which produce
1260 million lemons per annum.
USPSOST.— There are in Norway 2180 lepers. The
numbers in Spain and Italy are considerable. In the
Sandwich Islands the disease is so prevalent that the island
of Molokai is set apart for lepers, who are und^r the direction
of a French priest In the Seychelles Islands leprosy is also
common.
In Cyprus a leper-farm was established in 1830, one mile
from Nicosia: area 100 acres, tillage 11 acres; house of 26
rooms occupied by —
Greeks.
Turks .
Total
44
2
46
Males •
Females
Total
83
13
46
Death-rate, 16 per cent, per annum; new patients, 14 in
the year (1879). All very clean. Five married couples;
two have children quite healthy, but rest are childless. All
the lepers have lost fingers. One woman of 80 has been
there 50 years.
countries is shown as follows : —
Number
Ooontry.
Millions.
per
Inhsb.
England •
1,220
44
Scotland .
127
83
Ireland
91
18
United Kingdom
1,438
40
United SUtes .
1,155
22
Franoe
595
15
Germany .
721
16
Swed. and Nor. .
46
7
I>enmark .
25
13
Portugal .
16
*
rculation in
I the principal
Number
Coontry.
Millions.
per
Inhsb.
Russia .
110
H
Austria .
483
13
l"^?' '
106
7
Spam .
Holland
71
71
4
18
Belgium
91
17
Switzerland .
65
24
Canada .
57
13
Australia
36
12
Japan .
48
2
A. — PuBUO Ti-T""-"""* or ALL CoxntTBos.
Lttrulot
TolM. (TbooMHll).
StfflSl
W».
IBM.
.m
im
1»M.
IMSl
United Kingdom
28
202
],H3
8,770
8
11
TiMce ....
7.2*8
11
IB
OtnD»iLj . . .
6H
8,068
4.070
9
960
1
1
Anrtri*. . . .
il
677
2,19s
7
U
SpuQ a^ Port. '.
iS
IBS
2,27*
4,342
11
16
21
SO
ses
8
13
406
1,319
22
U
10
10
lOS
220
400
S30
SIO
800
S
11
11
20
Europe . . .
IS
B4
ses
1.260
18
17
SfiS
*,879
18,614
81,592
7
10
Total . . .
2.2S3
2
4
*08
*,738
17.2U
33,855
•
S
The above does nut include any libraries with leas than
10,000 volumes (except possibly Uiose of SwitzetUnd), nor
school libraries, of which there ace 23,000 in the United
States, with 45 million books.
S — Principal Libbarieb of the World.
Copenhagea .
Gottliuceu
Oifonf . .
Aator, New York . 100
The Lbrary of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelves
filled with books, and is visited by 91,000 readera yearly.
The Bibliotheque Impeciole of Paris has 18 milea of books
and 37,000 readers yearly.
BdtI.hUu»um
Imperial, Pvia
Si. Fetenburs
Uauich.
Vieona .
Iiraden
Vrtiowi.
VoU.
,120
41
2,078
86
84
740
15
810
24
420
21
GOO
4
840
82
fi
A. — Exnaiaion at Vahiods Aocs, ih Years.
nwlwHL O.SUta*. Bdcfan. BdOmd. Suwt. 8w
JV-3 487 44-S <S-5 47-0 4
B. — EznotATiON AGCoaDiNO TO Sex: Years to Live.
C— IUPBOVED EXPBCTATIOH
IN ESOLAND (HoitPHIlBTfl).
P«.
on*.
Ibla.
nm.].. 1
wsa-M.
tBT«-SO.
1S38-M.
39-91
19S8-M.
18T8-80.
40SS
43-56
41-92
4185
46-2G
6 „
5002
52-66
4971
60-33
47 SS
47-06
4S-16
47-67
60-32
43'54
43-lB
43-94
43-90
4616
20 „
3»'88
40-98
39-48
39-88
40-29
4210
25 „
86-67
87-21
36-12
3606
37-04
38 36
35 „
30^1
29-40
28-88
30-59
31-12
45 „
23*1
23 2S
2279
22-34
24-06
24 21
55 „
1694
1676
16 45
]6'09
17-43
17-37
65 „
1117
1119
10-82
10-78
11-51
1156
7S «
672
6-81
6-4B
8 52
6-93
7-04
Dpwwd* . {
8-87
400
3-73
378
3-98
416
284
LIFE.
D. — Expectation according to Condition.
Tatts to LIt6.
^ge.
Gontry.
Fiarm
Ltbourem
20
. 88
48
80
. 81
41
40 .
• 24
88
50
• 18
25
60
. 12
18
Sober.
Int«mper«t».
40
14
84
18
27
10
20
8
14
6
E. — ^EXFSCTATION ACCORDING TO PROFESSION (EnGLAND).
WUl Jteaeh 70 Yean of Agt,
Per
Per
Fer
Cent
Cent
Ccnu
Fbytieiaiui .
. . 24
ClerkB . . ,
. . 29
. 33
Teachers .
. . 27
. . 82
Fftrmers . .
. 40
Artiflts . .
. . 28
Soldiers . .
. . 82
Clergy. . .
. 42
F. — American Life-Average for Professions (Boston).
Shopmen .
Waggoners
Labourers.
Seamen .
41-8
Mechanics
. 47-8
48-6
Merchants
. 48*4
44-6
Lawyers .
. 52^
461
Farmers •
. e41i
G. — Improved Survivals in England (Humphreys).
Persona.
Males.
Femalesk
■Ages.
1838-^54
1876-80.
18S8-M.
187»-«).
1838-^
1876-«>.
No. bom
10000
1000-0
1000-0
1000-0
1000*0
1000*0
5 years.
736-8
750-9
723-7
786-4
750*6
766-0
10 .
702-6
726-8
689-9
7121
715-8
742 0
16 ,
684-6
714-6
672-8
7001
696*9
729*3
20 ,
662-8
6991
651-9
684-9
6741
718*8
25 ,
634-0
677-5
624-2
668*8
644*3
691*7
85 ,
572-0
6281
664-4
608-1
579*9
6387
45 ,
502-9
650-6
495-8
630-8
610*4
671H>
55 ,
4211
462-1
409-5
4363
433-8
489*9
65 ,
309-0
833*4
294-6
803 9
824-2
368*9
75 ,
1611
178-1
1481
151-5
174*8
195*5
85 ,
38 6
421
83-0
33-9
444
607
95 ,
2-2
2-6
1-6
17
2*7
8*5
LIFE-ANNUITIES^LIPE-INSURANCE,
285
II. — Tai3le of Survivals of 1000 Persons Born.
Age 10.
Age 80.
Age 60.
Age 70.
M«l«.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male. Female
Male.
Female.
England
France .
Belgium
Prmia.
Spain .
Norway
864
884
342
813
272
886
862
847
850
826
288
394
305
287
283
274
224
839
299
297
288
288
239
852
288
233
202
213
188
278
231
240
208
225
199
292
114
120
90
97
104
163
124
129
110
109
121
186
L — Kaco'er's Table of Rich akd Poos.
Bwnival of 1000 Bom,
Agtt.
5
10
20
Rich.
948
938
886
Poor.
655
598
566
Age.
40
60
70
Ricfa.
Poor.
695
896
398
172
235
65
LUE-AdKjn uiTISS. — Thia system of iiuBurance is common
in Fnmce, where the annuity-fund in 1881 amounted to
16 millions sterling, and the new annuities purchased yearly
avenge a capital value of J&900,000. The annuities now
running ayeiage as follows : —
Per
Par
Annum.
Annum.
liilitary officers.
. £95
Physicians
. £56
Naval do. .
. 90
Farmers .
. 40
Men of property
. 62
Workmen
. 36
CiTil ■ervice
60
Servants .
. 26
See Insurance.
LIFEBOATS.— There are 272 in the United Kingdom,
maintained hy voluntary donations amounting to £43,000
per annum. They are manned hy 12,000 voluntary seamen,
the coxswain alone heing paid, to mind the hoat Since their
estahlishment in 1824 these hoats have saved 29,608 lives,
and in 1882 they saved 23 vessels and 884 lives.
Lifehoats were established in France by the Empress
Eugenie in 1866, and are now in use at 37 exposed points
of coast
LIFE-INSU£ANC£ See Inmrance
386
LIGHT— LIGHTNING.
LIQHT. — It requins 50 lbs. of tallow candles to produce
as nmcb light as 1000 cubic feet of gas. Dr. Frankland'a
table (1866) of the cost of light was as follows : —
Qxtfar
Ona gallon puaffin oil .
BqnirBlmit anaant of giu
SS toUow oandlM .
10 puaffia „
orUcU.
^e electric light has been found at the Kensington
Museum to cost much less than gas. See EUctrie.
LIOHTHOmES. — The number has quadrupled sines
1830, viz. :—
iool itta. itTO. iML
United Kingdom
Germuij .
lUly
Spain and Portugml .
Belginm and HoUand
ScandiDarift
Greece and Tarke; .
Europe .
United SUt« .
Canada
Spanish America
Wert Indiea
Africa
Auatralia ,
UOHTNINa, KILLED B7.
YeiTlj Vt<
uxnof.
A. — LiNEir MAirnFAcroBB op all Natioks.
8pi>»U.h
Pow«.
r^''
tTnitod EitisdMn
i,*a6
46
m
Vnooa 7 .
782
SS
66
827
8
86
IUi-1. . .
14S
2
40
Aortri. . .
416
a
80
ei
1
10
Bolginm uid HolkiMl
3se
8
80
UnitadBUtM .
IS
7
80
2-6
ToUi . SfiOfI 97 868 43-1
B. — Link:) Kakupactubi in Irkland.
FaniM Vila* of
TiliM, wr Kuulkitun
Tud. p«r iBbab.
£208,000 0 6 26 pcnoe
1,080,000 14-5' 9S „
2,220,000 122 102 „
2,831,000 0-1 76 „
5,688,000 7-0 SS8 „
a "bounties," ia 1833, was folloneii
hj a gT«at increase of production, and the introduction of
atesTn-power bj Uessra. Mulholland had a farther happy
efTect. The number of powei-looma has lisea from 30 ia
1867 to 19,200 in 1883.
Tor.
1720.
4i
1786 .
1806 .
44
1838.
. 71
1880.
. 160
The abo
ition of th
c.
LmsN Indubtbt op United Einqdom.
uoiw. v^ "till™
ll^S^U WiWonTd^ 'ilSr
Ull^uT' ,
1808 .
48
74
8
£3,820,000
1820 .
87
131
40
6,880,000
1830 .
138
206
62
7.816,000
1840 .
210
286
87
13
10,790,000
1850 .
248
841
120
18
12,624,000
1860 .
828
290
144
31
11.418,000
1870 .
291
413
226
13
16,190,000
1881 .
227
SIO
174
18
11,706,000
D.— Links
Factories
OF United Kingdom
(1879).
No. of
Spladlu.
Power-
EnglMid . .
. 101
101.000
4,100
16,000
SootUnd .
. 166
266,000
16,800
87,000
IitUnd .
. 144
809,000
19,600
68,000
ViOUi
Eingdom. 400
1,285,000
40,500
108,000
LIQVOR DUTIES— LIVING.
UQUOB DUTIES.
EngUDd .
lB,Md
IreUnd .
U. Kingdoro
2e,SG(
16,712
GenoMiy .
6,723
27,808
Aiutrift .
i.m
TbDiuniid*^ PirlnhA
Ho^d
1.116
1.827
Bd«lnQ>
813
Norw.j
sie
204
1,196
17,700
B. — LiQnoB Dus in Ukitbd Eimodoh.
877
Splriu.
8,i7S
8,162
2,691
United KingJom . 6,767 14,228 6,869 2B.654
The liquor trade in the TTnited Kingdom employs 646,000
persona, and a capital of 117 millions sterling.
LIVINO, COST OP.
A. — Dajli Expbnditdrk.
B. — Gbntlbuan'b Family in London.
8emnU(2) .
CMhing
BRkd .
Mnt
Wiaei .
Daii7
Coal and Ught
WaaUog
SnndHM
IVttal . jUOS £565 £6S0
Familj of 5 persona, besides 2 servants.
C. — Tradxbman'b Familt (Bristol).
Clothing ... 10 12 12 16
Bn*d ... SO HI ' 20 10
Mmt ... 10 14 20 28
Grocorie* ... 10 15 20 22
Suudriai ... 10 13 15 19
Tat*J £70 £90 £1U5 £120
D- — EsflLigH Labourkr and Mechanic.
Laboiirsr.
Hocbwilc.
17M.
laaa.
im.
£ia
i
3
17
£42
IBM. 1 IBS).
£20 £22
8 8
4 6
22 24
£52 £60
Bread, meat, Ac
Rent .'.'.'.
Clothing, kc .
Total .
£1S
2
?
£27
£17
S
3
£20
6
t
8
£31
£37
E.— Eblativb Class F^xPEUDnuiiK (1880).
1
Mlddlo.
62
23
15
REch.
Ulddla.
53
23
24
WorklLJ.; Rich.
Food ....
RcDt ....
Sundrita . . .
Total .
41
15
67
30
13
42
10
48
68
IS
24
100
100
100
100
100
100
F.— CoBi OF Workmkn's Food (1860).
SblUlnea par Wuk.
Gn«tBriUin .
W
14
4S
Vnnea
21
12
a
OeimuiT
Ifl
10
63
Belgimn' .
20
12
M
luly .
IS
0
SO
t^JUdStot
M .
IB
10
16
63
S3
40
11
29
G.— Ant
■ban's Family
IN
PARia
(1882).
Totkl;
Bread
to Ok.
BO
penM
£19 10°
0
Meat, fish .
10 »
63
18 0
0
Cbeae
2 ..
IB
8 8
0
Milk . .
7piut>
21
4 0
0
WiM . .
7 „
85
7 a
0
Hlb*.
SI
4 10
0
Cuff«
lib.
1*
S 0
0
Sugar and ult
7
1 10
0
Fuel and light
10
2 3
0
Clothing .
S4
S t
0
Rent,2toom>
30
0 10
0
Total . ... XI 7 8 £71 17 0
An artisan and wife earn usually ;CT8 per annum.
H.— Cost of Living in Fbakce and in Paris. ^
Per A
»u».
lutto. 1
Tract.
iwto.
1789 .
£16
£29
100
1826 .
IS
1840 .
19
48
100
SGI
1880 .
111
too
280
1880 .
61
135
100
265
I. — KUESIAN FlfiHERUAK's FaHILT.
(RoubleB = 3m. etch.)
Game, 200 Iba,
Kji, ] Ion
Taxes .
Clotliing
LLAMAS-SLOANS.
391
K — French Noble Familt (1679).
HOUM
Meftt .
Bread .
Wine •
Btittar.
SimdrUa
Total
£44
20
20
86
120
£240
Par
Annum.
Food, &a
. £240
Rent .
40
Wages.
40
Operai ke, .
. 120
urem, ke, •
. 160
Total
£600
Family comprised the Count, Conntcss, 7 male and 3
female eeryants; and Mme. de Maintenon writes to the
CountesBi " My dear sister, you can liye like a princess on
£600 a year."
TiTiAMAR — There are 4 millions in Peru, mostly em-
ployed as beasts of burden. The skin weighs 6 lb&, gives
18 feet of leather, and is worth 20 shillings.
LLOTira. — See Insurance,
LOANS. — The total of foreign loans quoted on the Lon-
don Stock Exchange in 1825 amounted to no more than
105 millions sterling. They have increased 22-fold.
A. — Loans Quoted in 1881.
Anstralia .
. 94
Austria
. 237
Belgium
. 27
Brazil . .
. 22
Canada .
. 28
Ceylon .
1
Chili . .
7
China . .
2
Colombia ,
. 10
CoitaKica
8
Denmark
• <
1
Egypt .
Franca .
Germany
Greece .
Holland .
H<»iduras
India . .
Italy . .
Japan
Meiioo .
Norway .
84
801
30
11
80
8
83
290
2
28
4
Paraguay .
. . 8
Peru , . ,
. . 82
Portugal . .
. . 88
Russia . . .
. 145
River Plate .
. . 24
Roumania
. . 1
Spain . . .
. . 176
Sweden •
. . 8
South Africa
. . 12
Turkey .
. . 144
United SUtet
. 804
The above amounts do not represent in all cases the
^vhole of the external debt, much less the entire public debt
of the various countries, for which see Debt,
Tlie total of British capital in foreign loans and railways
is estimated to be 1058 millions sterling. See Invfstments.
B.— British War Loams (1756-1816).
1768-63. .
17T6-M. .
178S-IS1S .
00,670,000
111,687,000
618,401,000
7»3,761,000
G9,GO0,000
»3,70O,00O
iSS,000,000
8,316,000
6,01S.OOO
83,»87,000
80,711,000
The fiist aeries, ending 1763, wu for the conquest of
Canada, the average interest being 3-9. The second, ending
1784, was for the war in the United States, and the thiid
iDoetly for the wars against Buonaparte, the interest in both
Guses averaging 64 on the net amount
C, — Loans Goabastebd bi British Goverhkent.
OriglDil Sum.
B,l.n« in 1881.
RasaUQ Dutch .
£2,000,000
£650,000
Ctnada
6,300,000
6,300,000
New ZeJ»nd .
2,000,000
2,000,000
Turkey .
6,000,000
3,800,000
Grmce . .
800,000
We*t ladlM
886,000
359,000
Irish Church
10,700,000
7,100,000
Bwud of Worlt)
7,830,000
1.388,000
ToUl
£35,618,000
£21,807,000
Pull
Dewimi
BelgioiD
D.— French Loan of 1872.
Saiuribid StiUiant £.
. 610 ' England .
156 I Qennuij' .
. 360 lUl; Bad Switierlud
The Bubscriptiona amounted to twelve times the requited
sum.
LOCOMOTIVES^LODGINGS IN PARIS.
293
LOOOMOnV£&
Annual Traffic per LooomotlTOi
Number
in 1880.
Passengers,
Goods, Tons
United Kingdom
18,480
97,800
81,500
United States .
. 17,790
22,200
23,600
GermAny .
9,400
48,000
80,100
Frmnce •
6,220
61,600
21,200
AoBtriA •
8,600
18,800
25,800
Ruflsift
8,560
20,500
16,500
Italy
1,900
85,200
9,700
Other oonntries
7,460
85,400
14,700
Total
63,320
48,030
25,400
For passenger trains a locomotive bums one ton of coke
per 80 miles, and for goods trains per 40 miles. The con-
sumption in the United Kingdom is equal to 6 million tons
of coal per annum, and the railways of the world bum 25
million tons, although wood is used in some countries. An
ordinary locomotive, say 300 horse-power, will cost X2000,
and during its life run about 200,000 miles, say 13,000
miles per annum for 15 years. One house at Berlin, that of
Mr. Borsig, has tumed out 4000 locomotives since 1840, in
which year Mr. Borsig began with a capital of £1500, lent
him by a friend : he employs 10,000 workmen.
The most powerful locomotives in the world are on the
Chicago railway : 50 tons weight, 61 feet long, tender 3000
gallons, cylinder 18 x 24 inches, with 6 feet driving- wheeL
LOCUSTS. — In Russia 600 soldiers can sweep one ton of
locusts into ditches per day, and destroy them. In Cypms
the peasants destroy annually 60 tons of locust eggs, equal
to 680 million locusts, at a cost of £2400, say £40 per ton.
LOCUST-TREE. — ^The carob or algarroba covers 19,000
aci*es in Cyprus, averaging 30 trees per acre. Average crop
25,000 tons, worth £75,000, most of which goes to Scotland
to be made into whiskey.
LODOXNGS IN PARIS.
Ordinary Rent per Annum. *
Unfumiahed.
1
room.
suburbs .
. £8
2
rooms, „ .
12
2
)»
Passy
16
2
»i
Madeleine
20
2
n
R. Kivoli .
30
8
n
ft •
50
Furnished (BouleTmrds).
3 room^ 5th flat . . £160
3
3
3
4
5
it
If
II
II
II
II
II
4th
3d
2d „ .
R. Rivoli
i» •
200
250
800
400
600
294
LONDON.
LONDON.
A. — Growth op London.
Yaar.
ThouMndfl.
Miles of
Streets.
Yalue id Houae Pnqwrtjr.
Population.
Hoiuea.
MiUionti^
PerHooee. Per lahabi
1
1801 .
1811 .
1821 .
1881 .
1841 .
1851 .
1861 .
1871 .
1881 .
959
1,139
1,379
1,655
1,948
2,362
2,804
8,254
8,815
180
155
170
197
256
801
869
445
520
470
560
610
700
905
1,050
1,290
1.550
1,740
67
82
96
124
174
229
806
484
601
£513
528
567
630
677
762
828
975
1,156
£70
72
70
76
89
97
110
133
158
B. — Comparison of London and Paris.
Year.
Population,
Tuousands.
Increase per Annum,
Thousands.
Ratio to Population
cif Nation.
London.
Paris.
London.
Paria,
London. Pi«ria.
1801 . .
1821 . .
1841 . .
1851 . .
1861 . .
1871 . .
1881 . .
959
1,879
1,948
2,362
2,804
3,254
3,815
553
724
935
1,053
1,696
1,761
2,226
• • ■
21
29
41
44
45
56
• • •
8
11
12
61
7
46
611
6-60
7*21
8-60
9-67
10-30
10-90
2-01
2-40
2-78
8-01
4 67
4-75
5-87
London has 11,040 police, 11,260 cabs, and 1620 omni-
buses: the cabs and busses carry 73 million passengers
yearly. The meat consumption includes 330,000 oxen,
2,100,000 sheep, and amounts altogether to 210,000 tons per
annum. There are 220 deaths and 360 births daily, being
a natural increase of 140 persons, but the increase of popu-
lation averages 200 daily, the difference being caused by
immigration. Of all deaths 21 per cent occur in hospital,
and cdmost 4 per cent (3*7) are violent deaths, say 10 daily.
There are 5550 coroners' inquests yearly, and 3580 persons
killed or wounded by cabs. About 120 adults are missing
every year, and 50 dead bodies are not identified. The num-
ber of stray dogs taken up is 29,500 per annum. The com-
merce of London in 1882 was a little over 200 million ster-
ling— that is, imports and exports. (gT
For municipal expenditure, &a, see Finaneet^ Tablo K.
LORDS— L UXURIES.
295
LORDS. — The House of Lords comprises 4 princes, 23
dukes, 19 marquises, 139 carls, 32 viscounts, 26 bishops,
and 272 barons; in all 515 members.
L0TTERIE8. — ^The Spanish lottery gave a net profit of
£403,000 in 1882.
The Italian and Austrian lotteries produced as follows : —
Italy.
Austria.
1868. 1877. 1868. 1877.
Receipts . £2,420,000 £2,705,000 £1,880,000 £2,172,000
Ezpemes . 1,670,000 1,713,000 850,000 1,160,000
Profit
£750,000 £992,000 £530,000 £1,012,000
LUXURIES.
A. — Consumption in the United Kingdom.
Qua
ntity, MillloQs.
Value, MilUona £.
1860.
1870.
18S0.
18G0.
1870.
1880.
Wine, gallons .
Tea, Ibfli. .
Coffee, „ . .
Sugar, „ . .
Tobacco, „ . .
Total . . .
7
78
36
957
36
15
120
31
1,740
41
16
161
32
2,239
49
2-2
5-9
1-2
12-4
11
4-1
9 0
0-8
17-6
1-6
60
8-8
1-3
22-2
20
• • •
• • •
• • •
22-8
331
40-3
B. — Ratio per iNHABrrANT.
Quantity.
Value, Pence.
I860.
1870.
1880.
1860.
1870.
1880.
46
67
10
155
15
Wine, gallons .
Tea, lbs. . .
Coffee, „ . .
Sugar, „ . .
Tobacco, oz. . .
0-25
2-70
1-25
83-0
20-0
0-48
3-80
1-0
55-0
21-0
0-45
4 55
0-92
64-0
23-0
18
48
10
105
9
82
70
6
135
12
190
255
293
296
MA CHINERY^MAIZB.
M
MAOHINEBY.
1. A sewing-machine does the work of 12 women. The
United States export 105,000 of these machines yearly.
2. A Boston "bootmaker" will enable a workman to
make 300 pairs of boots daily. In 1880 there were 3100
of these machines working in yariotis countries, turning out
150 million pairs of boots yearly.
3. Glenn's California reaper will cut, thresh, winnow, and
put in bags the wheat of 60 acres in 24 hours.
4. The Hercules ditcher, Michigan, removes 750 cubic
yards or 700 tons of clay per hour.
5. The Darlington borer enables 1 man to do the work
of 7 in making a tunnel, and reduces the cost to one-third
of work done by hand; it also permits a week's work to
be done in 2 days. See Tunnels,
MADDER — The best is grown near Avignon, on irrigate<l
lands, for which the tenants pay £b an acre rent. Average
crop, 2 tons per acre, worth £50, leaving small profit to the
cultivator.
IWrATT^R,
A.
United SUtes .
Austria
lUly.
Spain and Portugal .
Canada
Australia .
Acres.
. 62,550,000
5,400,000
. 4,200,000
2,000,000
700,000
200,000
Total
75,050,000
Million
Biialiels.
1,470
84
85
50
20
6
1,715
Per Acre.
16
20
25
80
80
23
No crop suffers less from drought, or gives better returns
in a suitable climate. The yield in Paraguay and Brazil
often reaches 300 for 1.
Tear.
1850
1860
B. — Maize Crop op UNrrED States.
Million
BuAhela
. 592
... Ou9
Ti
1870
1880
Million
761
1,756
It is mostly used for fattening pigs.
MALT—UANUFACTURES.
A. — COKSDXFTIOK IN ENGLAND, FEIt AkKUU.
1700-20 .
1720-EO .
17S0-80 .
1790-1800
] SI 0-20 .
1S30-G0 .
1850-70 .
B. — CoNacHPTioN IN United Kinodoil
UiUlou Biuhtli.
Bu>hgI>|»Tlnl.>blUDt.'
IMO.
IWt.
1881.
18Ml
1801. 1 isei.
EDgUod . . .
Scotland. . .
Inlud . . .
V. Kingdom .
882
I'D
1-2
88-7
22
27
at
2-7
2-8
1-S7
0-3*
0-18
1-8*
071
0-49
1-71
073
O'M
301
ise
19-9
110
1-45
rj3
HAinTFAOTUKES.
A. — Textiles and llARDWAnB.
T>l>»,Hmiolu£.
lUw V^erltl,
Lbi. p« iDbab.
viioBorl
Hinnfw-
TciHlM.
Hirdwm.
Tot.L
Flbn.
71
28
22
61
19
420
122
123
18
80
8
15
303
92
65
U. Kingdom .
Fnnce . . .
SST': :
Anrtrik . . .
Itd;^ . . . .
Hofiud . . .
Europ. . . .
UnlWdSUM .
Total. . .
195
111
70
H
41
20
20
21
6
13
127
12
51
13
U
3
4
15
3
S
322
153
121
e?
62
23
21
36
8
19
X9-1
4-0
2-7
0-8
1-6
0-8
1-6
7fl
2-0
1-5
.150
122
276
63
825
205
I',
80
211
27
4-0
672
358 1 1,030 ■ 20
101
29 1
298
MANUFACTURES.
T>. — Textilb Mandpactdres.
1
1
MimoQsA.
1
1
1
Cottons.
Woollens.
46
Linens,
Ac.
BUks.
Sun-
dries.
T«>tsl.
n. Kingdom
95
21
7
26
195
France . . .
20
43
9
27
12
111
Grermany . . .
24
26
5
7
8
70
Russia. . . .
18
23
5
2
6
54
Austria . . .
13
11
8
4
5
41
Italy ....
8
5
1
3
8
20
Spain ....
9
8
• • •
1
2
20
United SUtes .
54
43
4
6
15
122
Other countries
The World .
13
10
7
4
5
39
254
215
60
61
82
672
C. — R18E OF British Manufactures.
Value in MUlioiiB £.
1
1
1830.
31
23
9
8
7
1850.
1800.
1870. 1881. !
•
Cottons ....
Woollens. . . .
Linen, &c. . . .
Silks
Sundries ....
43
29
17
10
10
78
38
17
18
17
94
55
28
16
22
95
46
21
7
26
Textiles . . .
Hardware . . .
78
31
109
42
1G8
65
215
82
195
127
Total . .
109
151
233
297 322
D. — Consumption of
Fibre (United Kingdom).
Millionii of Lbs.
Year.
Jute.
Tota'.
Lbs. cer
Iniiah.
Cotton.
54
Wool
Flax.
Hemp.
1801 . . .
77
48
82
261
16
1810 . . .
114
83
60
107
364
20
1820 . . .
123
85
87
85
380
18
1830 . . .
246
110
138
59
553
23
1840 . . .
448
129
210
67
854
92
1850 . . .
565
158
249
122
42
1,136
41
1860 . . .
1,140
224
228
78
86
1,756
61
1870 . . .
1,101
309
291
160
324
2,185
68
1880 . . .
1,404
338
227
165
404
2,538
70
1882 .. .
1,519
334
236
181
512
2,780
78
MANUFACTURES. 299
R — ^Baw Matsrial and Manufactures (U. Kingdom).
Tatf.
Value in MiIIioiu£.
RelaUre
Coot of
Raw
Material
(percent)
Raw Mutorial.
Manuractures.
Cotton.
WooL
8
9
10
12
15
18
19
Both.
Cottons.
Woollens.
Both.
1820. .
1880. •
1840. .
1860. •
1860. .
1870. .
1881. .
7
7
11
17
81
46
89
15
16
21
29
46
64
58
27
82
38
42
79
93
95
20
23
27
30
37
55
46
47
55
65
72
116
148
141
32
30
82
40
39
44
41
F. — British Manufacturbs in 1881.
Value. MilUfmi £.
SbilUngt per Inhabitant
Prodiio*
tiOD.
Conanmp- Exporta>
tlon. tlon.
Produc-
tion.
Consump-
tion.
Exporta-
tion.
Cottons . .
Woollens . .
Linen, kc
Silks . . .
Sundries . .
Teztfles .
Hmrdware
Total . .
95
46
21
7
26
25
26
11
4
16
82
78
160
70
20
10
3
10
54
26
12
4
15
14
15
6
2
9
40
11
6
2
6
195
127
113
49
162
111
73
46
45
65
28
322
184
91 93
G. — Forkion Customers for British Manufactures.
Percentage according to Vnlue.
Exported to
I860.
1870.
1880.
1882.
British colonies
. 32
26
34
35
United SUtes
. 16
14
14
13
European continent
. 34
38
35
36
Other countries
. 18
22
17
16
100
100
100
Total . . . .100
For particulars see Commerce,
H. — Three Epochs of British Textile Manufactures.
TbounaiidB.
1885
1850
1880
OperatiTea.
. 853
. 596
. 976
P<mer-
Looma.
116
302
725
Raw Fibre,
MiUionLba.
633
1,136
2,528
Vahie of
Miinufacture,
Milliona£.
86
109
195
300
MANUFACTURES,
L — British Manufactures
IN 1782 AND 1882
Value (Thousands
Omitted).
Ratio.
Shillings per
InhabitanL
1782.
1883.
1782.
188S.
1782.
1882.
Cotton goods . .
£960
£95,200
1-7
11-6
2
54
Woollen „ . .
16,800
46,400
29-6
5-5
84
26
Linen „ . .
1,750
11,770
8 1
1-4
8
7
Silk „ . .
3,350
7,230
6*9
0-9
r
4
Leather. . . .
10,500
34,030
18-4
4-2
21
19
Iron and steel . .
12,100
127.000
21*4
15-4
24
73
Sundries . . .
Total .
11,200
496,670
20 0
61-0
28
282
£56,660
£818,300
100-0 100*0
114
465
MTherson's table for 1782 did not include Ireland.
K — Manufactures in United States, Valuk
Year.
Millions £. Ter Inhab.
Year.
Millions £. Perlnhab.
1830 .
. . 22
£1-8
1860 .
. . 377
£12-2
1840 .
. . 97
5-7
1870 .
. . 846
21-2
1850 .
. . 211
9-1
1880 .
. . 1,112
22-0
Millions 1
itcrling.
w Material.
Protiuct.
OperatiTes,
Capital
Wages. Ka
Thouunds
1850 .
. no
49 116
212
957
1860 .
. 208
80 214
394
1,311
1870 .
. 441
161 510
846
2,054
1880 .
. 581
198
708
1,112
2,739
The above includes not only textiles and hardware, but flour-
mills, saw-mills, and other industries not counted in Europe.
J J, — Principal American Manufactures.
Value, Millions £. |
Per Inhabitant.
1860
1870.
95
1880.
1860.
1870.
ISSO.
Flour
52
118
£1-6
£2-5
£23
Leather and boots
33
56
73
11
1-5
1-4
Lumber .
22
77
56
0-7
2-0
11
Carpentry
18
48
54
0-6
1-2
11
Ck>tton8 .
24
41
54
0-8
11
1-0
Woollens
13
26
43
0-4
0-7
08
Clothing .
23
45
56
0-8
1-2
11
Machinery
12
24
52
0-4
0-7
11)
Liquor .
35
48
29
11
1-2
06
Sundries .
16-i
386
577
5-2
9-9
11-6
Total
394
, 846
1,112
£127
£22-0
£22^
1
MANUFACTURES, 301
"bL — Thirty Years of American Manufactures.
OperatiTM, Thoutanda.
Wages, MilUona £.
otaM.
1 1
1860.
180OL
1870.
1880.
1850.
1800.
1870.
1880.
41-4
New York .
199
280
861
601
10-2
18-6
29-5
147
222
819
887
7-7
12-6
26-6
278
MMMdiuwUs
178
217
279
352
8*8
11-8
24*6
26-6
Ohio . . .
61
78
138
184
2-7
4-6
10-2
12-9
niinoit. . .
12
23
83
145
0-6
1-6
64
11-8
New Jene J .
88
66
76
126
1-9
8-3
6-8
9*6
ConnectieQt .
61
64
90
113
2-5
3-9
81
91
Other SUtes.
ToUl . .
281
957
423
719
931
14-6
28-8
48*8
68*8
1,311
2,054
2,739
490
800
1610
1980
MUliom £ Sterling,
Capital.
Product
State.
1850.
21
1800.
1870.
1880.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
New York
85
77
107
60
79
157
224
Peniuylvania
20
39
85
99
82
60
143
155
Maaaachusettfl
18
28
48
64
83
53
111
131
Ohio . . .
6
12
29
40
13
25
54
73
Illinois . . .
1
6
20
29
3
12
41
86
New Jeney .
6
8
16
22
8
15
34
53
Connecticut .
5
9
20
25
10
17
82
39
Missouri . .
2
4
16
15
5
9
41
34
Michigan . .
1
5
15
19
2
7
24
81.
California . .
1
4
8
12
8
14
13
24
Other SUtes .
' 80
58
107
149
53
103
394
196
262
Total . .
110
208
441
581
212
846
1,112
Ratio Tper
Operative.
Wages, £.
Product, £.
Strtte.
•
1850.
51
1860.
1870.
1880.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
New York .
59
82
83
250
340
440
448
Pennsylvania
52
56
83
72
220
267
444
400
Maraachusetts
49
54
88
76
180
240
400
870
Ohio . . .
54
61
74
70
255
334
880
395
Illinois . . .
50
70
77
80
250
500
490
593
New Jersey .
50
59
90
76
210
270
450
420
Connecticut .
49
61
90
81
196
270
350
344
Other States .
Gen. average .
52
61
68
68
63
225
! 220
316
382
874
61
79
72
300
415
403
MANUFACTURES— MAHURB.
N. — AWERIGAII Ma»DPACTDIU» IK GbOUPB or STATm
BtaM.
W«<^MilU«>S.
ISSD.
ISGO.
1870.
ISM.
ISM
IMO.
UTO.
New BiwlMid .
Middls
Southern .
Wertein
Pacific
Total
313
418
104
lOS
u
9S7
3S0
126
184
es
1,811
B2fl
801
1S7
4S9
41
645
1,10-2
069
95
3,T8B
16
!U
4
6
4e
It
31
7
IS
S
48
U
11
•
2,054
ao
101 [ IH
JfjBioM £ ibrlii^
..„.
CpiUL 1
Product. 1
1850.. IMO
1870. IBSO.I ISM.
93
166
39
71
20
394
ino UM.
201 230
354 ICO
il 70
217 320
17 26
816 1,118
New EnglMd .
Middle
Southern
Weitera
Puilio
ToUl
34
4S
13
13
I
Tio'
54
89
23
36
1
soa
102 130
187 2J3
291 40
109 1 150
14 1 IS
441 5St
58
93
20
30
6
S13
Satio pa- Operatiie.
W,4,..-. 1
Pr«
OO.
1850. IWO. 1970, I8S0. 16M,
1970.
1880.
New EpgUnd .
iSl '^58 £31 £7S 1 £190
£252
£390
£360
Middle
57 1 84 73
230
440
420
Smithern
41)
55 13 43
1B2
30S
810
WMitera .
275
S90
434
ISO
Pacific
I4ll
lan rs 63
S60
290
420
UiiiDn.
51
61 79 72
230
300
41S
*oa
— AUKUAL pRODDCnON PER ANIMAIk
MANURE'-'MARRIAGES.
303
kfUlion
Tons.
Tons per
Arable Acre,
103
2-2
112
17
182
2-0
273
1-4
116
21
81
11
42
1-9
7
1-8
11
2*2
10
2-0
11
1-9
24
1-6
BL — Pboduction in Countries.
United Kingdom
France
Gennany
Bnnia
Austria
Ital^
Spain
Portugal
Holland
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden and Norway .
Europe . 872 1*8
The above forms the chief ingredient in farm-yard manure,
being mixed with straw, &c. The quantity of farm-yard
manure used per acre is 13 tons in Great Britain, 45 in
Belgium, 14 on the estates of Russian nobles, and 7 on the
lands of Moujiks or peasant-farmers in Russia. In France
fish is often used. In Norfolk likewise the farmers buy fisli
at 16 shillings per ton, mix it with mould as 1 to 40, and
obtain heavy crops of turnips.
MABBLR — Is worth about £4 per ton, Italy exporting
annually 105,000 tons, valued at £400,000. It is 7 per
cent heavier than stone, and 5 per cent, lighter than granite.
One cubic foot weighs 160 lbs., that is, 14 cubic feet per ton.
MABIIALADE. — Dundee consumes 6000 chests of bitter
oranges yearly, and exports 3 million pounds of marmalade.
liASRIAGES.
A. — Number per 1000 Inhabitants per Annum.
1861-70.
18n-80.
20yr8.
1861-70.
18n-80.
aOyra.
TJ. Kingdom
7-66
7-60
7-63
Austria . . 8*65
8-55
8-60
France . .
7-95
7-95
7-96
Hungary . 10*50
10-30
10-40
Germany
8-85
8-85
8-85
Switzerland 7 65
7-65
765
Holland . .
816
8-06
810
Italy. . . 7-56
7-66
7-60
Belgium . .
7-40
7-20
7-30
Spain . . 7*55
7-55
7-65
Denmark .
7-60
7-80
7-70
Australia . 800
700
7-50
Sweden . .
6-80
6-80
6-80
The ratio of persons marrying will be of course double the
al>ove, each marriage being here counted singly. Wherever
no rates exist previous to 1870 the same is supposed as in
the ensuing decade.
3<H
MARRIAGES.
R — Conditions of Persons Mabrtino, in RATia
Husband.
wife. 1
Bachelor.
Widower.
ToUL
Spinster.
Widow.
TMaL
England .
France. .
Plrassia .
Russia . .
Austria
Italy .
Spain . .
Belgium .
Holland
Denmark ,
Sweden
Norway ,
Greece . .
Roumania
1
861
881
847
808
819
863
851
878
848
865
883
883
899
880
189
119
153
192
181
137
149
122
152
135
117
117
101
120 •
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
902
922
902
864
886
924
912
913
898
914
940
941
926
912
98
78
98
186
114
76
88
87
102
86
60
59
74
88
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
C. — Classification op 1000 Marriages, and Birth-Ratk
Bachelor with
Widower with
Total.
Children
per
Spinster.
Widow.
Spinster.
Widow.
Marriage.
England . . .
816
45
86
53
1000"
416
France
' 840
41
82
87
1000
2-98
Prussia
1 794
53
108
45
1000
4.12
Russia
. : 762
46
102
90
1000
4 85
Austria
755
64
131
50
1000
4-04
Italy . .
Spam .
■ 825
38
99
88
1000
4-49
1 811
40
101
48
1000
4-66
Belgium
. 1 827
51
86
36
1000
4*21
Holland
: 794
54
104
48
1000
4*84
Denmark
818
52
101
84
1000
8-55
Sweden
847
36
93
24
1000
4-01
Norway .
845
38
96
21
1000
3*85
Greece
858
41
68
83
1000
• • •
Roumania
850
SO
62
58
1000
• • •
D. — Ratio of Second Marriages.
Per
Cent
England . .
. 12
Ireland . . .
9
France . . .
10
Germany . . .
11
Russia . . .
16
Per
Per
Cent.
CenU
Austria
. 18
Holland . .
12
Italy . .
. 10
I>enmark . .
10
Spain . .
9
Swed. & Nor.
9
Switzerland
. 13
ijrrceoe ...
9
Belgium .
. 10
Roumania. .
11
MARRIAGES.
305
E. — Marrying Agb, 1000 Men.
England
Scotland
Ireland
France .
Italy .
PruMia
Russia .
Norway
Sweden
Belgium
Holland
Jews
Uiuler 90.
90-30.
149
I 134
I 137
204
171
111
I 673
I 93
1 ^^
I 63
' 99
235
England .
Scotland .
36
32
731
684
Ireland
26
600
France. .
23
607
Italy . .
Prottia
11
8
623
663
Roasia
878
428
Norway .
Sweden
8
1
672
674
Belgium .
HoUaod .
9
23
648
662
Jews . .
22
664
80-40.
144
189
269
262
269
231
122
291
299
307
281
174
40-50.
62
62
67
65
68
64
66
88
81
91
87
74
Over 50.
Women.
88
33
38
43
89
34
21
46
46
45
47
66
TotttL
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Medium
Age,
Tears.
680
111
41
19
1000
686
134
37
9
1000
713
111
27
12
1000
693
145
40
18
1000
657
125
84
13
1000
686
152
41
10
1000
384
64
23
6
1000
667
185
63
12
1000
643
232
69
15
1000
625
222
66
24
1000
607
212
61
21
1000
685
98
64
28
1000
27-7
28-6
29-9
30-2
30-2
29-2
25-2
311
311
31-8
30-9
301
25-6
25-7
25-2
24*9
25-4
260
21-5
271
283
28-6
280
26-2
F. — Married and Unmarried Population, Ratio.
Unmarried.
Married.
Widowed.
TotAl.
England
602
346
63
1000
France .
511
405
84
1000
Prussia .
606
336
68
1000
Wurtemburg .
623
319
68
1000
Austria .
605
342
63
1000
Hungary
632
407
61
1000
lUly .
682
352
66
1000
Switzerland .
609
319
72
1000
Si>ain .
672
360
68
1000
Portugal
628
310
62
1000
Holland
611
828
61
1000
Belgium
629
315
66
1000
Scandinavia .
618
330
62
1000
ChUe .
688
260
62
1000
u
jo6 MARRIAGES.
G. — Women of Child-bbarino Aos (15 to 45) in 1875.
ThoMMndi.
Bfttio. 1
Married.
Unmarried.
TotaL
Married.
Unmarried.
TbIaL
England . .
2,685
2,724
5,409
496
504
1000
Scotland . .
840
427
767
444
556
1000
Ireland . .
470
703
1,178
401
599
1000
France . . .
4,359
8,846
8,205
531
469
1000
Germany . .
4,380
5,082
9,462
468
587
1000
Switzerland .
266
367
633
421
579
1000
Italy . . .
8,224
2,977
6,201
520
480
1000
Belgium . .
474
684
1,158
409
591
1000
HoUand . .
869
472
841
439
561
1000
Denmark . .
188
228
416
450
550
1000
Sweden . •
405
659
964
420
580
1000
Norway . ,
176
226
401
437
568
1000
H. — Marriages in United Kingdom.
Marriages,
Tliousanda.
Annual Ratio per
1861-70.
1871-80. 1861-70. \ 1871-80.
England ....
Scotland ....
Ireland ....
1,770
224
290
1,960
253
251
8-43
712
5-14
817
7-23
4-74
United Kingdom
2,284
2,464 1 7-66
7-60
See note to Table A, page 303.
I. — Consanguineous Marriages.
France . • li per cent England 2 per cent
London
H
ti
English nobility 4|
n
The nature of these marriacjes in France is as follows : —
Cousins, 75 ; brother-in-law, 20 ; uncle and niece, 4 ; aunt
anil nephew, 1 per cent
In all countries about 5 per cent of marriages prove barren,
the tendency being greatest among consanguineous marriages.
Among the English nobility, for example, 19 per cent, are
childless. Married women live 2 years longer than singio
ones, although 1 in 70 dies in childbirth, since 3 births in
1000 cost the mother's life.
England .
France . .
Gkrmany .
K. — Duration of Marriage.
. 30 Holland .
24 Belgium .
. 23 Jews . .
Years.
27 ' Russia .
26 Norway .
26 Sweden .
23
23
25
UARRIAGES.
307
In England, if the motiier die first, tbe father aurriTea 9}
years; but if tiie father die first, the mother surrives 111
yeaia. In the Censns of 1871 the muried people living had
an aTeiage age of 41} years, and had been married Ifi years.
L. — Batio op Mabbisd PaRSOiia ni Unitbd Kinqdom (1871).
bduA
Scotlud.
Mud. 1 o-n.
■dom.
lUlL
tt-mi^
lUlii,
307 '
eao
3-3
100-0
FBxda
ItabL nnn.]^' 1UI..
32-8
B9-4
8-0
MkTried . . 1 39'!
Widowed . 1 3'6
Totol . . 1000
3S-9
68-8
7-6
1«H)
28'8
8-*
100-0
29-6 28* 1 838
86-8 62-1 i 62-8
3-7 9-6 8-6
1000 lOO-O 100-0
lOOD
M. — Vabiatioitb of CoNDirroit m England.
>bl«
V-m^m. 1
1861.
IMl.
ICTl.
18S1.
IKI.
IBTl.
Mwricd . . .
UnmMTied . .
Widowed . .
Totol . . .
337
62-8
3-7
86-0
61-3
37
35-1
61-3
3-8
32-9
69-8
7-3
33-9
68-8
7-3
33-0
5S'S
7-5
lOO-O
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
N, — Vamations i» Scotland.
H..1«.
-"" _
I8S1.
IMl. 13T1.
IWl.
I»7L
ftUrried . . .
Widowed . .
TotAl . . .
29-9
eS'8
33
30-9
85 8
8-3
307
GS'O
3-3
27-8
63-8
8-4
28'S
63-0
8-*
23-8
62-8
8-4
100-0
100-0
100-0
1000
lOO'O
1000
0. — Vabiatiohs is Ireland.
HidM. 1 Fciaila.
im.
I8tl.
isn.
IMl.
MarrioJ ....
Unmained .
Widowed
Total
29-5
66 '8
3-7
27-8
68-6
3-9
28-4
62-1
9-5
27-0
63-4
9-6
100-0
100-0
1000
100-0
3c8
MA RRIA GES—MEA T.
P.— Vi
LRIATIO
NS IN
France since
1806
•
Fw 1000 Inhab.
Peru
Uumarri(
KK) InhaK
Unmarried. Harried.
kL Harried.
1806 . . (
S41 859
1861 .
611
889
1821 . . 1
S30 870
1861 .
600
400
1841 . . 1
822 878
1876 .
696
405
In this table widowed persons
I are included among unmarried.
Q. — Marriages in Months and Seasons.
Scotland. France.
Scotland. France.
January . •
160 126
July . , .
. 124
89
February . .
70 126
August. .
. 78
91
March . . .
71 65
September.
. 74
91
.^ril . . .
May . . .
78 127
October
. 74
98
49 91
November .
. 114
120
June . . . ;
L74 112
December .
. 139
75
i year (
S02 636
i year
. 698
664
Quarter ending
England.
Scotland. Ireland.
France.
March .
246
301
432
806
June
302
301
247
830
September
294
271
252
271
December
358
82
7 269
[) 1,200
293
Total
. 1,200
1,201
1,200
MEAT
A.
Production .
iND CONSUMPI
PION.
^-
ProductioE
1, Thousands of Toi
IB.
Coiisump- 1
tion. Tons.
Beef.
Mutton.
Pork.
Fowl, Ac.
' Total.
I
Thousands.
United Kingdom
666
346
145
38
1,195
1,640 .
France . . .
550
210
240
60
1,060
1,210
Germany . . .
785
230
285
45
1,345
1,405
Russia. . . .
1,050
420
445
50
1,965
1,920
Austria . . .
655
180
275 40
1,150
1,090
lUljr ....
Spain and Port .
165
70
55
25
315
295
170
180
130
10
490
460
Belgium . . .
82
6
24
6
118
190
Holland . . .
95
9
12
5
121
98
Denmark . . .
80
18
16
2
116
76
Swed. and Nor. .
150
27
18
6
201
196
Greece ....
12
15
1
1
29
31
Roomania, kc. .
Europe . . ,
160
50
60
10
280
300
4,620
1,761
1,706
298
8,886
8,911
United States .
1,750
340
1,420
60
8,570
3,060
Canada . . .
Total . .
185
36
45
6
221
198
6,505
2,137
3,171 1 363
12.176
12,169 ■
MEAT.
309
The flocks and heids of the River Plate and Australia are
capable of yielding a large meat crop, but at present the
sheep are grown only for wool, and cattle are in some seasons
slaughtered for their hides. If the available supply be
taken at 67 per cent of what the same number would give
in Europe, the meat crop annually of those countries would
be : —
RiTor Plato. AtintralU. Total.
Beef, toiu. . 650,000 310,000 960,000
Mutton,, . . 520,000 450,000 970,000
Pork „ . . 11,000 24,000 35,000
Total
1,181,000
784,000
1,965,000
B. — Meat Consumption per Inhabitant.
Per Annum, Lba.
Beef.
Mutton.
Pork.
Fowl, te.
Total
United Kingdom .
52
24
26
8
105
France ....
40
12
19
3
74
Germany.
40
12
15
2
69
Russia ....
24
11
11
2
48
Austria ....
37
10
15
2
64
Italy ....
12
5
4
2
23
Spain and Portugal .
16
18
14
1
49
Belgium ....
44
3
27
2
76
Holland ....
42
5
7
2
56
Denmark.
31
19
17
2
69
Sweden and Norway
48
9
6
2
65
Europe ....
32
12
11
2
57
United SUtes .
62
14
41
3
120
Canada ....
52
17
21
3
93
C. — Meat-Supply of the United Kingdom.
Years.
Anniml BLiughter,
Thou»aD(u.
Meat Crop,
Thuiis:inas
Ttus.
Consumption.
Cows.
Sheep.
Pigs.
Thousands
Tons.
Lbs. per
iDhaU
1835-40 . .
1841-50 . .
1851-60 . .
1861-70 . .
1871-80 . .
1881-82 . .
1,328
1,418
1.572
1,790
1,948
1,994
8,670
10,780
12,430
13,672
12,968
12,466
1,552
1,595
1,880
2,043
2,062
2,080
778
880
990
1,106
1.160
1,195
778
880
1,034
1,237
1,448
1,640
66
72
81
91
96
105
3IO
MEAT.
D. — ExPBIfDITURB FOR MbAT IN UNITED KiNODOlL
Tears.
milloui A sterliaff.
ReUtiTe
Exttenditure
for Meat
London
Price
perSLbe.
Meat
Ezpenditnre
perlnhabb
NaUonal
Earning*.
Meat
Value.
1835-40 . .
1841-50 . .
1861-60 . .
1861-70 . .
1871-80 . .
1881-82 . .
480
550
690
880
1,123
. 1.230
43
45
58
76
112
139
Per Cei.t
9
8
:t
10
114
Pence.
51
48
62
66
68
72
ShOUnga.
83
83
41
50
66
78
The total meat-crop of nations, at an average of £55 per
ton, represents a value of 660 millions sterling, or 36 shillings
for each consumer, big and little, per annum. The average
in the United Kingdom, as shown above, is more than double.
E. — Meat Imports into United Kingdom.
ToDB, Thotiaandfl.
Lba. per Inhabitant
1861.
1871.
1881.
18(51.
2
h
3
h
187L
1881.
15
6
6i
n
Bacon
Beef
Cattle
Pork
26
8
35
7
55
30
85
15
231
91
104
19
4
2
6
1
Total
76
185
445
6
1 18
29
Imported cattle are taken at 560 lbs. for beasts and 56
lbs. for sheep.
F. — Meat Exports of United States.
Bacon
Beef .
Cattle
Pork.
ToUl . 40,400 82,100
See note at foot of preceding table.
Tons.
1861.
1871.
1881.
22,400
32,300
836,400
6»400
19,800
68,100
3,300
11,900
56,200
8,300
18,100
49,500
610,200
a—
, MERCURY'-METALS.
Meat Consumption in Francs.
3n
»
Tons.
Per Inhabitant, Lbs.
1840. 1860.
1880.
1840.
1800.
1880.
•n — M
^JV^B • • •
Mnitoii
Pork . . .
Total .
299,000
82,000
290,000
450,000
114,000
878,000
640,000
210,000
805,000
19
5
19
27
7
23
40
12
19
671,000 942,000
1,155,000
43
67
71
100 lbs.
100 „
100
t*
H.
tteef :
If
miitton:
-Loss OF Meat in Cooking.
67 lbs. roast
74 „ boUed
75 ,, roast
100 lbs.
raw
fowl
100
n
•
)
100
ti
raw
fish
MES0X7BY.
CalifomiA
Spain
Austria
Other oonntries
Total
Tkma,
Produo-
tion.
1,880
1,090
275
595
8,340
Great Britahi .
United SUtes .
China
Other countries
80 roast
87 boiled
94 boQed
Tons,
Consump-
tion.
1,550
570
500
720
Total
8,340
Mercuiy is worth about £220 per ton.
METALS. A.
Conductors of
Condncton of
Heat Electricity.
neat Electricity.
Gold .
. 100 94
Iron
. 37 16
Platinnm
98 16
Zinc
. 36 29
Silver .
97 74
Tin
. 30 15
Copper
90 100
Lead .
. 18 8
B. — Tenacity.
A wire, 0*64 of a line in diameter, will sustain tke follow-
ing weights : —
Lead
Tin .
Zinc .
Gk>ld.
Zinc
Iron
Tin
28 lbs.
85 „
110 „
160,,
Silver
Platinum
Copper
Lron .
C. — Fluid DENsrry.
6-48
6-88
7-08
Copper
SUver
Lead.
1871bfl.
274 „
802 „
649,,
8-22
9*51
10-37
For general statistics, see Mining ; for particular, see each
metal under its own title.
312
METEOROLOGY.
METEOROLOGY.
A. — Tempbraturb op Various Places (Fahr.)
Those places marked with an asterisk show highest and lowest Quarierit.
instfod of highest and lowest Months,
Month.
66-8
75-6
Aberdeen
Adelaide
'Alaska .
•Albany . ,
Algiers
Amsterdam
*Antigua
Archangel
'Arizona .
'Arkansas
'Aspinwall
Astrakan
Auckland
Azores . .
Bagdad . .
'Bahamas
Baltimore
Barbadoed .
Barcelona
Batavia . .
Belfast . .
Berlin . .
Bermudas .
Bogota . .
Bombay . .
Bordeaux
Boston . .
Boulogne
Bremen . .
Breslau . .
Bristol . .
Brussels . .
Bucharest
Buda-Pesth .
•Buenos Avres
♦Buffalo .' .
Cadiz . . .
Cairo . . .
Calcutta . .
Canton . .
Cape Town .
Caracas . .
Carlsbad . .
Chambery .
'Charleston .
Cheltenham .
MuDth.
60-6
84-4
631
70-4
76-6
65-3
81-7
60-8
85*5
81-6
79-7
77-6
700
70-0
941
84-5
75-2
80-6
78-8
80-0
64-2
65-8
76-8
61-9
85-9
73-2
720
691
64-6
65-3
67 0
64-4
68-2
66-6
73-4
67-7
72-9
85-8
90-4
83 0
760
73-3
64-0
68-7
79-6
66-3
Lowart Yrar'a
Maoth. Atraiags.
37-8
54-2
818
25-3
53-0
83*2
77-4
6-6
46*9
44*2
78-7
12-6
61-0
556
44*6
747
30-9
761
48-7
750
400
27-7
56-8
57-6
76-3
410
26-6
371
29-6
27-9
360
35-3
20-3
251
62-6
26 6
51-4
561
69-3
525
57-6
68 0
26-3
30-9
51-5
38-3
49-2
68-4
421
47-9
64 3
49-9
79 4
385
67*4
62-1
791
50-1
60-0
62-4
737
79-6
54-9
78-4
63 0
78-3
52-1
48-2
67-4
597
813
57 0
48-5
54-4
48-1
467
517
507
46-4
47-5
62-8
46-9
621
72-2
82-4
69-9
66-5
711
46-0
51-5
65-5
51-5
'Chicago
Cincinnati
Coblenz .
Colombo
'Colorado
'Concord
Constant*ople 74*1
Copenhagen 64-3
'CortaRica 717
68-4
84-8
64*4
67-5
Cracow . .
Christiania .
'Dakota
•Delaware .
Demerara .
'Detroit .
Dresden . .
Drontheim .
Dublin . .
'Dubuque .
Edinburgh .
Falkland I.
Falmouth .
Faroe I.
Florence
'Florida .
Frankfort .
•Galveston.
Geneva . .
Genoa . .
Ghent . .
Gibraltar .
Glasgow
•Greenland
•Guadeloupe
Guatemala .
Halifax . .
Hamburg .
Hammerfest
•Hartford .
Havanna
Hobart .
•Honduras .
Honolulu .
Iceland . .
'Idaho . .
•Indiana
67-0
61-8
74*6
75-2
83-0
681
67-5
650
61-5
717
587
56 0
58 9
55-9
76-9
83-4
66-1
837
718
77-4
67*6
79-5
61-3
40 6
81-3
71'8
70K)
64-6
53-0
69-8
83-9
631
83-2
78-8
56-2
75-0
76*4
MonUL
24-8
81*6
827
77-9
20-6
22-8
89-2
29*8
67-9
23-9
20*8
7-9
84-2
76-6
26-6
29-2
19-6
393
22-6
37-4
87*4
40-5
86-9
41-2
54-4
81-5
53-5
81-1
467
83-8
57 6
88-2
141
76-3
63-8
18-0
80-0
22-0
29-9
71-4
40-2
760
70-5
28 3
29-8
287
45*9
547
51*5
80-8
42-9
457
565
46*6
69*3
47*1
41*5
486
547
807
472
491
401
50-1
477
47-1
47 2
50-3
45-4
592
71-0
49*6
69*4
527
611
50-9
67-4
49 8
268
791
66-6
401
48-0
87-0
49-8
77-2
524
80-0
74^
89-4
525
53*1
METEOROLOGY.
313
MrTBOBOLuo Y — CO nlinued.
■ttIM
Ilt«1wt
IHM
Tmy,
kSblT
HmllL
•low* . . .
TSfi
22-1
iST
'Omaha . .
74-8
23'4
*«T
Iikutak. . .
«■»
1-2
83 6
•Oregon . .
877
39-4
61-6
IdeofbUn .
803
40 6
49'8
Palenuo . .
76-4
61-8
63-1
Iile of Wight.
es-o
37 0
60-4
Parie. . .
86-7
S6'4
61-3
J»m««" .
817
767
78-8
Pekin. . .
78-3
247
63-3
Jeney . . .
ea-s
417
61-9
6a-i
42-8
Bl-8
Jern^m. .
77-3
47-4
626
Philadelphia
73-9
29-4
62-1
■Euiua . .
76-8
287
627
•PortlH.d,U.a887
217
430
E>un . . .
018
8-6
86-B
•Porto Rico.
88-9
78-1
81-4
•Kentucky .
76-6
82-1
64-1
•I^^Ed.l'
698
27-a
60-2
•Key Wert .
8S*
70-4
771
85-8
233
43-9
Lei,ii=. . .
621
297
48-4
•ProFidenoe
68-0
27-4
471"
Luna . . .
80-1
682
73-3
Qnebeo . .
78-4
127
40-0
Li*boD . . .
721
61-4
61-4
Quito .. .
63-6
68-2
60-6
LiTerpool . .
82-0
39-9
60-8
•Raleigh. .
77-2
401
68-5
]>Dd0D. .
64-1
87-3
60-8
77-6
837
66-2
Madein .
78-9
83-1
67-e
Rio Janeiro .
82-4
67-2
77-2
Madna. .
88-2
75-a
81-9
Rome. . .
78-0
46-0
80-5
Madrid. .
79-0
42-4
68-2
Rotterdam .
68-2
867
61-0
Malta . .
78-0
67-1
87-6
St Bernard, M. 44-2
16-4
80-2
608
387
48-8
•St. John'. .
67-6
261
41-2
Manilla . .
87-0
68-0
78-4
St. Louii . .
78 1
32-9
65 0
Marwilles. .
76-fl
43-2
683
147
39-6
•Matamorw .
84 '9
64-8
76-6
St ThoDiaa .
837
78-2
81-2
MauriUuj . .
82-5
726
77-1
880
77 0
81-3
Mqlbourne
66-8
47-9
67 0
•.Siitiyrnnci-.
.58-1
601
66-2
•iIeiopbi.,T«ii
1.7S-5
421
607
Savannah
82-2
60-6
867
Me»[>.a . .
74-7
54 '2
65 7
9ebutopol .
712
34-3
63-0
Mexico. .
68-2
621
60-6
Sierra Leone
81-6
77 0
79-3
Mil»n . . .
71-7
33-2
65 1
Singapore .
82-2
78-5
807
•fctilwaotee
670
24 0
458
Stockholm .
63-5
24-3
423
•Mi>i»»>t>
711
12-9
428
Stra»bnrg .
65-8
31-0
497
R[in..n« . .
79-2
63-3
847
Stuttgart. .
66-a
300
495
•Mobile . .
79 0
62'4
88-1
Sydney . .
66-3
S5-8
66-8
•Montana. .
703
19-2
44-8
Teneriffe. .
78-0
63-8
71-2
Montevideo .
80-0
6S'0
88-8
•Tex at . .
837
51-2
e8'S
78-4
421
695
Toronto , .
667
237
44-8
Montreal . .
73-6
140
44-6
Trierta . .
72-8
38-3
65 3
M0M»« . .
66-4
13-3
40 0
Trinidad . .
79'5
76-5
73-0
Mtioicli . .
61-7
29 6
48-1
Tunis . . .
86-5
63-1
68-8
Nancy . . .
6:i-5
33-3
49'6
Turin . . .
73 2
30-9
631
Kapl«> . . .
78-3
46-3
60-3
•Utah. . .
73'8
80 4
61-9
•NaahriUo .
783
397
68-3
Venice . .
751
85-3
66-4
NaUl . . .
7r8
65-2
617
VeraC™. .
83-4
700
77-0
•Nevada .
75-2
34-6
64-1
•Vermont .
672
21-0
43'S
•Newark, N.J.
70 4
30-8
605
Vienna . .
70 8
29-3
El'O
•N. Brunswick
67 -8
21-1
40-1
9i-9
223
44-2
•New Mejtioo
80-1
30-3
654
WMhlngtoD.
786
861
E6-3
New Orlean. .
82-2
52-3
89a
Wisconsin .
704
18-6
453
New York .
731
31-6
61-8
Wyoming .
72-6
20-8
45-4
Nice. . . .
73 9
41-5
68-9
York . .
63-6
33-4
49-2
3'4
MILITARY PAY-^MILITIA.
B. — Tbmfbratubb of Great Britain.
Oreonwich.
Months.
1771-1841.
1842-70.
Bisa.
ScoOsBd,
18&S-6*.
January
. 86-6
887
8-3
87-a
February
. 88*8
89-4
11
87-4
March .
. tO'8
41*6
0-8
89-8
April
May .
. 46-6
47-2
17
44-1
. 52-4
62-7
0-8
49-5
Jane .
. 67 8
69-0
1-2
66-6
July .
. 61-8
62-2
0-9
67-6
August.
. 60-6
61-6
09
67-S
September
. C6-2
671
0-9
62*8
October
. 49-8
60-2
0-9
47-a
Noyemb«r
. 41-6
43-6
1-9
40-2
December
. 886
40*0
1-4
88-6
Annual mc
lan . 48-1
49-4
1-8
467
This rise of temperature in England has been coincident
with a diminution of frost in Canada and Labrador. See
Frosty Cold, Heaty Rainfall^ Barometer^ &c.
C. — Extraordinary Readings, in Fahrenheit.
London, July 16th, 1881
ParTs, „ „
Naples ,, 25th,
ft
If
96-6
99-8
96-2
Bombay, July, 1883 •
Adelaide^ Jan. 1880 .
See Appendix.
96-8
114^
MILITABY PAY.
A. — Middle Ages, Daily Pay.
Old Money,
Present
Old Money,
GroAts.
Value.
QroaU.
Count .
. . 40
£2 2 0
Man-at-arma 8
Baron . .
. 20
1 1 0
Cross-bowman 1
Knight
. . 12
0 18 0
Archer . . (
Value.
£0 8 0
0 10
0 0 6
B. — Pay in European Armies, per Annum.
English. French. Italian.
General . ... £660 £600
Colonel .£1,000 280 280
Lieut Ool 820 220 210
Major 292 180 170
CapUin . 212 120 120
English. Frsnoh.
Lieut . . £118 £80
Ensign. . 100 62
Sergeant . 86 15
Private . 18 6
£90
MILITLA — That of the United Kingdom nnmben
118,000 men. Death rate, 3*3 per 1000. In the year
1880 there were 7949 drafted into the army, 13,665 dis-
charged or invalided, 985 expelled, and 9299 who deserted.
MILK^MILLIONA IRES.
315
HI 11 iTv.
A. — Supply and Consumption, per Annum.
.
Mileh Cowa.
Milk, Million QaUona.
Value,
MUlions
Per
lohab.,
Bhilliiig*.
Number,
Tbou-
■and*.
Per 100
lubab.
Used
Milk.
Butter,
tc.
TotaL
U.S[ing;doin
U. States .
Canada . .
Holland. .
France . .
Gftrmany .
8,750
12,440
970
540
4,300
5,900
11
24
22
14
12
18
700
2,800
180
50
850
840
800
2,500
270
280
600
1,170
1,500
4,800
400
830
1,450
2,010
40
78
7
9
28
82
22
29
81
44
12
14
B. — Components op Milk.
Water. Pat
Caseine. 1
SnsTAr. Total.
Woman .
. 89-8 2-5
8-4
4-8 100-0
Cow
. 86-0 4-0
72
2-8 100-0
Ass
. 90.9 11
1-9
61 1000
Goat
. 86-8 8-3
4-0
6-9 100-0
Ewe
. 85*6 4*2
4-5
5-7 1000
MILLIONAIBES, PAST AND PRESENT.
Name.
Reftidence.
Supposed
Fortune.
Profession.
Seneca
. Rome .
£3,400,000
Philosopher.
Lentulos •
. „ • <
2,600,000
Astrologer.
Lucullus .
* „ • •
1,600,000
Gentleman.
Sir F. Goldnnid
[ . London.
10,000,000
Banker.
John Jacob Astor . New York
6,000,000
Furrier.
Patrick Milmo
. Mexico .
2,000,000
Grazier.
A. T. Stewart
. New York
. 16,000,000
Haberda.sher.
M. Mackay
. . California
18,000,000
Miner.
Thomas Brasse j . London .
5,500,000
Engineer.
Baron Rothschild „
3,000,000
Banker.
Louis Philippe
Paris
2,600,000
King.
Jay Gould
. New York
. 20,800,000
Broker.
W. Vanderbnt
„
36,400,000
Railway director.
Heinrich Drasche . Vienna .
2,100,000
Potter.
Thomas Holloway . London .
2,200,000
Druggist.
Joseph Love
. Durham
2,300,000
Collier.
F. Borsig .
. Berlin .
3,100,000
Engine-builder.
W. Wythes
. London .
3,600,000
Contractor.
H. Krupp.
. Essen .
2,700,000
Ironmaster.
John Fair
. California
3,200,000
Miner.
W. Barron
. Mexico .
1,500,000
Merchant.
J. Lambert
. Chile .
2,600,000
Miner.
John Jackson .
. Montevideo .
1,200,000
Shepherd.
3i6
MINERAL SPRINGS^MINING.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
BUin .
St Didier
Mallow
Bristol.
Yverdtm
Box ton
Kreuznach
Patras .
WUdbad
Pfeffen
Alicante
Pisa .
A. — Tbmpbbature, Fahrenheit.
. 66
. 70
. 72
. 74
. 76
. 82
. 86
. 97
. 98
. 101
. 104
. 106
Thermopyls
Vichy . ,
Bath . .
e . 118 ,
. . 113
. 116
Gasteln. .
. . 117
Bigorre . ,
ToepUtz
Lucca . ,
. . 119
. . 121
. . 124
Gautereta ,
. . 130
Ems . . ,
. . 131
Aachen . .
. . 135
Gaimaraene
1 . 138
Luchon .
. . 140
IschU ... 140
Ofen .... 144
Aries. ... 145
Baden-Baden . 147
Plombi^res . . 147
Visen. . . . 153
WiBbaden . . 158
Balkan ... 163
Acqui. ... 167
Garlsbad. . . 167
Ghaudes Aigoes 174
Baths of Nero . 188
B. — Result op French Mineral Waters.
Gored .
Improved
No effect
Worse .
Total
MINING.
Bar^s. Amelle.
12 9
52 45
33 36
3 10
Vichy. Bourbcnne. ^Jj^J
22 16 15
61 62 55
14 17 25
3 5 5
100
100
100
100
lOO
A.-
-Value op
Minerals.
MUUons £,
No. of
Miuera,
RMItIt
1
TUousmDds
Gold.
> ■ ■ •
SUver.
Coal.
67
Sundries.
Total
Omitted.
U. Elingdom
• • •
12
79
538
£146
France . .
1 • • •
• • •
11
3
H
206
70
Germany .
■ • ■
1
14
4
19
231
82
Russia
6
• • •
3
1
10
207
4S
Austria
• • •
h
H
3
8
92
86
Italy .
t ■ • •
• • •
• • •
2
2
86
52
Spain .
■ • • •
• • •
• • •
6
6
70
86
Belgium .
k • • •
• • «
6
h
6i
105
02
Sweden .
6
• • •
• • •
105^
1
32|^
1
29
85
Europe . .
u
145i
1,514
96
United SUtes
7
8
28
34
77
560
140
Span. America
1
5
i
3i
10
150
66
Australia . .
5
• • «
1
2
8
95
84
Other Gountriet
> 1
. 20
i
1
136
1
34
70
50
The Wori
d
•
15
72
244
2,389
102
B. — Deepest Mines m 'Workiko.
81 Andra.
KoMbridgs.
DoldiiGeU.
XlnximL
CoiJ.
SIlrsT.
CoaL
Ansbslia.
Spain.
C. — Deaths or Minbrb in Great Britain.
Depth, FmL
S,190
S,!80
a.M7
2,683
2.S10
2,418
1,9m
1,S7«
1851-eO .
. 10,018
1861-70 .
. 10,828
1871-*! .
. 11,348
1881 . .
. 1,008
KUIed.
S7,000
104,000
140,000
170,000
D. — Proohess of British Mis'inq.
1800 .
IO,8M,000
£8,100.000
1810 .
13,000,000
7.800,000
1820 .
1B,700,000
10,400,000
1830 .
20,300,000
13,700,000
1840 .
34,600,000
16,200.000
1850 .
65,600,000
23,100,000
1860 .
98,000,000
32.600,000
1870 .
127.000.000
40,800,000
1882 .
178,000,000
79.400,000
Miners' wages in England areraged 30 shillings a week in
the 10 years ending 1880: they reached 61 shillings in
1873, and fell to 20 shillings in 1878.
See Coal, Copper, Iron, Lead, &c.
E. — Cost op Prodootion per Ton.
ShillliigiL
CnL Pl« Iron. Obnmtton,
France . . 10 73 The French
Ftuuw . . 6 fi9 GoTemnieDt \»
EngUnd . . 8 GO naponnble for
Bdgiuni . . 8 47 thu table.
Anitnlia 7
3>8
F. — Bbitibh MiHiNa m 1
Thoiui
VbIuv,
I. Tliouundi
Coal . . . 161,200 £65,530
Iroiubiiia . 16,800 10,»00
Skit ... %100 1,300
Lead & copper 70 190
Ho, fto. . . iO 600
ToUl . 176,210 £7S,7SO
. 52,100 £13,100
. 13,000 1,600
. 8,200 1,000
Total . 74,780 £18,430
A.-
-AllOCNT 01
Bbitibh Mcmbt Comsn
Bdgti.
Gold.
BilTK.
ToUL
Per
Anaiim.
Henry IIL
£3,898
• £3,898
EdwirdL
38.603
38.803
£1,100
EdwKdn.
15,751
45.761
a.300
Edward III.
£11,S11
85,703
1 97,047
l.»60
Richard IX
8,1>S8
2,228
6.218
300
Henry IV.
396
316
711
Henry V.
19,718
6,921
26.670
8.000
Henry VI.
318,111
579,226
897.669
23.000
EdwMd IV.
10.218
17,813
158,091
2,700
Henry VII.
B,399
116,100
1^1,199
5,000
Henry VIIL
675,100
61'A8I0
1,318.210
84.500
M>ry'. .
8.500
8,500
Elizabeth .
785,135
4,836,802
6,631.937
I 15. 000
3.666,400
1,807.800
6,173.700
218.000
Chftclei I.
3.31A700
8,776.515
12,096,215
602.000
CromweU .
161,512
1,000.000
1,161,612
115.000
Ch«rle<i IL
*,177,261
3,722,180
7,899,184
S30.000
Juatt II.
2,113,639
2,115.800
4.229,239
1,410,000
WiUi«n IIL
3,118,080
7,091.080
10.512,140
820.000
Anns . .
2,185,100
618.a00
3,103,300
255.000
Geo^I. .
8,192.900
223,060
8,715.960
670,000
Geo^II.
11,662,200
301.860
11,966,560
360,000
George III.
75,147,489
6.827,800
82,275.289
1.370.000
George IV.
36,395,100
2,218.188
38,611.388
3,860.000
William IV.
10,920,033
1.122.100
12,01%135
l,73C^0OO
189,588,200
17.839,100
8 207.125,600 )
67,352.000
.„
II 57,352,000}
9.100,000
T.>l:J ,
1,950,000
156,800.000
1 168.250.000 )
£112,983,689
£216.379.485
£629.383,174
£950.000
* At Oantnbnrj. { At London,
t At Tork ud CalkU || At MdbounM
t At BriitoL 1 In Indlk,
All tbe rest were coined at E/>ndon.
B. — CoiNXD tmici 1850.
Amotmt
Populuion.
Gold.
8U™.
Gold.
sQ'er.
ToUJ.
U. EiDgdom. .
1.101
l.«2
153
13
toe
£5 7 0
637
8.262
89
KB
145
3 13 0
20
135
1 15 0
AmtrU .
87
iMi
U
88
62
1 10 0
lUIj . .
2,202
20
30
Si»in . .
1,100
17
10
27
PortOgBl .
80
13
1
14
3 16 0
Seldom .
HoIlMid .
2,008
23
18
41
8 2 0
M
3.288
S
30
3S
10 S 0
Einope.
3S
211
6
2
7
1 1 0
6,837
23,(M2
744
253
007
3 10 S
U. 8UW..
1,628
6.081
213
46
259
3 9 0
isa
S3
63
35 0 0
iBdi. . .
16
21,780
2
196
198
1 0 0
ToUl . . .
7.333
64.903
1.022
495
1,017
f3 1 0
C — Amounts Minted in 1881.
Gold.*.
8U«r,£.
Total, £.
P.rlDh.b
GrertBtiUio .
30,000
580.000
610.000
£0 0 4
Fnoee . . .
990,000
990,000
0 0 6
Oermuiy
700,000
700,000
0 0 i
Aurtri*
290,000
6,190,000
6,450.000
0 8 0
lUly .
190,000
190.000
0 0 3
870,000
6,970.000
6,840,000
0 8 0
400,000
600.000
1,000,000
0 8 8
600,000
0 2 6
Otbei GOODtriet
Europe. . .
270,000
26,110,000
18,920.000
44,030,000
0 3 0
United SUt« .
11,220,000
5,660.000
16,880,000
0 6 8
790,000
2,390,000
8,180.000
0 0 4
Spui. Ainerics.
%610,000
6,030,000
7,640,000
0 6 6
ToU.
, .
39.6SO,000
32,000,000
71,630,000
0 2 8
In Tablo B, tho amounts coined include much that haa
been re-minted^ such as Nnpoleons converted in Gcrraany.
;20
MONEY.
The Latin Union (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy,
and Greece), coined between 1795 and 1879 as follows : —
Gold
Silver
. £348,600,000
. 220,600,000
Balance now
exIaUng O^SIX
£193,000,000
124,000,000
Total . . £569,100,000 £317,000,000
It appears, therefore, that almost all the coin has been
twice minted.
MONEY.
A. — Amount in Millions £.
Gold.
SUver.
Paper.
Total
Per Inhabitant
42
185
Gold.
All Money.
U. Kingdom .
124
19
£8 10
0
£5 6 0
France . . .
191
110
100
401
6 0
0
10 10 0
Germany
76
83
42
150
1 17
0
8 4 0
Russia .
22
12
118
152
0 5
0
1 15 0
Austria
8
12
62
82
0 4
0
2 3 0
Italy . .
30
15
60
105
1 2
0
3 16 0
Spain .
28
13
12
53
1 15
0
3 3 0
Portugal .
10
4
1
15
2 7
0
3 10 0
Belgium .
16
13
13
42
3 0
0
7 12 0
Holland .
5
12
16
33
1 5
0
8 5 0
Denmark .
2
1
4
7
1 0
0
3 10 0
Swed. & Nor.
4
1
7
12
0 17
0
2 0 0
Switzerland .
4
3
4
11
1 10
0
4 0 0
Greece, &c. .
8
3
4
485
10
1,258
0 6
0
0
1 0 0
Europe . .
522
251
1 13
.400
United SUtes
115
42
144
301
2 5
0
5 15 0
Canada . .
2
• ■ •
10
12
0 9
0
2 15 0
Span. America
13
16
65
93
0 9
0
8 0 0
India . . .
10
170
12
192
0 1
0
1 0 0
Japan . . .
15
10
26
61
0 10
0
1 12 0
Australia . .
13
1
6
19
4 10
0
6 6 0
Cape Colony .
6
1
1
8
6 0
0
8 0 0
Algeria . .
2
1
3
6
0 13
1 2
0
0
2 0 0
The Woi
rid
698
491
751
1,940
6 0 0
The volume of paper-money is increasing more rapidly
than specie: since 1848, for example, paper-money has
multiplied fourfold, specie less than threefold. In 1848
paper-money was about 20 per cent, of all the currency in
use : in 1880 it was 38 per cent.
HI
^1
H|
-•1
--i
--I
^1
-*i
^1
^1
Hi
-^i
-^1 ^
-t^i
-^il
-^h
■5
-=^1|
-11
<aq!|
— !i
i -=^C
n 1
1 i 1-
' "1
-^si
T
il |.
ss^^i ^
z
^a 1
■«^^£ g
S
MONEY.
321
B. — Money, Banking, and Commsrcb.
Millions £ Sterling.
A.liquot Parts.
Money.
185
401
150
152
82
105
68
75
19
Banking
Power.
Com-
merce.
Money.
Banking.
Com-
merce.
United Kingdom .
France ....
Germany . . .
Bonia ....
Austria ....
Italy
Snam and Port .
Belg. andHoll .
Scandinavia . .
Europe . . .
United SUtes . .
Canada ....
Australia . . .
Total . .
840
205
285
155
166
91
22
53
35
570
340
330
120
128
96
53
210
55
11-8
25-6
9-5
97
5-2
67
4-3
4-8
1-2
88-6
8*2
11-4
6-2
6-6
3-6
0-9
21
1-4
24-4
14-6
141
51
5-4
4-1
28
90
2-4
1,237
301
12
19
1,852
531
35
85
1,902
310
35
90
78-8
19-2
0-8
1-2
74-0
21-2
1-4
3-4
81-4
13-3
1-5
3-8
1,569
2,503
2,837
100-0
1000
1000
C. — Hard Money at Various Epochs.
Year.
Amount in Millions £.
Ratio of
Uuited Kiugdom.
The World.
United
Kingdom,
per Cetiu
Gold.
Silver.
Total.
Gold.
Silver.
TotaL
1600 . . .
1700 . . .
1800 . . .
1848 . . .
1880 . . .
1
12
37
55
124
2
4
8
11
19
3
16
45
66
143
28
72
120
150
700
102
225
260
280
490
130
297
880
430
1,190
2i
12
15
12
1), — Uncovered Paper Money.
Amount in Millions £.
^1850.
I860.
1870.
1880.
United Kingdom
. 15
16
12
10
France .
3
10
8
13
Germany
2
8
22
20
Russia .
. 31
52
91
88
Austria
. 18
39
58
48
Italy .
1 • • • ■
• • •
36
59
Other countries ,
2
8
16
26
Europe
. 71
133
243
264
United SUtes
. 15
25
130
81
Spanish America,
ic . 6
22
55
85
The World
. 92
180
428
430
X
322
MONEY-ORDERS— MORTGAGES.
MONEY-OBDEBS. — The amount transmitted from the
United States in 1882 was £1,288,000, of which £640,000
to the United Kingdom. The amount received in United
States from Europe was £1,660,000.
MONTS-DE-PIETR— Government pawn-oflBces, of which
there are 42 in France, yielding a net profit of £48,000 per
annum, which goes to municipal hospitals. Similar institu-
tions exist in Spain and Italy.
No. of PlediTM. Amount. A^vnifB.
France . . 2,970,000 £2,800,000 £0 15 «
Spain . . . 235,000 985,000 4 4 0
MORTAR — In England a proper mixture requires one-
third lime. In March 1882, some houses were ordered to
be pulled down at West Brighton as unsafe, the mixture
having only one-sixth lime.
MOBTGAGEa
MUllons £.
Ratio per Inhab.
Mortgage
Ratio to
Value,
per Cent
Average
Rate of
Intereat,
per Cent.
Approx.
amount of
Mortg.tgcs.
Vahie of
IloMSCfl
and Land.
Mort-
gage.
Real
EaUte.
U. Kingdom .
1,600
3,920
41
4i
£45
£111
France . . .
770
4,460
17
5
20
120
Germany . .
1,700
3,450
49
6i
88
80
Russia . . .
450
2,240
20
7
6
30
Austria . .
300
2,040
15
6
8
55
Italy . . .
^35
1,440
37
9
19
50
Spain and Port.
260
1,230
21
11
13
61
Holland . .
55
320
18
4i
14
80
Belgium . .
75
380
20
5
14
70
Scandinavia .
100
760
13
5i
16
118
Australia . .
Total . .
120
860
83
6
40
120
t 5,965
20,600
29
6
£20
£70
In England, according to Ix)rd Reay, the landed prop>ertie3
are mortgaged for 58 per cent, of their value ; in 1866 the
estimate was only 33 per cent. In Franco the mortgages
rose from 505 millions sterling in 1840 to 771 millions in
1877. In Prussia the land mortgagee in 1869 were 51 per
cent, of the value of the lands, and the house property of
Berlin was mortgaged for 68 per cent. The mortgages held
by the Imperial Bank of Russia reach 148 millions sterling.
In Austria new mortgages average £11,000,000 per annum.
MO UNTA /iVS—Af UNIFICENCB.
323
In Italy the mortgages rose from 353 millions sterling in
1862 to 535 millions in 1870. In Holland the latest return
of mortgages (1869) showed 251,000 estates mortgaged foi
37^ millions sterling. In Spain the registry of mortgages
averages 8^ millions sterling, and £172 per estate mortgaged.
In New Zealand new mortgages average 9 millions sterling
per annom, and £810 per estate mortgaged ; releases average
3 millions sterling. In Egypt the new mortgages registered
from 1878 to 1883 amounted to 6^ millions £.
M0UKTAIN8. — Height in feet over sea-level : —
Dawalagiri . .
26,862
Ararat . . .
17,266
Lebanon .
. . 9,520
Sorata . . .
25,260
Mount Blano .
15,781
Sinai . . ,
. . 7,500
mimani . . .
24,450
Bighorn . .
14,430
Olympoa . ,
. . 6,500
Chimborazo
21,440
Teneriflfe . .
12,036
Puy-Dome
. . 4,750
Hindoo Koosh
20,800
Egmont
11,433
Ben Nevis ,
. . 4,858
Cotopaxi . .
19,600
St Bernard .
11,006
Vesuvius . .
. . 8,978
Kaa-Mowna .
18,400
Etna . . .
10,963
Snowdon .
. . 8,571
Orizaba .
17,371
Pic Blanc . .
10,205
Gibraltar . ,
. . 1,432
The greatest height attained by Humboldt was 19,510
feet, in the Andes, but Mr. Whymper, in 1880, ascended
Cotopaxi to 19,620 feet, and Chimborazo to 20,545 feet.
MUNIFIOENCE.
Donor.
Pcabody
Baird
Jeejeebhoy
Mason
HoIIoway
Gardner
Guy .
Ross .
Lick .
Cooper
Guinness
Stewart
Rowe .
Aston .
Galignani
Day .
Firth .
Salt .
Rossini
Crossley
Amount.
£500,000
500,000
500,000
430,000
350,000
300,000
240,000
200,000
200,000
160,000
150,000
150,000
120,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100.000
100,000
100,000
Locality.
London .
Aberdeen
Bombay
Birmingham .
Loudon .
i»
•»
Glasgow
California
New York .
Dublin .
New York .
Dublin .
New York .
Paris
London .
Sheffield
Yorkshire
Paris
Halifax (£ng.)
Object.
Lodging-houses.
Church endowment.
Hospital, schools.
Orphanages.
Hospital and school.
Blind asylum.
Hospital.
Hospitals.
Observatory.
Schools.
Church.
Hospitals.
Church.
Library.
Anylum for aged.
Blind asylum.
Schools and asylum.
Hospital, &.C.
Aged musicians.
Orphanage.
324
MURDER^ NAMES.
MUBDEB.
/kf^iiti^l
Anniud
Murders
— - - « jh jM^a
Ifurdera.
Deathe.
par 10.000
Deatba.
EnglAnd
Izelkiid .
877
91
531,000
103,000
71
8-8
Fnnoo .
662
885,000
8-0
Germany
995
1,148,000
6-4
Bnstia .
2,000
2,474,000
8-0
Austria .
600
680,000
8-8
Italy .
. 2,470
840,000
29-4
Spain
. 1,200
505,000
28-8
Scandinavia .
110
150,000
7-4
Switzerland
88
64,000
18-8
United States
. 2,057
980,000
21-5
Australia
63
87,000
17*0
Some countries indade infanticide and manslaughter,
others do not, for which reason a true comparison is im-
possible.
B. — Homicide in England.
Number of Victimi.
Wilful murder .
Manslaughter .
Infanticide
Male. Female. TotaL
43 54 97
. 115 58 173
48 56 104
Total ... 206 168
liUSEUMa— United Kingdom, 1881.
374
Visitors.
Thousands
Viffitoni.
numsanda
Omitted.
Omitted.
British Museum
790
National Gallery
958
South Kensington
. 1,017
Kew Gardens .
612
Bethnal Green .
451
Edinburgh
850
Patent Office .
266
Dublin
192
N
KAMES.— The tatio in England per 1000 shows : —
Mary. .
. . 68
George .
. . 36
Henry
William .
. . 66
Sarah
. . 36
Alice
John . .
. . 62
Anne
. . 83
Joseph
Eliza . .
. . 61
James
. . 31
Jane .
Thomas .
. . 89
Charles .
. . 23
Ellen.
21
19
18
17
16
\
NATURAL HISTORY— NAVIES.
325
NATURAL mSTOEY.— According to Prof. PhiUips—
TcrroBtriAl
Fresh-water
Marine .
Total
i^nimals.
Plants.
115,500
59,000
8,560
100
11,760
1,000
130,810
60,100
The above classification was made in 1836.
NAVIB&
A.—
Strength
IN 1882
.
Ships.
Men.
Guns.
Cost,
Thousands.
Annual
Co8t,Penos
perlnhab.
TJ. Kingdom
210
58,000
1,481
£10,700
72
France
856
43,000
2,834
6,800
44
Germany
81
16,000
570
2,000
11
Russia
389
26,000
836
8,000
9
Austria
65
10,000
320
900
6
Italj .
67
16,000
480
1,800
16
Spain.
121
14,000
625
1,300
19
Portugal
41
3,000
178
300
16
HoUand
120
8,000
660
1,000
60
Denmark .
58
1,000
245
300
36
Sweden and Kor.
264
1,772
9,000
672
8,701
500
19
Europe .
203,000
28,600
24
U. SUtes .
138
8,000
1,055
8,100
14
Brazil
41
4,000
166
1,200
82
Japan
27
6,000
149
600
5
Argent Republic
27
2,000
88
200
24
Chili .
23
2,028
3,000
226,000
55
10.214
200
21
The World .
£33.900
22
R— Navies op 1840.
Ratio of
Ships.
Guns.
Fighting
Power.
Great Britain .
892
16,310
40
France . . . .
146
7,620
19
Russia .
83
6,460
14
United SUtes .
60
3,250
8
Turkey .
33
2,440
6
Holland .
30
1,640
4
Spain
26
610
14
Other countries
57
2,779
7i
The Worid
827
40.109
100
NA VIES.
C— Iros-clad Flebts is 1882.
Plaliiig.
VCHCU.
TOB..
In^h^
Oom
U.I.
GuDI.
VaxJ
Grot Brituu
61
375,000
7,400
24
470
7,030
138
fruiM . . .
CS
309,000
6,200
21
404
6,685
101
24
87.000
tfiiO
10
14fl
2.066
86
Ru»i- . : :
se
92.000
3.170
IS
102
2,424
84
AnrtrU . .
u
68,000
4,160
13
133
1.420
101
J^:::
IS
81.000
4,450
3fl
133
2,195
122
10
33,000
3.S00
6
195
810
81
Turltey . .
16
61,000
4,070
12
134
1,335
89
aolltnd . .
19
3<,00D
1.800
8
67
622
33
Denmult . .
7
23,000
3,300
10
63
611
73
Swed-andNor
18
10,000
650
■:e
104
6
Portugal . .
3
*,000
1,300
i'o
31
86
S9
2fir
1,177,000
1.400
86
2,013
24,657
Ba
United SUt«
£4
21,000
B90
74
BruU . . .
9
11,000
1,200
45
Arg«nt[ne. .
3
6,000
1,700
15
Cbilina . .
3
*,000
1,300
"a
22
225
T6
The World
*
11,000
2,S00
a
19
244
61
310
1,232,000
3,970
3fl
2,!SS
25,026 81 1
" in 30 years has been :
war, 4-iiich plates, per-
The progress o£ " iron-clad eci
1854. Gunboals buUt for Crii
fcctly shot-proot,
18C2. Mciriniacs and Jlonitors used in American war.
1873. English rifio caunon send 200 lb. shots, 9-ton guns,
through 8-inch plates.
1874. Plates of 10 inches pierced in like manner.
1876. Armstrong 100-ton gima broke 22-inch Crensot
steel plates.
1879. Shot from 9-inch gun, 75 lbs. powder, unable to
pierce a 12-inch plate of iron and steel alternate layers
1880. Eesult of Knipp's experiments : —
Krapp
Britisb
»1
343
IS-1
17-a
12,360
Krupp'a shot penetrated 1 8-inch plates, the British did not
1882. Italian ironclad, "Lepanto," has plat«s 36 inches
thick.
NA VIES.
J). — Principal Ibonclads Afloat.
.^
FUg.
,^.
Flitu,
Incb...
'o-r'
Lepmto .
Italiui . .
■ 14.800
18,000
36
4S0
DuUio. . . .
10,650
7,600
22
400
InBeiible. . .
British . .
11,170
8,000
24
324
ColoHIU . . .
9,160
6,000
IB
172
liKudin . . .
FrcDth . .
Il.liO
7,000
300
8,700
6,000
fl
172
Kon. Wah«!n) .
MOO
9
300
Mi^diji . .
TurkUh. .
5,r.00
235
Petet tho Great
RuSMftO. .
2,200
140
Te««thoff. . .
Aoitrian
7,JO0
S,000
160
Spuiiib. .
7,!00
6,000
6
160
l>utch . .
3,500
2,200
8
140
UeUffoIaud . .
Daniflh . .
6,500
3,700
10
B8
3,700
3,500
0
75
CochrWiB. . .
Chili . . .
2. -200
2,510
0
75
hlOWD . . .
Argentine .
1,700
1.500
9
75
The average cost of building ironclads has been, per ton,
British X48, French £55, Italian £57, German £60. In-
cluding gunB and equipment, an ordinary ironclad now costs
£80 per ton. The new Italian vessel, "Leponto," is the
greatest war-vessel ever built, nnd cost £1,100,000, fully
ciiuipped ; she was 6 years building, and is 402 feet keel.
E. — BniTiae and TitKNcn Ikonclads Compahbd.
cl™.
v«.
.:!*
Gu«.T«p..
Gu-^Ton,
^perehlp.
Dritiah.
FnEch,
BAtiMb.
FrcDcb.
Brdtl^
F„ucL.
Irt . .
2nd . .
3rd . .
TotAl .
27
15
17
31
1,826
4.097
1,107
2,084
2,490
1.301
203
151
190
146
45
51
69
7,030
5,966
138
,.>
P.— British DocKYABPa (1806-SO).
BuUtbf
Tom DuUl, Tli.1
™,d..
C«t,Tb™«nd.£. 1
Iron.
Wooden
ToUl.
Itou.
Woulcn.
Toul. 1
ToUl . .
123
56
85
41
1 208
1 96
5.466
2,709
3.964
2.321
9,430
6,030
178
126
|304
3,175
6,285 ,14,460 1
328 NAVIES^NEGROES IN UNITED STATES.
The cost of coDfitructiou per ton of displacement was less
in Government^ but per ton of hull less in contractois' yards,
viz. : —
I)t>cky«rd. ContiftcttirK.
Per ton displaoement . £45 7 0 £52 8 0
„ of hnU . id 8 0 41 12 0
The cost of French ironclads built in State dockyards has
been 30 per cent more than those built by contractors.
G. — Rise of British Navy.
Year.
VeweU.
Tom.
Ouaa.
Men.
Goetper An.
1608 ....
42
17,000
• ••
■ • •
£180,000
1685 ....
179
104,000
6,980
10,000
890,000
1760 ....
825
821,000
10,600
51,000
5.611,000
1808 ....
450
461,000
24,800
180,000
12,087,000
1850 ....
585
570,000
17,200
48,000 6,488,000
1882 ....
210
680,000
1,480
58,000 10,700,000
II. — Age op Men in British Navy.
Under 25 .
25 to 35 .
85 to 45 .
Over 45
ToUl
53 per cent.
33
12
2
I*
*t
>t
100
The death-rate during the past 10 years averaged 10'4 per
1000, against 19*6 in the British mercantile marine.
I. — British Navy Expenditure (1882).
Nutnlier. Coat.
Seamen .... 58,100 £8,718,000
Workmen . . 16,000 1,446,000
PenBionn ... ... 2,063,000
Stores 2,406,000
Sundriei 1,098,000
Total .
NEOBOES m UNITED STATEa
£10,726,000
Year.
1800
1820
1840
Number,
Tboua^mdi.
1,002
1,772
2,874
Ratio to I
PoPm per
Cent.
19
19
17
Year.
1860
1870
1880
Number,
Tkouaande.
4,442
4,880
6,581
Ratio to
Pop., per
OaoL
14
18
18
KERVOUS SYSTEM— OATS.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
1-0 0-9
ToUl . 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0
NSWS. — In 1811 the uews published in the Paris papers
had taken the following number of days to reach Paris : —
Fraa '*^*'l 'i™* I>OT>-| From Da;*.
StiuboTg ... 6 Brest . . . . fl Roma .... 11
LyoDB .... 6 I Antwerp ... 7 I MailrJd ... 21
The average speed was 70 miles a day. For uevapapers
see Prege.
NIOOTIKE.— OrRla found in
HftTiDHkh tobacco .... 2 pei cent
Freoch „ .... 6 „
Vir^ia 7 „
The proportion in Brazilian is still higher.
MlTit£. — Atacama(Chile) exports 350,000 tons per annum.
The nitre is about 2 feet below the surface ; one bed coven
5000 acres, 4 feet in thickness, sey 25 million tons, worth 300
millions sterling.
OAK. See page 447.
OATS.
Uniteil Kingdom
Germuij .
Itunift
lUly and SpkiD ,
Belgian) and Holland .
Scandinairia
United State* .
Canada
2,000
81,910
llilllona. par Acra.
33^
OBESITY -OBSER VA TORIES.
OBESITY. See Corjmlence.
OBELISKS.
Name.
Wellington
Monument
Locality.
Dublin
London
Height, Ft
205
202
Weight, T
1,000
1.800
Nelson .
i» • • <
*Lateran .
t* •
Dublin
Rome .
177
125
105
1,500
1,000
445
Alexander
•Vatican .
St. Petersburg
Rome .
84
83
200
220
•Luxor
Paris .
76
240
♦Cleopatra
•Meidan .
♦Quirinal .
London
Constantinople
Rome .
68
50
48
140
60
60
In the foregoing table those marked with an asierifik are
Egyptian monoliths, or real obelisks, of extreme antiquitj.
There is also a very fine obelisk at Heliopolis, still 8tandin«{.
The second of Cleopatra's Needles has been removed to the
United States, for erection in New York.
OBSERVATORIES.
A. — Number.
B. — Telescopes.
United Kingdom
14
•
IncLea
France . . . .
6
Apeiture.
Germany , . . .
29
I^rd Rosse .
. 72
RuHsia . . . .
12
liassell . . . .
48
Italy
9
Herschell
48
Austria
8
Polkova
30
Switzerland
4
San Jose, California
28
Other countries .
. 12
Vienna.
27
—
Washington .
26
Europe .
. 94
Newcastle .
25
United SUtes .
. 19
Pultowa
16
Canada
1
Cambridge, U.S. .
15
Spanish America
7
Paris ....
IS
Asia ....
2
Greenwich .
12
Africa
. 2
Cincinnati .
12
Australia . . . ,
3
Munich
11
Rome ....
10
The World .
128
Berlin ....
10
Leyden Observatory was founded 1632, Copenhagen 1637,
Greenwich 1675, Paris 1677.
Lord Rosse's telescope brings the moon apparently within
50 miles of our view.
OCCUPATIONS
OOOVPATIONa
A. — WOKKERB IN ALL NATIONS.
Itmlo.
Total.
r^-
(kIS™.
Twiou..
igrt.
Ifona-
Varioui.
EnKlud. .
1.657
6,138
7,968
U-3
34-7
510
100
ScotUnd. .
270
740
1,171
53-7
100
treUad . .
U.ElDgdom
1,062
351
2,150
29-9
B-S
60-2
100
2,989
6,'211
11,289
14-6
LlO-4
55-0
100
France . .
14,192
6.615
51
24
2S
100
GenniiDy .
12,920
10,110
7,014
13
31
23
100
40,E.9a
2.136
6,494
81
6
14
100
13,766
3,266
7,987
66
13
82
100
luij . . .
12,862
1,27*
4,174
70
7
100
Spain. . .
3,360
1,344
6,416
SO
12
68
100
P^R.1. .
1,251
220
1,306
IS
S
47
IDO
Ho^nd! :
1,563
321
806
58
12
30
100
IkudinkvlA
Europe .
3,610
520
1,760
01
s
30
100
108,504
83,813
55,052
55
17
100
U. States .
Total . .
7,713
8,526
18.876
2S
12
100
llfl,2I7
37,339
73,928
51
17
32
100
B. — OccuPATioKS IN United Kinodoh.
Tl>ou»»d..
aitio.
IWl.
IMI.
isn.
IML
IMI.
1871.
Manufwturing
VAriooi . . .
Total .
Cbadten . . .
387
759
3,922
4.254
8,539
699
822
3,436
5,842
8,299
794
1,038
2,989
6,211
9,157
2-2
4-3
21-8
23-8
47-9
3-1
4-8
18-1
3U7
43-8
8-9
6-1
14-6
30-4
46-0
17,861
9,651
18,998
10,006
20,519
11,139
lOO-O
100-0
100-0
27,612
29,084
31,658
...
For Ceiwus of 1881, see page 335.
332
OCCUPATIONS.
C. — Occupations in England.
Thousands.
Percentage.
Year.
Agri-
culuire.
Trade and
Munufac.
Various.
Agri-
culture.
Trade and
Manufae.
Yarloo*.
1811 . ,
1821 .
1831 . ,
1841 .
1861 . .
1861 . ,
1871 .
896
979
961
1,499
2,029
2,011
1,657
1,129
1,350
1,436
8,111
8,692
4,829
5,953
519
612
1,018
2,180
6,927
6,234
7,153
36
33
28
22
17
16
11
44
46
42
46
81
87
40
21
21
30
82
52
48
49
D. — Occupations in England, under Sexes.
Class.
Males, Thousands.
Females, Thousands.
1851.
1861.
385
585
1,632
3,263
505
3,431
1871.
1851.
ISf.l. 1871,
Professional
Commercial
Agricultural
Manufacturing .
Various
Children
201
470
1,571
2,476
989
3,073
486
758
1,470
3,616
858
3,871
71
51
458
695
4,666
3,199
97
38
379
1,566
4,626
3,612
198
57
187
1,522
5,611
4,078
Total
8,780 1 9,801 11,059
9,140 10,318
11,653
1
E. — Occupations in England, according to Age.
Class.
Thousands.
Under 20.
Over 20.
1851. 1861.
1871.
204
164
356
1,147
1,455
1851.
250
406
1,590
2,396
4,411
1801.
419
502
1,606
3,746
4,062
1871.
480
651
1.301
8,991
6,014
Professional
Commercial
Agricultural
Manufacturing .
Various
ToUl
22
115
439
775
1,244
63
121
405
1,083
1,077
2,595 2,749
3,326
9,053
10,325
11.437
OCCUPATIONS.
333
F. — Ratio in Enqland, undeb Sbxbs.
CUsa.
1851.
1871.
Male.
Female.
Total
Malei
Female.
Total
Profesdonal
Commercial
Affricoltoral
Stumufacturing .
Various
Total
1-8
4 0
18-5
21-8
8-5
0-6
0-4
4 0
6 0
89-9
2*4 8-8
4-4 5-2
17-5 100
27-8 , 24-4
48-4 5*8
1-8
0-4
1-8
10-8
88-0
4-6
6-6
11-8
847
48-8
49 1
50-9
100-0 487
51-8
100 0
G. — Ratio of -Enqush Occupations (Age).
1851.
i8n.
Under SO.
Over SO.
Total
Under SO.
Over SO.
Total
Professional .
Commercial
Agricultural .
Manufacturing
Various . .
Total . .
0-2
1-0
8-8
6-6
10 7
2-2
8-5
14-0
20-6
87-4
2-4
4-5
17-8
27-2
48-1
1-8
11
2-4
77
9-9
8-2
4-2
8-5
27-5
84-2
4-5
5-8
10-9
85-2
441
22-8
777
1000
22-4
77-6
1000
H — Occupations in Scotland.
Tbousanda.
Percentage.
1851
18«l.
1871.
1851.
18«1.
1871.
Professional . .
Commercial . .
Ag^cultural
Manufacturing .
Various . . .
Total . . .
Children . . .
Population .
S3
74
861
543
860
52
83
872
682
806
54
115
270
749
1,002
17
4-0
19-8
28-8
457
2-6
4-2
18-6
841
40-5
2-6
5-2
12-8
84-0
46-0
1,871
1,018
1,995
1,070
2,190
1,176
100-0
• • •
100-0
• • •
100-0
• • •
2,889
3,065
3,366
• • •
• • •
• ••
334
OCCUPATIONS.
L — Occupations in Ireland.
Y««r.
Adult Population, Thousands.
RaUo.
Agricul-
tural.
Various.
TotaL
Agricul-
tural.
Yarioiu.
Totd.
1841 .
1851 .
1861 .
1871 .
1881 .
1,904
1,582
1,053
1,062
998
8,015
2,794
2,504
2,372
4,917
4,192
8,847
8,566
8,870
89
87
27
80
30
61
63
78
70
70
100
100
100
100
100
K. — Trades and Professions in England.
Thousands.
ThOOMD
1811. 1831.
da.
1841.
1851
1871.
187L
Acton . . . .
1
2
7
Gunsmiths . .
5
7
12
Architects . . .
1
3
6
Hairdressers . .
9
11
13
Artists . . . .
3
7
17
Hatters . . .
17
16
22
Bakers . . . .
. 36
62
59
Iron operatives .
117
265
860
Bookbinders . ,
5
10
16
Law ....
18
27
37
Booksellers . ,
5
7
8
Linen operatives
16
27
27
Brewers . . .
9
17
26
Medicine . . .
17
29
44
Bricklayers
. 39
67
100
Merchants . .
11
8
16
Brickmakers .
. 17
28
89
Millers . . .
22
83
30
Builders . . .
8
12
23
Miners . . .
108
261
376
Butchers . . .
45
63
76
Municipal officials 12
27
51
Carriers . .
. 195
346
528
Papermakers
5
11
17
Carpenters . .
. 137
156
206
Plumbers . . .
38
56
103
Civil Service . .
. 20
86
54
Potters . . .
24
35
45
Clergy . . . .
15
28
39
Printers . . .
15
22
45
Clerks . . .
. 49
CO
119
Railway officials
3
25
85
Coachmakers .
. 12
17
23
Saddlers . . .
14
15
23
Coopers . . .
. 14
16
19
Sawyers . . .
25
31
28
Cotton operatives
215
458
533
Servants , . .
977
908 1,503
Dressmakers .
. 92
234
299
Shipbuilders . .
17
20
41
Druggists . . .
10
15
19
Shoemakers . .
188
240
223
Engineers, Civil ,
2
3
5
Silk operatives .
54
117
77
Engine-drivers .
« • •
7
31
Tailors . . .
108
132
150
Fishermen . . .
10
17
21
Teachers . . .
47
67
127
Gamekeepers . .
6
8
12
U pholsterers . .
26
34
57
Gardeners . . .
45
72
98
Waggoners . .
26
44
74
Gaswork operat. ,
1
6
14
Watchmakers .
13
17
22
Glassmakers . .
7
12
20
W hcelwrights .
25
28
30
Greengrocers . .
8
14
26
Wine- merchants
2
7
10
Grocers . . .
. 41
71
111
Woollen operat.
109
242
252
OCCUPA TIONS—OCTROI.
335
L— OcCtTPATIONS AND EARNINGS, UnITBD KINGDOM, 1883
(Levi).
§2
Enminge,
Millions £.
£
per Head.
■if
fco
Samings,
MiUions2.
Amy • • •
182
7-0
89
Forward •
.8,080
8811
41
Agridaboorert 1,882
671
86
Mills, cotton
. 619
28*6
45
Baken . • .
92
4-4
48
„ linen
. 138
4*4
32
Bootmaken
254
126
50
>* mUe •
. 61
2-0
33
Bailders . . .
736
416
55
„ woollen
. 260
9*2
35
Cabinetmaken
79
4*6
58
Navy . . .
. 56
80
54
Oarrian . .
199
9-8
47
Papermakers
. 66
2*6
86
Ooitermongera
77
2-9
36 1 Police . .
. 58
3*6
68
Ckiaohmakeia .
97
4-2
43:Pottery . .
. 65
3*3
60
Domestici .
1,951
68-5
37
Printers . .
• 80
4*9
61
Dyers . . .
88
2-8
32
Quarries . .
. 64
8*6
65
Hatten . . .
54
1-9
35
Railways .
. 205
10*6
52
Hosiery . . .
64
2*4
87
Sawyers . .
. 116
6*4
55
Ironworkers
635
82*1
60
Seamen . .
. 876
21-2
56
Labourers . .
929
28*6
80
Shipwrights
Shirtmakers
. 62
2*5
40
Mechanics . .
192
12*5
65
. 161
8*1
20
Messengers . .
164
4-0
25
Tailors . .
. 655
238
36
Miners . . .
505
24 6
49
Various . .
1,158
57*5
60
8,080 331-1 41^ Total . 12,265 521*2 42
The above includes not only wages, but also board and lodging ; tailors
include milliners. See Occupationt in Appendix.
M. — Occupations in Germant (1881).
Clam.
Agricultural ....
Manufactures ....
Commerce
Simdiy .....
PrusioiA.
Germany.
42-7
415
83-2
31*1
8-2
6*2
15-9
21*2
Total
OCEANS. See Seas.
100-0
100 0
OGTKOI
A. — Aggregate for all Towns in France.
1823
. £2,470,000
1833
2,640,000
1843
8,802,000
1853
3,617,000
1863
6,298,000
1873
8,451,000
1880
. 11,040,000
Poptilatlon
Taxed.
Per Inhabw
Shillings.
6,998,000
8
6,306,000
8
7,297,000
9
7,330,000
10
9,682,000
13
10,517,000
16
11,255,000
20
336
OCTROI— OIL,
B. — Components op Octroi in 1877.
Leried on
Amount.
Penc«.
Wine ....
£3,078,000
68
Spirits ....
720,000
16
Meat, bread, ftc. .
3,631,000
78
Fuel, forage .
1,604,000
83
Sondriea
1,177,000
26
Total . £10,006,000
220
C. — Octroi
OP Pari&
Tear. Amount.
Population.
PerHead,
Siiillinga.
1801 . . . £441,000
663,000
16
1821 . . . 1,040,000
724,000
29
1845 . . . 1,870,000
986,000
28
1867 . . . 4,030,000
1,732,000
46
1880 . . . 6,640,000
2,180,000
62
D. — Increase since 1867.
Amount
Shillings per Inhab.
1867.
1880.
1867.
1880.
Paris
' Marseilles
Lyons .
Rouen .
Bordeaux
Nice
£4,030,000
307,000
244,000
102,000
112,000
• • •
6,640,000
490,000
480,000
166,000
76,000
46
21
16
21
12
• • •
62
28
25
29
• • •
28
on..
A. — Pounds of Oil from 100 lbs. of
Horse-chestnuts . 6
Beechmast . . .16
Hempseed ... 18
European linseed . 25
Indian linseed . . 29
Olives 83
Rape 33
Colza 40
Almonds . . .
. 48
Poppy . . .
. 58
Walnuts . . .
. 60
Castor-oil seed .
. 62
B. — Production of Olive Oil.
Acres
<Ti ouKandfl
Umi ted).
Tons
OliTos.
Oil.
Million
Gallons.
Gallons
per
Acre.
14
16
18
12
Value of
Crop
(Thousands
Omitted>
lUly .
Spain and Portugal
France .
Greece .
Total
2,224
1,500
320
400
110,000
90,000
22,000
18,000
81
25
6
6
£5,800
8,800
1,200
700
4,444
240,000
67
15
£11,500 1
1
OIL— OPERA TI VES,
C. — Pbieolbum is trNrnm Statbs.
T„.
Anniul ATinga,
Produced
{Tlnnmnd.
OmitUd).
P«0>1li<.,
B-port.
186»-«. . .
18«-fl8. . .
1868-78. . .
1871-80. . .
1881 . . .
SO
180
320
880
960
e
iS
133
B*0
480
£6.700
e,soo
11,600
18,700
1G,600
92
17
9
6
1
There are 15,500 wells witbia an area of 40 square miles
(Fen&BjlTuiis), but only 6000 are working. Depth varies
from 400 to 1200 feet Each bore cosU XIOOO, and only
1 ia 5 Btrikes oiL
D. — Marine Oils,
Annukl OalloDi aiUotil
Blliu^tvr, Oil- TMr f^r«AAL
Whklei
Se>la .
Penguins
About 300 gallons of oil will suffice in 20 minutes to
smooth the roughest sea (Admiralty experiments, Aberdeen,
December 3, 1882).
OFAL. — The Emperor of Austria has one weighing 17
ounces, and for which he refused an offer of j£50,000.
OFE&ATIVES.
A. — NCIIBKHB EllPLOIED (THOUSANDS).
TMo
8,300,000
2,200
GGO,000
3,300,000
6
1,800,000
In»«tort«.
^
Itatlle.
Vnrioai
Mining.
cnfL
ToUl.
n. EingJom .
1,060
720
600
3,811
8,211
18
620
130
208
6,359
IS
OermuiT
632
180
231
8,787
10.140
22
351
286
207
1,689
2,138
3
Austria .
sso
190
92
2,321
3,288
9
130
240
38
883
1.27*
6
3p^ .
90
110
71
1,073
1,344
8
280
130
105
921
1,436
United 3Ul«..
&lfi
I,M*
6S0
787
3,626
7
ToUl
1,071
1.420
2.168
26,629 86,278
lOi
338
OPIUM-GRANGES.
K — Textilb OpsBATiyBs IN Unitxd KmODOM.
Year.
1835
1850
1880
ThouMado.
Ken.
82
158
232
WoneiL
167
329
543
Children.
104
109
201
Total.
353
596
976
Batioto
Popnlatioi^
1-4
2-S
2^
Cotton .
Wool
FUx, &c
Silk
115
72
37
8
259
118
138
28
Total in 1880 232
543
1835
1850
1860
1870
1880
Englittd.
295
501
643
718
774
108
48
85
10
201
flootland.
40
67
95
127
138
482
238
210
46
976
Ireland.
18
28
38
62
64
•••
•••
•••
U.
353
596
776
907
976
See Manufactures, Occupations^ 'Wages,
OPIUM. — Annual shipments from India : —
Years. Cheats. Tona.
1861-66 . . 73,100 4,805
1866-70 . . 82,800 4,870
1871-76 . . 89,200 5,250
1876-80 . . 102,100 6,005
Value.
£10,810,000
11,240,000
11,790,000
12,640,000
Per Ten.
£2,510
2,290
2,250
2,106
The Chinese impose a duty of £5 per ton. It is retailed
at 2 shillings per ounce, or double the price of native opium.
The province of Hankow produces 5300 tons per i^nnnm
There are in China 3 million opium-smokers.
OBANGES.— Italy has 5,400,000 trees, which give 1600
million oranges yearly, say 300 per tree. The average in
Seville is said to be 600 per tree. The island of St Michaers,
Azores, with an area of only 210,000 acres (about equal to
the Isle of Man), sends 250 million oranges yearly to Eng-
land, worth £300,000.
A. — Exporting Countries.
MUIiona.
R
1854
1861
1871
1881
— Importation into
U. KiNODOH.
Spftin
It*ly .
Greece .
Azores .
1S02. 1870. 1880.
. 150 230 960
. 4G0 780 930
. 23 47 30
. 300 300 300
244 9 9/
. . 390 13 11/
. . 712 23 8/
. . 1,152 33 7/6
ORCHA RDS'-OZONE.
339
There is no return of the qoantities shipped from the
Azores in 1862 or 1870. Each inhabitant of the United
Kingdom spends 1 shilling per annum on oranges, or, allow-
ing for retail, almost 2 shillings.
OBCHABD& — The orchards of the United Eangdom cover
an area of 180,000 acres, and produce 85,000 tons of apples ;
those of France, 560,000 acres, from which are obtained 220
million gallons cider yearly.
ORPHANS.— In 1882 there were 61,000 in the French
asylums. See Charities.
08TSI0HE8.— The production of ostrich feathers is as
foUowS:— Ll». Peathem. Value. ^~|gj
260,000
20,000
4,000
2,000
160,000
About 35,000 birds are plucked annually at the Cape,
averaging 3 lbs. per bird. In Buenos Ayres they are
slaughtered, and the race is dying out.
Gape Colony
TnpoU .
Egypt
Morocco .
Buenoo Ayres
Value.
£1,040,000
200,000
40,000
20,000
82,000
ATei
per
£4
10
10
10
48.
'XSXliiUI.
Per Annum.
U. Kingdom .
France . .
United SUtes
Portugal . .
Production,
Millions.
800
880
. 11,200
600
Consumption,
MUli(>ns.
London . . 220
Paris ... 67
New York . 810
Franoe . . 260
Per
Inhabw
60
26
660
7
Total . . 12,480
Baltimore packs 7 million bushels per annum. An oyster
3 months old is the size of a shilling, 6 months half-a-crown,
but is not fit to eat before 4 years old. The oyster beds
established by advice of Abb^ Bonnetard in France produced
97 million oysters in 1881.
OZOKEBIT. — Ozokerit is a mineral oil from layers of wax
found at Borislav, Galitzia. The mines arc about 25Q feet
deep, employing 9000 men, who raise 30,000 tons, worth
X480,000 per annum.
OZONR — The Scottish Meteorological Society report as
follows : —
November . . 5*8 | ll^y ... 6*2
Annual average 6*0
PALUS—PAPER.
VAliUB. — There are 13 million date-palnu in India,
wbich produce annually 4 lbs. sugar each. The numbei of
date-palms in £g7pt in 1880 waa 4J millions;
A. — PRODUOnON AND
COHBDHPTIOK.
UlUlaiuLbL
n. Emsdom
. m
430
rnmoT .
. 880
830
. *60
ilO
RuMi. .
80
90
Aaatru ,
160
120
Italy
105
110
Sp«n .
20
32
PortiigJ .
10
10
Belgium .
70
*0
HolUnd .
16
SoandiDnvia
30
Switzerland
'. 20
IS
Turkey and G
12
Europe
. 1,819
1,618
United 3uteg
630
eio
CanaJa .
H
IS
Spanuli Amer
m . 2
14
Australia
17
Otber countrit
as
The WorL
1 . ^365
asw
IS. — CoMroKEsia is Prodcctiok.
1
rlil. Toi» Uaed. Tonii, Pitper. 1>> Hi
Woollen rags .
670,000
890,000
Cotton „
450,000
280,000
LiDei.,4<i,., .
100.000
60,000
Jute and Hparta
300,000
60,000
Wood and etraw
400,000
40,000
Snndrie. . .
2,2011,000
220,000
orPapw
PAPER.
341
In 1881 there were 3,960 paper-mills, employing 90,000
men and 180,000 women : there were 2,780 mills worked
hj steam-power. The capital employed in the industry ex-
ceeded 62 millione sterling. {There were in the United
Kingdom 354 mills with 16,000 opemtives, producing
310,000 tons of paper, or 13 tons per operative, per annum.)
The paper industry of the world sums up thus : —
Rag, jate, ^ . . . . £1 (,000,000
Gbemk^ S.EOO.OOO
~- 9,000,000
8,400,000
3,600,000
C. — Manner of Conbohftion.
Pailj pkpen .
W»kly, monllitv, £c
Uooki .
Printing .
SchooU .
l>ub)ic offices
Lettcra .
Account- boolu, Sr.
Wall paper .
Papier- niache, kc. .
IS million copies dailj.
lame C6 miUioDa.
S6 million volumea.
lncladiii([ engraving*.
32 million children.
Stationery, blue-bookl, 4c.
6 milliard Ull«ni.
Including circulara.
^VhccU for nilwuy waggons are now mnde of compressed
|>apcr, instead of iron. T)ic dome of the new Paluia de
.histico at BnisstU in all of ['iijitr. Flour barruls are made
of it in the United States, ona factory at Iowa turning out
IGoO barreU daily, from 5 tons of paper, each barrel taking
6 1I.S.
D.— r.uiTisn pAFEn-TiiADB (1882).
Germany .
. £389,000
Auitralia.
£575,000
Holland .
2.'!8,00O
iKdia . .
188.000
Belgium .
i05,000
fiiited State* .
67,000
Knuce .
118,000
487,000
Variou* .
ii8,000
Total .
£1,307,000
Total.
. i:i,sos,ooo
Tlic above
includes aU kind
» except hangings.
342
PAPER'MONEY.
PAPER-MONEY.
A. — Amount in Millions £.
IMO.
1850.
1800.
187a
1880.
IncreaMin
40 Tears.
United Kingdom
86
34
89
41
46
10
France
9
20
83
68
90
81
Qennany ....
8
15
26
43
42
84
RossiA
70
66
106
116
116
46
Austria
43
60
60
70
66
22
Italy
2
4
6
38
66
63
Spain, Belgium, &c
Europe ....
18
30
36
42
64
46
186
218
804
408
486
301
United States. . .
20
83
41
168
144
124
Spanish America
6
11
17
86
66
69
British Colonies . .
1
2
10
14
28
27
Cuba
• • •
• • •
4
6
12
12
Japan
The World .
• • •
■ ■ •
• • •
• • •
26
26
212
264
376
622
761
649
B. — Bank of England Issue (1878).
Ratio.
p«r CttnL
39
18
28
8
_7
100
The notes cost one halfpenny each. The life of a bank-
note in 1880 "was under 70 days, the number issued during
the year having been 15,260,000 for an aggregate amount of
338 millions, say JB22 each. The average in the above
table, for 1878, is only £10 each.
C— French Paper Money (1883).
Value of
Note.
Number.
Amount.
£6 . . .
2,208,000
£11,040,000
£10 .
607,000
6,070,000
£20-60-100
160,000
8.030,000
£200-300-500 .
7,000
2,120,000
£1000
2,000
2.000,000
Total
2,884,000
£28,260,000
Note«,
Franca.
Number.
Amount,
£ Sterling.
6. . . . 175,000
35,000
20.
198,000
158,000
26.
28,000
28,000
60.
4,725,000
9,450,000
100.
. 10,812.000
43,248,000
200.
3,000
24,000
600.
625,000
12.496,000
1,000 .
1,263,300
60,532,000
6,000 .
*
5
1,000
Total
17,829,306
116.972.000
PARKS-^PARLIA MENT.
343
D. — Currency Value Compared to
Gold. ^ET
Tear.
U.SUtaa.
Russia. Italy.
Buenoa Ayrea.
1878
88
86 88
100
1876
87
84 92
100
1877 .
96
72 91
80
1879
100
70 89
74
1881
100
68 93
90
1883
. 100
64 100
100
See Money, Green-backs^ Eouhles.
PABKa
A. — Keharkablb Parks.
Name. Place. Acres.
Regent*! . . . London 450
H^e .... o 400
Bob de Boulogne Paris . 2,100
Phoenix . . . Dublin 1,760
Name.
Plaeei
Aerea.
Prater .
. Vienna •
2,300
Royal. .
Munich .
1,300
Queen's .
Edinburgh
407
R — Parks in United Kingdok.
Inhabltanta to an Acre.
rHH«A
Area.
Park
Kunidpal
Park
\yiuea.
Aeraa.
Acres.
Area.
Area.
Birmingham
. 8,400
211
46
1,736
Bradford .
7,200
215
26
889
Bngfaton .
2,400
106
45
996
Bristol .
4,500
442
47
475
Dublin .
. 10,100
1,753
81
175
Edinburgh
4,200
407
54
410
Glasgow .
6,100
447
96
1,293
Hull
8,600
26
40
4,7ai
Leeds
21,600
350
14
C81
Leicester .
3,200
65
39
1,256
Liverpool .
6,200
625
103
1,025
London .
75,400
1,790
48
1,114
Manchester
9,600
191
77
2,846
Newcastle
5,400
91
27
4,199
Norwich .
7,500
7
11
12,175
Nottingham
9,900
150
17
1,129
Oldham .
4,700
60
24
1,855
Plymouth
1.400
22
53
3,377
Portsmouth
4,500
81
29
8,239
Sheffield .
19,700
49
15
3,761
Sunderland
2,800
24
41
4.774
Wolverhamptoi
1
8,400
60
22
1,510
PARLIAMENT
1
A. — House op
Lords
■
Princes
4
1 Earls
189
Barons •
. . 272
Dukes.
23
Viscounts
32
Total of members 615
Marquises .
19
Bi
shops .
26
344
PARLIAMENT.
B.
HousB o^ Commons (1884).
County. Borough. Univenitj.
281 6
16
26 2
87 2
United Kingdom 283 359 9
C. — Acts op Parliament since 1801.
Total of
England .
. 172
Wales .
. 15
Scotland .
. 32
Ireland .
64
458
SO
60
103
651
Public.
Privato.
1^»la].
1801-10
• •
1,322
2,614
8,886
1811-20
1,487
2,233
8,720
1821-30
986
1,979
2,965
1831-40
1,038
1,706
2,744
1841-50
1,129
2,140
8,269
1861-60
1,158
2,057
8,215
1861-68
1,010
2,140
3,160
1869-82
1,283
9,413
2,828
4,111
82 >
ears
17,597
27,010
I
). — Prime Ministers
SINCE 1801.
Premier.
Montbi
Public Acts Monthly
PasKed. Average.
Period.
Addington
. 38
435
11
1801-1804
Pitt .
. 20
196
10
1804-1806
Grenville .
14
180
13
1806-1807
Portland .
. 39
453
12
1807-1810
Perceval .
. 24
269
11
1810-1812
Liverpool .
. 178
1,975
11
1812-1827
Canning .
4
28
7
1827
Goderich .
5
27
5
1827-1828
Wellington
. 34
223
7
1828-1830
Grey
. 44
378
8
1830-1834
Melbourne
6
48
10
1834
Peel.
4
80
7
1834-1835
Melbourne
. 77
640
8
1835-1841
Peel .
. 58
547
9
1841-1846
Russell
. 68
653
10
1846-1852
Derby
10
73
7
1852
Aberdeen .
. 25
274
11
1852-1855
Palmerston
. 37
332
9
1855-1858
Derby
16
139
9
1858-1859
Palmerston
76
797
10
1859-1865
Russell
8
7S
10
1865-1S66
Derby
20
229
11
1866-1868
Disraeli .
9
96
11
1868
Gladstone
. 62
565
9
1868-1874
Disraeli .
. 74
507
7
1874-1880
25 Premier
8 . 79
years 9,171
10
I
PA SSA GES—PA TENT-OFFICE.
345
PASSAGES.
Date.
Steamer.
Porta.
Days.
Hours.
1837
Great Western
Brittol— New York
19
2
1840
BrHaonia
Liverpool — New York
14
13
1843
Great Britain
*New York — Liverpool .
14
1
1876
City of BerUn ,
tt f>
7
18
1876
Britannia
»» »»
7
11
1881
Arab
Cape Town — Plymouth
18
13
1882
Alaska .
New York— Cork .
6
22
The Arab averaged 16, the Alaska 19 English statute
miles per hour. The quickest passage from China to Eng-
land was made in 1882 by the steamer Stirling Castle, from
Hankow to London, in 29 days and 22 hours.
PASSENGERS. — The number of persons who crossed
Waterloo Bridge, London, in a year, was as follows : —
1820
1830
1840
1,821,000
2,423,000
2,486,000
1850
1860
1863
4,295,000
4,873,000
5,145,000
In 1882 the number would not fall short of 7 millions.
In 1875 there were 38^ million persons and 7^ million
vehicles that crossed London Bridge.
The Dover and Calais steamers carried 440,000 pas-
sengers in 1882.
There were in 1881 cleared from British ports (United
Kingdom) 334,000 vessels, carrying over 3,000,000 persons,
of whom 750 were drowned, or 1 in 4000.
The ferry-boats between Liverpool and Birkenhead carry
22 million passengers yearly.
PATENT-OFFICE.
The returns for Great Britain and United States in 1880
compare as follows : —
Great Britain.
United SUteik
Applications
5,517
19,402
Granted .
3,740
12,840
Receipts
. £190,000
£140,000
Average fees
£52
£12
Average terms .
. 14 years
17 years
The applications in Gieat Britain rose to 6241 in 1882.
346
PA UPERS.
PAUPEBS.
CompeimtiTe Cost
Nainber.
Expenditure.
Per Pauper.
Per y»»^»**fc
Penoe.
England ....
803
£8,015
£10-0
74
Scotland ....
99
850
8-5
66
Ireland ....
United Kingdom
115
1,187
10-8
56
1.017
£10,052
9*8
68
France
1,251
2,720
2-2
18
PniBsia ....
1,810
4,780
8-6
42
Austria ....
1,220
8,700
81
25
Italy
1,865
2,700
2-0
28
Switzerland . . .
140
1,050
7-5
88
Spain and Portngal
600
1,100
1-8
18
Belginm and Holland
1,006
1,280
1-8
82
Scandinavia . . .
Totel . .
300
950
8-2
28
8,208
£28,282
3-4
85
The custom in the United Kingdom is to count the num-
ber of paupers existing on a given day, say 1st January, but
on the Continent to give the bulk number relieved duniig
the year. The actual number at any time in France, Italy,
&c, may be taken as one-third the figures above stated.
r>. — Pauperism in United Kingdom : Number&
Year.
1850
1860
1870
1880
1850
1860
1870
1880
Tbousanda Omittod.
Ratio to Population.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
England.
Scotland.
4-61
0-77
188
2-21
921
851
1,079
803
79
77
126
99
308
45
74
115
511
4^6
4-69
309
2-72
2-58
878
2-66
Expenditure (Thousandn Omitted).
Pence per Inhabitant.
•
£5,395
£582
£1,827
72
49
68
•
5,455
663
531
66
53
22
•
7,644
905
814
80
65
86
•
8,015
849
1,187
74
56
56
PA UPERS^PA VING.
347
G. — BSLATIVB BURDBN OF PaUPERIBM (UkITBD KiNGDOM).
Tew.
ThooMnds Omitted.
Faupen
to Popu-
lation.
Coat per
Inhab-
itant
National
Income,
]IUliona£.
Burden of
Pauperiam.
No. of
Paupers.
Bzpendi-
ture.
1850 .
1860 .
1870 .
1880 .
1,308
973
1,279
1,016
£7,804
6,649
9,363
10,051
475
3-35
406
2-90
68d.
55
70
68
620
760
950
1,200
1-26
114
0-99
0-84
As compared with national earnings the burden was
threepence in the £ in 1850, and is now just twopence.
D. — Poor-Kelisf in England and WALEa
Period.
Annual
Expenditure.
1702-14 .
. £910,000
1760-75 .
. 1,520,000
1783-93 .
. 2,050,000
1815-20 .
. 7,106,000
1830-^ .
. 6,742,000
1841-50 .
. 5,250,000
1851-60 .
. 5,510,000
1861-70 .
. 6,740,000
1871-80 .
7,710,000
Per Inhab.,
Pence.
41
58
66
152
114
74
69
77
75
NaUonal
Income,
MiUiona £.
65
122
145
220
385
490
580
720
935
Pereentagv
of Burden.
1-40
1*24
1-41
3-23
175
107
0-95
0-94
0-82
In the period just after Waterloo the burden was 4 times
as great as in the past 10 years.
PAVING. — The cost of paving and keeping in order a
street 10 yards wide and 1000 yards long in wood and
stone is shown as follows : —
Heavy Traffic, £.
Light Traffic, £.
Wood,
Stone.
Wood.
Stone.
First cost ....
M&intenance, SO yean .
Total
7,500
15,000
7,200
3,600
7,500
7,500
7,200
2,400
22,600
10,800
15,000
9,600
Heavy traffic averages 100,000 tons, light 50,000 tons
per yard per annum. The former wears wooden pavement
an inch in five years. Some authorities estimate the first
cost of paving per square yard as follows : — Stone 10,
wood 14, asphalt 18 shillings.
348
PA WN-OFFICES— PENGUINS.
PAWN-OFFICES.
A. — Pawn-brokbrs in Great Britain.
Per
Per'
Tear.
No.
Ifillion
Inhab.
YeM".
Na
Mfflhm
Inhab.
1851 .
. 1,873
89
1871 .
. 8,450
132
1861 .
. 2,678
111
1881 .
. 4,372
146
The number of pledges is said to reach 190 millions per
annum.
B. — MONTS DB PlETB.
France .
Spain .
HoUand
•
•
•
•
•
•
Borrowers.
2,970,000
235,000
602,000
Amount.
£2,300,000
985,000
260,000
ATerMfre,
16
84
9
PEAT.
A,-
-Heating Powkk.
Bog of Allen, Ireland .
Hartz Mountains .
Konigsbrunn
100
61
67
Passy,
Ham,
Troyes,
France
»» •
52
49
82
The production in France is declining, not exceeding
300,000 tons per annum.
B. — British Peat Bogs.
Ireland .
Great Britain .
Acres.
2,881,000
3,505,000
U. Kingdom . 6,336,000
MilUons
of Tons.
38,972
42,060
76,032
Yslue at « Pence
per Ton.
£860,000.000
1,060,000,000
£1,900,000,000
The average depth of peat is 12 feet, equal to a yield per
aero of 12,000 tons of dried turf.
PEDESTRIANISM.
Name.
Miles.
Days.
Date.
PIsca.
BroMrn
650
6
Feb. 1880
London.
Hazel
660
6
„ 1882
New York.
Mr. Hazel is an Englishman, and won £4000. In June
1874 Miss Richards, of Bristol, walked 1000 miles in 1000
consecutive hours, to gain £50 for her aged parents.
PENQUINS. See Oil.
\
PENS'-PHTHISIS.
349
PENS. — Over 800 tons of steel are consumed yearly in
making steel pens, Birmingham taking 500 tons.
Minion steel Pens
Steel Pena per Inh*-
per Annum. bitant.
United Kingdom . . . 810 23
France 420 11
United States .... 105 8
The world consumes over 4 million steel pens daily, that
is nearly 3 tons.
PBPPER. — The annual production averages : —
MUlion
Million
Llxi.
Lba.
Sumatra .
28
Malabar
4
Siam
8
Borneo
8
Malacca .
7
Total
. 50
PHOTOPHONE. — Sound was conveyed along a beam of
light, for a distance of 700 feet, by Mr. Graham Bell, in
September 1880.
PHTHISIS.
A. — Ratio op Consumption to all Sickness.
Per Cent. Per Cent
Per Cent
Needle-makers . 70
Hairdressers . 32
Masons . .
13
File-makers . . 63
Weavers . .
2i
Millers . .
11
Lithographers . 48
Painters . .
25
Brewers . .
11
Grinders ... 40
Printers . .
21
Tanners . .
9
TobacconistB . 37
Shoemakers .
19
Bakers . . .
7
Watchmakers . 37
Glaziers . .
18
Butchers . .
7
Stonecutters . . 36
Hatters . .
16
Charcoal-bum
ers2
Glassworkers 35
Carpenters .
14
Miners . . .
1
The above table has reference only to the U. Kingd<
DHL
B.— Deaths from Consumption (Dr. Hirsch).
Per
Per
Per
1000.
1000.
1000.
Glasgow ... 70
Boston. ... 38
England . .
. 30
Philadelphia . . 56
New Orleans
. 37
Dr^en . .
. 30
New York. . . 53
London . .
. 97
Massachusetts
. 30
Edinburgh. . . 48
Bavaria . .
. 37
Algiers . .
. 29
Paris .... 41
Copenhagen .
. 34
St Helena .
. 22
Nejnx)e8 ... 41
MalU . . .
. 33
New Jersey .
. 17
The above table includes only certain forms of consum
ption.
C. — Deaths from Consumption (1866).
Per
Par
looa
1000.
liondon . . . .121
Paris
170
New York
. 142
Vi
lenna
....
252
350
PHYSICIANS^PIGS.
D. — Phthisis in United Kinodoil
JDeaihiper MUUon InkabUtmii per Annum,
England. . 1850-59 2,780
Scotland
. . . 1877 2,294
„ . . 1860t^9 2,547
Ireland
. . . 1880 2,185
„ . . 1870-79 2,206
London
. . . 1879 2,476
PH78I0IAN8.
A.
Docton Apothecaries
and and
Siugeona MidwiTea
TMaL
Doelanaad
Buiseoiia,
perlOO^OOt
England .
15,920
• ••
•••
64
Scotland.
3,456
■ ••
..•
91
Ireland .
. 8,560
22,936
■ • •
...
69
IT. Kingdom
• • •
• • «
66
France .
. 10,748
19,079
29,822
29
(Germany
, 82,000
• ■ •
• • •
70
Raitia .
. 13,475
6,752
20,227
18
AoBtria .
. 10,000
• • •
• ee
27
Italy .
9,400
• • •
• ••
83
Spam .
5,200
• • •
• ••
81
Belgium .
2,893
1,847
4,740
54
Scandinavia
1,120
• • •
• ••
14
United States
65,000
• • •
• • •
122
The number
of medical students in
London
in October
1882 was 949.
B.-
-Dbqrees of
M.D. IN
Francs.
Yenni.
Number.
Tean.
Namber.
1801-14 .
. 8,178
1849-69
•
. 9,145
1815-30 .
. 6.423
1870-82
. .
5,901
1831-48 .
. 8,468
82 yean.
. 83,115
PIOEONa 1
See Birds.
PIGS.
A. — ^PiGs TO Population.
I
Thousands Omitted, j No. per 100 InbaK
1855.
1880.
18S&.
1880.
United Kingdom . •
Continent
2.810
36,285
8.190
42,118
10
16
9
15
Europe
United SUtes
1 89,095
31,940
45,308
47,680
15
118
14
93
Total
71,035
92,988
25
25 j
PILCHARDS— PINS.
351
B. — NUHBKR
AND FlAUGHTEB
(1880).
Thooaands Omitted.
Avenge
Lbe.of
No. of
Piga
Killed
Yearly.
Heat,
T0D8.
Lbe. per
Gftrcasa
Heat per
Inbab.
United Kingdom .
3,190
2,100
145
155
9
France ....
5,810
3,900
240
138
15
Gernumy ....
7,130
4,800
285
183
15
Ronia ....
10,514
7,000
445
140
12
Anstria ....
7,080
4,700
275
129
16
Italjr
1,570
1,000
55
124
4
Spain and Portugal
5.323
3,600
130
81
14
Belg. and Holland
1,006
650
36
125
9
Scandinavia . . .
1,040
700
34
109
9
Switierland . . .
335
200
10
112
8
Ronmania, &c. . .
Europe. . . .
2,310
1,500
60
88
19
45,308
30,150
1,715
129
12
United SUtes . .
47,680
32,000
1,420
100
60
Canada ....
1,425
900
45
112
23
Australia . . .
815
500
20
90
15
River Plate . . .
362
200
8
90
6
Cape Colony . .
Total . .
164
100
4
90
8
95,754
63,850
3,212
115
19
PILOHABDa^The Comislimen take 30 or 35 maiions
yearly; value, one shilling per 100. Exportation, 12,000
barrels
PILGRIMS. — The number that passes through Suez en
route for Mecca averages 35,000, of whom one-fourth are
Turks, one-fourth Egyptians, the rest being Moors, &c
PILOT-BOATS.
Boeta
Pilots.
England
692
2,066
Scotland
226
432
Ireland .
132
395
United Kingdom • . 1,050
The largest pilot-boat is only 45 tona
2,893
PINS. — Great Britain makes 330 millions weekly, or 9 per
inhabitant, as compared with 105 millions a week in 1840|
or 4 per inhabitant
332
PLAGUE.
PLAGXTE.
A. — List op Plaques (Milroy).
1501-1600.
1601- i7oa
1701-1800.
1801-lSU
England ... 15
12
0
0
France ... 14
11
1
0
Germany ... 12
19
4
1
Low Countriea . . 2
14
0
0
Russia and Scandinavia 2
T
4
2
Italy and Levant 26
16
12
11
Spain ... 5
8
8
1
Total
76
81
24
16
B. — Great Plague of 1346
Vi4!timi {Thou$andt Omitted),
Naples
60
Venice .
. 70
Paris
60
Florence .
. 100
Vienna .
40
Strasbnrg .
26
Sienna
70
Marseilles
56
London
. 100
Parma
40
Valencia .
. 100
Norwich .
60
Genoa
40
Avignon .
60
Dublin .
14
C. — Remarkable Plagues.
Date.
Place,
Deaths
Weeks.
1656 .
. Naples . *. .
. 380,000
28
1665 .
London .
68,800
83
1720 .
. Marseilles . .
39,100
86
1771 .
. Moscow . .
87,800
32
1778 .
. Constantinople
. 170.000
18
1798 .
. Cairo . . .
88,000
26
1812 .
Constantinople
. 144,000
13
1834 .
Cairo . . . ,
67,000
18
1835 .
Alexandria . .
14,900
17
1871 .
. Buenos Ayres .
26,300
11
Deaths
per W«ek.
13,400
2,100
1,100
2,700
0,600
8,600
11.100
8,200
900
2,400
D. — Relative Mortality.
Died, Reoovered,
per Cent, per Cent.
67 83
25 75
50 60
91 9
29 71
36 66
Date.
Place.
1798 .
. Cairo . . . .
1798 .
. Aboukir . . .
1813 .
. MalU . . . .
1815 .
. Corfu , . . .
1834 .
. Cairo . . . .
1835 .
. Alexandria
1871 .
. Buenos A^rcs
40
60
Authority.
GenettesL
M'Grigor.
Greaves.
White.
GaeUnL
Clot Be J.
Bosoh.
PLA a UB—PLA NETS.
Doktlu (IhnuuuU OmitUd). 1
\tn.
lots.
IBM.
ISM.
im.
totoL
Great BriUin .
Fnum
Autrik .
Otharerantriw .
ToUl .
W
lOS
60
99
250
C5
13i
127
146
SOO
22
146
lie
218
400
IS
44
S3
220
246
83
62
436
TO
14S
4»0
891
1,118
3.266
6S5
781
SOS
seo
821
8,412
The deatb-iatio in 1832 averaged 38 to 40 per cent of
lases, but it waa lower in subsequent visitations.
F.— Cholbra op 1866.
Dtalhi per 10,000 Inhabitant*.
London . . ISIFuis . . SSI Madrid . 102
Dublin . . 41 Berlin . . 83 Bnusela . 184
Vienna ■ ^^ Naples .89 Palermo . . 197
ManeiUea . . 61 { St Petersburg . 98 ] Oonitantinfiple . 738
The greatest mortalitj wtis at Kome and Madrid on Sun-
days ; at London and Berlin on Wednesdays ; and at Paris
on Saturdays. This cholera ivas more deadly in Italy than
elsewhere, and worse than any previous visitations, 56 per
cent of all men, and 54 per cent of women attacked, falling
victims to it
FLANETa
.,-".
HuuDuoriiiiM. 1
DlManca
L«>t
(romEuth.
rromEwtH
Mercury
Earth '.
Man
Jajriter .
Saturn .
7,901
4.920
8B,390
71,904
33,024
38,820
S5
86
91
139
476
872
1,7B3
2,748
47
23
62
409
831
1,746
2,629
136
160
246
G02
1,014
1,929
2,888
354
PLA TB.
B. — Ratios op Size, Weight, &a
Number of
Sixe.
Weight.
Deiiaitj.
Dnysln
Tsu*
Earth
100
100
100
865
Mercury .
5
7
124
88
Venu8
80
79
90
225
Mars.
' 14
12
96
687
Jupiter
. 188,700
80,000
20
4,888
Saturn
. 74,600
9,000
12
10,759
Uranus
. 7,200
1,300
18
80,687
Neptune .
. 9,400
1,700
17
60,127
PLATR
A.—
Quantity Stamped in United Kingdom.
Annual Avengv, Ob.
Tears.
1801-10
1811-20
1821-80
1831-40
1841-50
1851-60
1861-70
1871-80
Gold.
5,680
6,890
6,814
6,445
7,333
38,415
29,204
42,190
Silver.
1,087,000
1,058,000
1,157,000
1,104,000
1,007,000
930,000
875,000
790,000
ATsnupe Per Inhabi.
Annual Valua. Penoa.
£294,000
291,000
817,000
801,000
281,000
873,000
815,000
370,000
4
4
8
Si
H
2|
The sums received in payment of duty on gold and silver
plate during the 10 years ending March 1882 were as
follows : —
10 Years.
1882.
Pence per
Inhab. (188t).
England .
. £682,000
£66,880
0-64
Scotland .
17,700
1,420
0-10
Ireland .
5,100
460
0-02
United Kingdom . £704,800 £68,710
0*49
B. — Quantity Stamped in France.
Thousandfi Omitted.
Per
Inhab.,
Amount
of
Per
Inhab.,
Ve-.r.
Vrthie of
Both.
Gold, Os.
Silver, Os.
Pence.
DuUea.
Ptt»c«.
1830 . .
101
1,739
£839
6
£52,000
0*36
1840 . .
164
2,290
1,229
8.i
77,000
0-62
1850 . .
169
1,840
1,136
8
72,000
0-48
I860 . .
288
2,294
1,611
11
121,000
075
1869 . .
380
2,379
2,115
13
149,000
0-92
1878 . .
409
2,456
2,251
in
252.000
1-60
PLEBISCITES-^POLICB.
35S
PLEBISOITE& — The principal in France have been as
follows : —
Tear.
For.
Agniniit.
1793 .
1,801,000
12,000
1808 .
8,568,000
9,000
1816 .
. 1,302,000
4,000
1852 .
7,828,000
253,000
1870 .
. 7,336,000
1,561,000
POISON. — Deaths from accidental poisoning in England,
in 1878, were 235 males and 118 females, apart from 215
cases of suicidal poisoning. The accidental were as 6 in
10,000 deaths.
POUOE.
A. — Cost in Cities.
ThouMndt.
Per Inhab.
Pence.
Thousands. ^%^^'*
London . .
£1,060
68
Genoa . .
£15
21
Paris . .
1,160
122
Florence
14
20
ViennA . .
890
09
Turin . .
13
18
Berlin . .
70
16
Antwerp
18
19
S. FranciBOo
48
52
Trieste
12
27
Buda . .
38
27
Ghristiania
11
86
Rome . .
30
24
Frankfort
7
14
Leipsic . .
24
• 49
Liege . .
6
12
Bucharest .
22
26
Venice . .
6
12
Stockholm .
21
33
Palermo
6
6
Copenhagen
20
24
Stuttgart
14
28
B. — Police of I
Jnited Kin(
3D0K.
Police
Cost per
Inhab.,
Men.
Coe
t. Per Mai
[L i)er 10,000
Intiab.
Pence.
England ..
83,173
£3,440
1,000 £104
13
29
Scotland .
3,562
320
,000 90
10
21
IreUnd .
14,772
1,41C
>,000 95
28
66
U. Kingdom 51,507
5,170,000
100
14
83
C. — London and Paris Compared.
Per 10.000 Inhab.
London.
F^aria.
Number of men
Arrests made .
10,940
79,490
London.
29
210
Paris.
8,250 29 89
231,140 210 1,065
The London police cost £97 a year, the Paris £140, per
man. The London man arrests 7 persons, the Paris 29 per-
sons, per annum. For each offender (including drunkenness
and misdemeanours), the police expenditure is £13 in London,
and £5 in Paris.
356 POOR—POPULA TIOtT.
FOOB. See Paupen, Taxea.
Xnglidi . .
I Afiieau .
1 Auitriui .
. 2 Srriui
. 2 anek
S«in
1 Spuiih .
S Fnncb
« ItalUn
B, — DuRAnoK o? Bbiok.
TTioa
■and! Omitted.-
laOciL
IBSCk
IMO.
IIMO.
iiaa.
U. Eingdom .
16,570
20,710
20.640
28,?30
34.fl50
Franoe . . .
27,720
30,3«0
34,102
S7,2l90
37.430
22,330
20,040
80,590
30,410
45,260
Ru»i» .
58,140
44,220
64,080
05,730
84,410
Anetria. . .
21,230
23,620
28,170
32,240
37,830
llAly . . .
13,380
15,730
18,610
21,820
28,910
SpJn . . .
10,440
11,680
11,820
15,560
16,290
Portugal . .
3,080
8,2 10
8,490
-1,030
4.3^0
Belgium . .
2,980
3,S80
4,02')
<4,a90
6.480
Holknd . .
2,280
2,510
3,130
3.620
4,060
Denmark . .
900
1,040
1,290
1,680
1,660
Sweden. . .
2,330
2,530
3,210
3,870
4,610
Norway . .
880
1,010
1,230
1,590
1,950
Switierland .
1,820
2,040
2.310
2,630
. 2,810
Greece . . .
1,020
1,310
UBO
Servia . . .
Houmauia . .
0,200
10,300 {
12,490 j
1,240
4,360
1,920
6.3S0
Turkey. . .
Europe . ,
10,230
8,310
17-2,300
108,4 JO
236,160
2?S,860
312,990
V. Stale. . .
5.310
9,640
17,070
31,440
60,410
ao.oco
22,000
23,600
24.800
26,600
Britiih India .
70,000
83,000
98,600
143,300
191.400
Canada. . .
470
840
1,730
3.8S0
4.340
Au.tralia . .
10
90
410
1,330
2.eso
Cap* Colony .
Total .
40
BO
270
420
1,030
288,1100
314,060
377,630
480,610
688,550
In the above table Lombnrdy is counted Italia
Sleswig German, territory, (^
POPULATION.
B. — Inhabitants per Square Hilk
TTnited Kingdom
Gennu;
Italy '.
Spaiii .
Portug&I
B«leium
HoUuid
Diiunwk
SwitierUnd .
Turkey, &c .
Karope .
United Sutes
Cftoida.
Aiutnli>
C»pe Colon;.
Brituti India
Soath America
C. — United E^ihqdom.
ThouHHiLl. Om
i.d.
l»!..WU
uHl-;r3q
mroUllB. 1
T«r.
EDgbnd.
HoolUad.
Irclind.
EBgluid.
ScotUn*.
IreUni 1
1066 . .
2.160
350
1,000
37
II
32
1381
2,860
400
1,100
41
13
36
1528
i,866
650
770
76
17
24
1672
8,600
900
1.320
86
29
41
1712
6.280
1,050
2.090
110
34
SS
17G1
7,020
1,265
2.873
120
40
74
17S0
8,080
1,430
3,050
110
47
1801
s.sn
1, 60S
5,21 e
155
63
IS5
IBU
10,164
1,806
6,657
175
60
ISS
1821
12,000
2.002
6.802
207
6S
212
1831
H,0OI
2,384
7,768
241
77
S48
18*1
16,038
2,620
8,195
276
86
1861
18,071
2,886
6,652
810
04
1881
20,202
3.063
6,800
847
J"^
1871
22,905
8,366
6,387
SBl
1881 . .
26,110
!.784
6,160
U>
8
POPVLA TION.
D.— Ekgland
Ubban and
Kdhai.
Ku«L
Urbu.
ToUl.
ISSl
18S1
1871
18S1
. 8.772.000
B.133,000
. 9.802,000
. 10,523,000
9.1GS,0D0
10,933,000
12.911.000
16,4*6.000
17,828,000
20,066.000
22,713,000
26,968,000
R— Towns or England.
leoi.
18SI.
IMl.
IBM.
UN.
London . .
9S9
1,379
1,948
2,804
S.S15
liveipool
82
133
286
444
&63
129
243
858
S4>
71
102
183
296
402
C3
84
162
SOB
ia
65
111
185
^4
SI
85
125
154
NottiDgh»m
29
40
52
75
187
Bradford
13
67
106
184
Hull .
30
ts
67
97
155
83
42
70
109
145
Brighton
7
25
49
87
108
1,161
2.160
3.353
4,922
6,897
7,<32
9.930
12.685
15,280
10,213
1 8,893
12,090
16,038
20.202
26,110
Ratio of 12 1
ow™.
1 16 p. e.
Up-c
21 p. c.
2ip.a
26 pt
F, — UsiTBD States.
TboiuBDili Omiltcd. 1
Bnalind.
MlddlB.
Soutbcn.
Wnlem.
PmolflB.
ToUL
1790 . . .
1,010
1.342
1,680
1800
1,233
1,807
64
1810
1.472
2.897
292
7.240
1820
849
1830
1,S54
4.138
6.164
1,610
12,866
1840
6.088
17.069
1860
2.724
6,593
8,288
6,409
178
23,193
1860
3.145
8,294
10,297
9,223
485
31,443
1870
3.6U6
9.770
11,330
13,188
764
88.6S8
ISSO
4.010
12,375
16,264
17.609
1,262
60,410
POPULATION. 3S9
G. — Tbb United States in Detail.
Tbouunda ODilltEd.
ISOD.
1B».
1»40.
IMO.
WO.
1880.
NewYork .
GSS
1,873
2,429
3.881
4.383
6,083
floa
1,01S
1,724
2,90«
3.622
4,283
Ohio . .
1G
BSl
1,GI9
2.340
2.666
3,198
niinoia
GS
476
1,712
a.640
3,078
MUsoori
87
884
1,182
1.721
2.168
"fl
147
ese
1.3S0
1,681
1,978
<23
623
73S
1.231
1.467
1,783
S3l
G64
780
1.168
1.331
1,649
Uiehigw .
9
212
749
1,184
1,687
low. . .
43
676
1,194
1,626
TnH. .
604
819
1,692
TOUMNH .
IM
4SS
829
l.llO
1,259
1,612
Geo^U
163
S41
691
1,057
1,184
1,642
Virglni. .
S80
1,065
1,240
1.698
1,225
1,613
North Cuolina
*78
83B
753
S83
1,071
1,399
WbooiulD .
31
776
1,066
1,316
AUbuu .
128
6B1
964
697
1,263
Miuiuippi.
"e
76
876
791
828
1,132
NcwJeney.
211
277
373
672
906
1,131
Konuu
107
364
996
South CiTolioa
sia
603
"694
704
708
906
LoDiiriuim .
153
3S2
708
727
940
M»ijLuid .
3i'2
407
470
687
781
936
Califomi. .
380
600
866
"ii
"m
433
484
803
MinoetoU .
172
440
781
MaiDfl.
112
ass
602
028
627
819
Conneoticot
Wl
275
sto
4U0
637
823
Wert Virginb
442
618
"m
123
452
New Huonhirc
184
£44
286
326
318
317
Vermont .
154
236
292
816
331
332
Rhode Iiluid
69
63
109
176
217
277
61
73
78
112
1 26
147
Florida
64
140
188
269
Colondo .
34
40
194
Ongon
62
91
176
TJUb . .
40
87
144
6
14
136
Tteitori> .
13
"as
'60
189
_344
667
60,1 6S
m» Union
6,308
9.633
17,009
31.443
38,658
The increaae of population eince 1630 <8«a p. 361) has
averaged 32 per cent, every 10 jeftrs. At tliia rate there
vrill be 68 millions in 1900.
36o
POPULATION.
H.— Great Towns in 1831 and 1881.
TlumtancU Omitted,
Amsterdam .
Antwerp
Belfast
Berlin.
Birmingham
Bombay
Bordeaux .
Boston
Brussels
Buda .
Buenos Ayres
Cairo .
Calcutta
Constantinople
Copenhagen
Christiania
Dresden
Dublin
Edinburgh
Florence
Genoa .
Glasgow
Hamburg
Havana
Leipsic
Lisbon
Liverpool
See Cities,
18S1.
201
65
63
220
142
229
94
61
102
67
81
333
280
590
109
21
70
227
130
82
83
164
112
111
42
202
165
1881.
326
182
185
1,129
402
644
212
363
407
870
212
815
480
819
235
120
221
350
229
168
179
572
454
230
149
224
552
London
Lyons .
Madrid
Manchester.
MaT^*1^ft^
Mxifseillet .
Milan .
Moscow
Munich
Naples
New Orleans
New York .
Palermo
Philadelphia
Prague
Rio Janeiro
Rome .
Rotterdam .
St. Petersburg
Smyrna
Stockholm .
Stuttgart
Turin .
Tunis .
Venice
Vienna
Warsaw
isn.
. 1,655
. 146
. 205
. 238
. 134
. 116
. 125
. 308
65
. 354
46
. 203
. 168
. 167
85
. 145
. 128
66
. 324
. 115
79
32
. 114
. 108
. 110
. 280
. 151
1881.
8,815
877
396
549
270
360
821
694
230
491
216
1,243
245
868
169
275
801
153
703
155
163
117
241
210
142
731
318
I. — Towns of France.
Populatiun in Thousands.
Ratio to FopL of Fnmc«.
1801.
1835.
1881.
1801.
1885.
188L
Paris ....
553
881
2,226
2-0
2-6
6-9
Lyons . .
110
162
877
0-4
0-5
1-0
Marseilles
111
125
360
0-4
04
1-0
Bordeaux
91
110
212
0-3
03
0-6
LiUe . .
55
77
178
02
0-2
0-5
Toulouse .
50
62
140
02
0-2
0-4
Nantes
42
78
124
0-2
0-2
0-3
Rouen . .
48
91
106
0-2
0-3
0-3
Havre . .
16
24
106
01
01
0-3
Total .
• •
1,076 1,610
3,829
4*0 4-8
10-3
POPULATION.
— ImGRKASK op PoFdLATION IN UNITED StATES.
KBtunl. ImmiEntioii.
184I-G0 .
18&1-S0 .
1861-70 .
1871-80 .
ToUI,
per Out,
»9'u-z f'sa S2'67
24-19 9-88 3&-87
21-20 11-38 SS-Sa
IB'38 7-26 22-83
2278 7-29 80-07
L — TovNs ovzB 20,000 Population.
ThfHuudi OmitM.
pttCent
Town.
i« 10,000
■4.nill».
otTown..
TowaPopL
ToUlPopL
EngUnd. . .
SeotlMd. . .
IreUnd . . .
IT. Kingdom
Fruioa . . .
Gtirmuiy . .
RuBsik . . .
Anitrik . . .
HoSSd! !
Denmu-k . .
Sweden . . .
Norwij . . .
Suritierlud .
Greeoe . . .
BoomBni. . .
3«rri> . . .
Turkey . . .
Eorope . ,
United SUte> .
Cuudk . . .
Total . .
101
10
11,120
1,310
820
26,110
8,734
5,160
14
35
13
17
3
3
120
91
111
SS
37
78
28
21
ig
12
13,GC0
6,810
7,120
E,S-20
2.650
1,670
1,910
120
1,510
1,H0
2eo
350
210
280
100
820
270
oeo
35,001
37,870
15,260
81,140
87,830
28.910
16,270
4,350
5,180
4,080
1,960
4,610
1,810
2,810
1,690
6,310
1,720
8,010
30
18
18
6
7
18
12
10
27
28
13
8
11
8
3
11
6
12
10
5
6
0-1
1-3
7
1-5
1
22
10
1«
0-4
0-4
4
2
2
0-5
07
fllO
li'2
18,130
9,160
370
710
327,401
60,310
4,310
2,880
15
18
9
26
1-6
0-3
707
58,370 1 381,931 : 16 | 05 1
The above does not include all urban populatioi
example, see England in Table E.
362
POPULATION.
M. — Towns in United SxATEa
Population.
1800.
1820.
1840.
I860.
1880.
Over 100,000
. 0
2
i
9
20
60 to 100,000
2
1
1
9
16
20 to 60,000
2
2
16
25
66
Total .
21
43
102
The aggregate of urban compared with total population in
the United States was as follows : —
nioasandi Omitted.
Batioof
Urban.
Urban. Total.
ISOO
340 6,810
6-4
1820
460 9,640
4-8
1840
. 1,650 17,070
91
1860
. 4,240 81,440
18-6
1880
. 9,160 60,310
18-2
The urban class comprises only towns over 20,000 popu-
lation.
N. — Great Powers op Europe.
1
Thousands Omitted.
1380.
1480.
1580.
1680.
1780.
1880. 1
England . . .
2,360
3,700
4,600
6,532
9,661
35.004
France
11,240
12,600
14,300
18,800
25,100
37,400
Prussia
600
800
1,000
1,400
5,460
45,260
Russia
1,200
2,100
4,300
12,600
26,800
84,440
Austria
2,300
9,500
16,500
14,000
20,200
87,830
Italy . .
8,400
9,200
10,400
11,500
12,800
28,910 ,
Spain .
7,500
8,800
8,150
9,200
73,032
9,960
16,290:
Tote]
1
I .
» •
33,600
46,700 59,250
109,881 285,134 ;
In the above, England at present stands for United King-
dom, and Prussia for the German Empire.
O. — Density op English Towns.
InhabitanU per Acre.
Norwich .
Leeds . .
Sheffield .
Nottingham
Oldham .
12
15
16
18
26
Bradford ... 28
Portsmouth . .31
Leicester ... 42
Hull 42
Birmingham . . 48 I Liverpool .
Bristol • .
London . .
Plymouth .
Manchester
. 49
. 49
. 54
. 85
. 106
p. — Easlt Towns of ENOLAtrD (a.d. 1377).
London . .
8S,20a
Norwich .
. e,30o
4,800
York . . .
11,400
Lincoln .
. 5,500
Oxford . . .
3,800
Briitol. . .
e,2oa
. 6.200
3,400
Pljmouth .
7,3M
. 4,700
LdO-tM . .
8.200
Covenlry . .
7,100
ColehMter
. 4,600
3,000
POSTS.
A.
— TONKAOB
OF Ebtb
JES.
ThoutaiuU OmiOed.
London. . .
8,210
Hamburg.
. 2,315
HnD. . . .
2.010
Wow York. .
7,60a
H.VP,. .
. 2^260
Geno> . . .
1,640
Li»«pool . .
7,320
Gtugow .
. 2.170
Borton . . .
1,660
HmmUIo . .
3,260
DubEn .
. 2,120
Baltimore . .
1.365
Antwerp . .
2,720
B«lfa>t .
. 2,030
PtuUdolphik .
1,260
K— F0BB10.N
Tbadb op
Bbitisq
POBTS (1880).
HlUKmif.
r=.«>rt..
ExporU.
TotaL" ItaUo.
London
. m
63
194 277
107
S4
ISl 27-3
Hull
20
19
39 6-6
Gluwotr
Soutbdi
12
12
24 8-4
pton
10
9
19 27
Tyneport.
7
7
U 2-0
Leith
0
3
12 17
Bristol
8
2
10 1-6
Cirdiff
1
G
e 0-9
Dablio
1
2
3 0-5
Belf«t
1
2
3 0-5
V«rioi»
Si
S9
183 28-2
C. — Trade of United States Ponm
MillloiK£.
Bitlo. 1
Importt
B»port«.
ToUl
ImpocU.
Export..
Tut.L
New York . ,
103
69
172
68
46
67
Botton . . .
14
13
27
10
8
9
San FruiciKO .
11
20
6
7
01
NcwOrleuu .
14
17
2
10
6
PhiWelpbU .
8
16
G
6
6
8
11
2
6
H
V«ioui . . .
ToUl . . .
12
29
41
7
20
13
161
162
303
100
100
.00
3^4
POST-OFFICE.
POST-OFFICE.
A. — CORRESPONDBNOB
IN 1881.
MiUions.
Par
Letters.
Papers.
Suudries.
Total. ^
Inhji^
United Kii
igdom . 1,299
134
249
1,682
49
France
. 695
864
401
1,860
36
Germany
. 721
452
126
1,299
29
. 110
76
7
192
2
Austria
. 483
79
87
699
16
Italy
196
86
77
369
18
Spain
71
41
6
118
7
Portugal .
16
8
2
26
6
Belgium
91
69
37
197
36
Holland
. . . 71
36
14
120
80
Denmark
26
26
2
68
27
Sweden an
d Norway . 46
33
2
81
12
Switzerland
i . . 66
60
15
130
46
Greece
3
• • •
1
4
2
Roumania
6
2
1,444
• • •
976
8
2
Europe
. 3,798
6,218
20
United Sta
ktes . . 1,155
761
327
2,243
45
Canada
57
15
7
79
18
Australia
36
36
1
73
27
India
. 121
10
4
135
1
Japan
48
14
1
63
2
South Amt
;rica . . 36
9
9
54
2
Algeria
7
1
• • •
8
3
Egypt
8
1
• • •
4
1
Java .
4
1
1
6
1
The World . . 5,265 2,292 1,326 8,883 13
B. — Letters in France and United Kingdom.
Period.
Annual Average, Millions.
Number per Inhabitant.
U. Kingdom.
France.
U. Kingdom.
France.
1841-50
1861-60
1861-70
1881 .
277
466
724
1,299
122
210
340
595
10
17
24
37
4
6
9
16
C. — British Postal Revenue.
Year.
1643.
1663.
1685.
1707.
Amount,
Per Inhab.,
Tear.
Amoant,
Per InhaK.
Thousands £.
Ponce.
Tliousands £.
PiBUC*.
6
• • •
1744
. . 235
7
. 22
1
1790
. . 480
12
. 65
3
1835
. . 2.353
22
. Ill
6
1881
. .9,028
62
POST-OFFICE-^POTA TOES.
36s
D. — British Postal TRAFFia
MiUiont of Letten, Papers, fto.
nana
BeoeiTed ftrom
Sent to
ToUL
United Kingdom
1,526
1,526
1,526
907
AmericA
22
22
44
2-6
European Continent .
TheEatt .
37
44
81
4*8
4
9
18
0-8
Australia
4
6
10
0-6
Africa.
2
6
8
0-6
Total
R
. 1,595 1,618 1,682
— British Postal Tarifp.
London to
York . .
Edinburgh
Dublin . .
Gibraltar .
1645.
. 6
. 8
Pence.
1885.
11
13
16
34
1881.
1
1
1
2i
London to
New York
Madrid. .
Rio Janeiro
1645.
100-0
Penoe.
18S6. 1881.
26 2i
26 2^
42 4
In the reign of Charles L the rates of postage were : —
Under 80 miles .
80-140
POTATOES.
Pence.
. 2
. 4
Over 140 maet
To Scotland
Pence.
. 6
. 8
Thousands Omitted.
Cwts.
per Acre.
Lbs. per
Inbab.
Acres.
Tons.
Vslue of
Crop, £.
England
Scotland
Ireland .
United Kingdom
France .
Germany
Russia .
Austria.
Italy and Spain .
HolL and Belgium
Scandinavia .
1
Europe
United SUtes
Canada, &c .
Total .
400
189
854
1,400
665
2,970
4,600
2,200
9,400
70
70
70
120
390
1,320
1,443
3,200
6,800
3,100
3,500
450
750
560
5,035
9,500
21,300
9,200
8,100
1,120
2,800
1,750
16,200
28,800
57,500
22,300
20,200
3,000
8,100
5,000
70
59
62
60
46
50
75
64
315
550
1,060
250
510
55
580
460
19,803
1,900
1,100
58,805
3,500
3,300
160,600
10,600
9,400
60
37
60
450
150
• • •
22,803
65,605 180,600
57
• • •
Potatoes wero introduced into Germany in 1710, into
366 POULTRY— POWER.
Busaia in 1769, aad into Scotland eome yean later. Ths
man who sowed the first field of potatoes in Scotlutd died
in 1860.
Gre>4 Britain
Unitod Kingdom
Hem.
I>acka
See Hens.
POWER.
2S M I Fnnca . .
IS 2G6 Oerminy .
41 117 ! Italy. . .
B. — Bbitibb Foultbt.
Omitwd.
23,G0O Q«au .
8,700 I Turlujt
A.-
PowBB Available for Indubtbikb.
a<iio.
BlHim,
Riten,
Tulal
Workii™.
«««.-'
h™-
H-r*,-
7-5
U. Kingdom .
22,670
2,90s
7,780
4,520
17.166
France . . .
27,765
2,833
S.513
0.130
16.263
6-6
Germany
3O,07i
3,360
1,325
6,010
16.735
7-2
RuKilB .
49,620
10,200
1,365
36,115
58,630
25-0
Austria
25fi<iS
3,7eo
1,280
5,830
13,370
5-7
Italy .
ie,3io
653
180
3,960
6,929
2-0
Spain .
11.120
690
183
2.220
4,10S
1-8
Portugal
2,780
70
66
610
1,051
0-5
Botgium
3,77fl
2S3
595
370
1,620
07
Holland
2,000
280
210
610
1,405
0-6
SomdiDiLVia .
S,SIO
970
l!fl
6,360
8,327
3-e
SwitiorUnd .
1,815
110
253
650
1,195
0-5
Roumiuua .
3,520
cao
90
1,160
2,162
0-9
Secvia . . .
1,0 ro
no
33
450
732
0-3
tireeoe . . .
Europe . .
i,oao
87
20
420
610
0-2
206,S48
32,307
20,917
75,505
119,919
ei-0
United Sut«
30,110
11,202
8.152
61,150
83,516
233,135
86-0
lOOfl
T,it»l
23(1,001
41,009
29,069
136.065
All the above powers may be considered in active use,
except the rivers, of which less than one-tenth of the power
is turned to any use.
POWER— PRESS.
—BaiiATin DisTRiBDTioN or POWZR.
B
HamiD. Bono. Sttam. RiTon. ToUL |
U. EingdM
-a™
luiv .
FortDg*!.
Onece .
United State* .
A. — NEWaPAPBRS <
EnglUh . . . 13,378 | Italun
3,333
1,810 I
TotiU
ALL LaNOUAOBS.
■ 1,165 j FoTtogneM
B. — Dailt Pafebs.
Uaited Kingdom .
Fnnce . . . .
GermADV
IUI7 ...
Bcl^um uid Holluid
Spun, BoHia, &c. .
Eoiope
Dnitad States
Spaniih AmcricB .
India, Coloniei, tc
DtUf Ihua
8,!00,000
2,300,000
2,61)0,000
600,000
100,000
600,000
0,600,000
3,800,000
400,000
700,000
London .
Frorincei
ScotlAnd
368
PRESS.
D. — Growth of Nbwspafbbs bikcb 1840.
No. of Papers.
No. of
News-
Dale of
y-
Towns
per Town.
First Paper
1840.
1882.
in 1882.
a.d:
United Kingdoxn
I 498
1,817
120
15
1622
France
776
1,280
91
14
1606
Germany ,
805
2,850
114
21
1524
204
486
88
6
1714
Austria
182
865
87
28
1550
Italv .
Spam .
210
1,124
76
15
1562
74
258
28
9
1704
Portugal
18
42
8
14
• • •
Belgium
52
412
24
17
1764
Holland .
26
210
19
11
1757
Scandinavia
104
280
18
18
1644
Switzerland
54
484
6
72
• ••
Europe .
. 2,448
9,408
619
15
1524
United Stotes
830
11,052
102
101
1704
Spanish Americi
i 88
870
74
12
1728
Brazil
11
296
20
15
1780
Australia .
43
270
16
17
1808
Canada
88
565
9
62
1765
India .
63
644
180
4
1781
West Indies
87
60
10
6
1781
Sandwich Islandt
i 1
6
1
6
1835
Africa
14
62
12
5
1824
Japan
1
34
30
1
• ■ •
Turkey, &c.
14
72
17
4
1797
Total . . 3,638 23,339 1,093 21 1524
The Chinese liave had newspapers at least ten centuries.
In the above table only towns of over 20,000 population
are counted. The increase of newspapers in Europe has
been as follows : —
Per
Per
Tear.
Number.
Million
luhAb.
Year.
Number.
MUltoo
Inhabw
1828 .
. 2,142
10-2
1865 .
. 7,140
26-4
1840 .
. 2,448
10-7
1882 .
. 9,408
31-2
E. — British Press since 1800.
Million Papers per Annum.
Annual Isaue per 100 Inhabi-
tants, Copietb
1801.
1831.
18«4.
1882.
1801. 1831.
18«4. 1SS2.
England . .
Ireland . .
Scotland . .
U. Kingdom
16
2
1
83
4
2
482
36
28
1,350
130
140
180 230
38 52
60 84
2,250 5,120
640 2 540
950 3,760
19
39 1 546
1
1,620 ' 122 164 1,810 4,^50
F. — Frekch Daily FitEsa
p»ril . .
. 1,470
&£^u^ '.
73
70
Bordeuix
40
Other towtu .
647
lOCOlnha
G. — United States Daily Press.
No. ot Papon.
iBiu, Thounndi.
|'?!Sb&r|
laro.
IS».
ISTO.
ISSO. 1 IS70. j 1180. 1
Ne»Ea^>nd. .
60
fl4
810
403
8S
10!
Middle ....
171
1,789
140
146
Soathern . . .
146
174
12
12
W«teni. . . .
20S
38!
433
970
49
GS
FaciGo ....
ToUl ....
G6
119
113
240
IS6
19G
G74
962
2,601
3,G92
6B 1 71 1
U. — LlTERAT V BE
NeWHFAPBBS and I>00K3.
"P.por.
'»"«
Tool
Boolu imit pe
U«l.
'BDU.
CJnit«dEiasdom 95,000
6-1
£19,060,000
107
Pnncs
70,000
42
11,760,000
75
OenuAnj
76,000
3-7
12,720,000
67
fiunik
18,000
0-5
3,040,000
9
AiutriA
24,000
1-4
4,050,000
25
luly.
19,000
1-5
3,200,000
29
SfL
B,000
0-8
1,010,000
15
PaiiDgal
2.000
ID
340,000
13
Belgium
8,000
3'3
1,360.000
G9
HoUkDd
3,600
21
910,000
88
ScMidiiu.v
> . 6,000
1-5
1,010,000
30
Switurluu
4,000
. 331,900
33
2"*
670,000
68
Europe
£56,810,000
44
United SU
tea . 107,000
4-7
18,080,000
79
Can&da
4,000
2-2
670.000
39
4,000
3-3
670,000
'68
SpMiihAa
eiick 10,000
0-7
1,980,000
14
I>>dift,fta.
4,400
740.000
The Wo
Id . 461000
£77,960,000
z
37®
PRICES.
PRICES.
A. — Roman Empire, a.d. 303.
Prices in Englith Pence and EngUik Meanart,
Wines, Ae.
Per
Pint
Folemian. . . 15
Sorrento .
. 15
Sabine . .
. 15
Ordinary ,
10
Inferior .
8
Rustic . .
4
Vinegar .
3
Beer . .
2
Small do.
1
Oil, Ist .
. 20
Da, 2nd .
. 12
Do., 8rd .
6
Meat, 4a
Per
Lb.
Game.
Qroceriefl.
TaUow . ,
Per
Lb.
3
Cheese . ,
7
Butter . . .
9
Lard . . .
9
Honey . .
Beans . .
. 12
5
Peas . . . ,
3
Lentils . .
. 5
20 eggs . . .
20 oysters . ,
20fig8 . . .
20 roses . . .
. 15
. 15
2
1
B. — Prices in England since a.d. 1201.
Per
Beef .
. . 4
Oroose .
. . 15
Mutton
. . 4
Dove .
. . 12
Lamb .
. . 6
Pigeon .
. . 18
Pork . .
6
Wood da
. . 16
Ham
. . 10
Partridge
. . 24
Sausages .
. . 4
Duck .
. . 80
Venison
. . 7
Rabbit .
. . 80
Boar .
, . 9
Fowl .
. . 45
Sea fish .
. 14
Goose .
. . 76
River fish <
. . 7
Fat da.
. . 150
Salted „ .
. . 4
Pheasant
. . 80
Snails, doz<
en . 1
Har« .
. . 110
Per
dothing, ki
i. Fern
Vegetables.
tc. SO.
Socks . .
. . 8
Apples . .
. 2
Tunic .
. . 12
Cherries .
. 1
Breeches .
. 15
Almonds .
4
Cloak . .
. 30
Walnuts .
1
Boots . .
. 100
Chestnuts
1
Shoes . .
. 120
Onions . .
Turnips
4
8
Slippers
Clogs . .
. 50
. 40
Cucumbers
8
Saddle . .
. 400
Lettuce
. 15
Bridle . .
. 80
Cauliflower
s . 15
Whip . .
. 12
Melons
. 30
Bath . .
. 2
Artichokes
. 30
Ox .
Sheep
Pig. .
Wine, gallon
Beer, „
Goose
Rabbit .
Hen
Pigeons, dozen
Beef, 8 lbs.
Kggs, dozen
Butter, lb.
Wheat, quarter
Horse
Nominal, in
Current Coin, Centuries.
13th.
138.
14th.
16s.
15th.
16th.
31 9.
17tb.
18th.
19th.
208.
lOOs.
1608.
280*.
Is.
H»,
28,
3s.
78.
18s.
255.
28,
3s.
3a.
4s.
88.
22s.
80*.
Is.
Is.
U
8a.
58.
16«..
20-^
Id.
2d.
2d.
3d.
4d.
8d.
IM.
3d.
4d.
6d.
8d.
12d.
24d.
50,i.
2d.
2d.
3d.
3d.
6d.
8d.
l-id.
Id.
2d.
3d.
4d.
8d.
12d.
ISd.
3d.
4d.
6d.
9d.
12d.
18<i.
36d.
2d.
4d.
r>d.
6d.
24(L
36d.
64(L
1(L
2d.
3d.
3d.
4d.
8d.
12<i
• • •
lid.
lid.
2d.
4d.l
5<i
12d.
• • ■
6s. 1
6a.
168.
428. 1
.^0a.
56s.
...
...
£2
£3 '
£5 1
£13
£22
I EnOLAND SINCK A.D
Actual Price in Wliglii
1201 — continued.
ofSdvtr.
Wheat, qmutar
WiDS, gulon
Bmt, „
OOOM
Rabbit .
Hen
Pigeons, doKD
Beef, 811m.
Bntter, lb.
4011
106s.
170s.
SOs.
106s.
- 88.
19b.
6u
»B.
231.
45a.
63>.
<«.
6s.
17i
4d.
8d.
lid.
12d.
25d.
M.
ltd.
8d.
fid.
M.
12d.
IM
l»d.
18d.
M.
25d.
88d.
iW,
4d.
Bd.
4d.
4d.
Sd.
a-EiWJ OF
Prices in England (Ratio op Value).
A.D.
Nomlul Talus.
Cnlnsd; T«l
-■»"- 1
Q»in.
Csttls.
bib™.
per Lb.
G™1b.
Lsbaur,
50-
10
6
16
20s.
33
16
20
23s.
32
20
9
22
82s.
23
10
45
13
529.
41
16
20
1601-1700 . .
80
30
e2s.
85
32
35
1701-1765 . .
70
45
40
62s.
74
48
48
176(H810 . .
108
B3
GS
e2s.
112
66
58
1811-1848 . .
121
70
70
SB..
121
70
70
1880-1883 . .
100
100
100
88».
100
100
100
The foregoing shows that cattle, for example, sell to-day
at 20 times the nominal price, but only 6 times the weight
in silver, which they were worth in the 13th century. Shuck-
burgh's table (1800) was manifestly erroneous, since prices
had nominally increased only 7-fold from 1200 to 1800.
KslloofVi
A.D.
1201-1300
1301-1400
1401-1600
1601-1600
1601-1700
I701-I765
1768-1810
1880-1883
uckburgh. '
372 PRICES.
D. — P^CES IN £NOLAin> FROM 1780 TO 1850.
Ratio.
1780-1800.
180^-20
1821-00
. 1780-1800. 1821-M.
Wheat,
qr.
568.
868.
678.
100
102
Butter,
cwt. .
638.
908.
788.
100
124
Beef
478.
658.
678.
100
121
Sugar
428.
468.
858.
100
83
Iron
188.
128.
68.
100
83
Coffee
. 1128.
1268.
908.
100
89
Cotton
. 1788.
1498.
708.
100
■
89
Wool
. 1408.
2108.
1108.
100
79
Tea, lb
• •
T
42d.
otal
38d.
• •
24d.
•
100
900
—
67
727
E. andF
. — Price-Levels op the World for
100 Tkab&
AgricalturaL
' Tears. Grain.
Meat.
Dairy.
WooL
Cotton.
Sugar
•
roCaL
1782-90 .
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1791-1800
133
141
131
121
110
170
133
1801-10 .
165
188
167
259
75
138
166
1811-20 .
175
208
190
206
75
165
172
1821-30 .
118
157
153
90
46
113
113
1831-40 .
110
173
144
75
41
110
109
1841-50 .
105
165
155
60
26
110
102
1851-60 .
128
184
176
54
28
101
118
1861-70 .
123
194
198
46
61
110
123
1871-80 .
115
220
218
36
34
88
119
1881-84 .
98
244
2^,
30
29
64
113
Indu^triaL
Years. ILirdwart
>. Timber.
CoaL
Cottous. Woollens.
Leather.
lotal.
1782-90 .
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1791-1800
124
138
109
107
112
128
116
1801-10 .
159
263
85
82
199
173
138
1811-20 .
181
2:^8
91
82
161
168
136
1821-30 .
144
108
91
68
92
90
95
1831-40 .
124
127
71
54
84
100
H7
1841-50 .
82
182
67
42
73
111
75
1851-60 .
75
144
61
36
68
IU3
69
1861-70 .
72
144
61
52
78
108
75
1871-80 .
85
128
61
37
75
96
70
1881-84 .
65
116
48
32
62
U
57
It appears from the above that agricultural products have
risen 13 per cent., manufactures fallen 43 per cent., in price-
level since 1782-90.
PRICES.
—Prick in Englakd sinck 1854.
isei-To.
..n^
mi.
B..O. 1
an-ea.
18S1.
Bacon, owt .
a. SI
49
46
49
100
90
Barley, boehel
d. 37
43
60
50
100
135
Butter, cwL
». S4
101
110
109
100
128
Carpeti, yard
d. 31
35
85
29
100
93
chj»«r<^t.
>. SI
66
68
67
100
112
Clrth, jard
d. 36
38
37
83
100
93
CoalB,ton
tl 111
118
149
108
100
V7
Coflee, owt
R. 49
84
88
77
100
167
Cotton, raw
*. 61
148
68
GS
100
95
Cotton clotMOO yds.
d. 29
42
SO
27
100
93
Eggi-. 12 dozen
d. S2
88
114
109
100
129
Fiinnel, yanl .
d. IS
19
IS
15
100
91
Flu, cwt.
B. 47
55
49
41
100
87
GLus „
a. 98
55
64
44
100
71
Herrion banel
a. 29
87
88
3S
100
136
HideTct . .
a. 99
59
82
89
100
130
Ho™™.«ch . .
£ 69
62
84
62
100
111
Iron, too .
a. 69
59
66
100
83
Jnte. cwL
<. IS
19
17
18
100
89
Laid „
■. 58
GO
47
Gl
100
88
Lead, ton
£ £2
21
21
IB
100
73
I*alhor, cwt .
•- 178
185
164
101
100
91
Linen, 100 vardi .
Oat*, buihel .
d. 73
76
73
70
100
98
d. 35
40
46
100
126
Oil, tun .
£ 63
63
46
41
100
86
Oranges, biuhel
a. 12
11
9
100
67
Oicn, each
£ 16
18
21
22
100
137
I'flper, cwt. .
a. 85
63
49
45
100
G3
PoUt««, „ . .
d. 60
67
68
05
100
130
Rica „ . .
«. 12
12
10
9
100
75
Salt, ton .
1 d. 130
126
158
140
100
108
Sheep, fKh . .
a. 41
39
45
47
100
lis
Silk, lU .
a. IS
23
19
17
100
95
Soap. cwL . .
a. 24
26
25
22
100
92
»piriti^ gallon .
d. 45
31
40
67
100
149
Steel, ton . .
£ 35
33
32
11
100
32
Sugar, ewt. . .
a. 32
33
28
24
100
7G
Tallow „
a. 55
45
40
35
100
63
Tea, lb. .
i 17
18
16
13
100
78
Tobacco, cwt .
a. gi
104
73
64
100
70
Wheat, buahtl .
d 81
7S
71
100
S3
Wine, gallon . .
d 13;)
67
71
100
58
Wood, load
63
68
61
100
80
Wool, lb. . . .
d. 81
IS
14
14
100
67
Tatil.
... 1 ... 1 ...
4,400
4,197
PRICES.
H. — FrICSB (ENCLiKD).
-. 1
IBSl.
ins.
IMl
IML
itra.
im
Alk>U
u S-62
12-S2
6-1*
100
146
72
B«r . . .
a. 74-58
82-81
86-60
no
lit
Book. . .
£ 14-43
10-88
9-62
100
76
«7
Boou. . .
B. 73-11
6473
6870
100
80
60
Bottle, . .
i>. 10-16
10-18
8-66
100
100
94
Batter . .
1. S6-2G
113-14
138-88
100
117
144
Cudlea . .
«. 11-87
8-04
6-49
100
67
5B
Cupeta . .
i 30-01
38 '64
28-14
100
129
M
Ct.^ . .
a. S2-32
86-30
81-08
100
lOS
»
Cloth. . .
A 28-63
41-00
34-19
100
137
11*
Colli. . .
s. 8-18
20-90
914
100
227
M
Copper . .
£ 4-88
4-88
3-57
100
98
72
CohIko . .
8. 48'39
6970
6226
100
124
108
Cottons, .
d. 3-02
3-45
271
100
115
90
„ printeJ .
d. 411
*78
374
100
117
91
„ mixed .
d. 7'10
9-29
6-84
100
131
82
Fi,h .
«, 28-20
28-38
29-90
101
106
Flannel
d. 18*7
1810
15-14
100
98
62
Firenrmi .
«. 32-87
2913
2S-20
100
90
67
Gttus, flint
B. 6S-18
67-88
47-50
100
105
66
„ plate
«. 2-67
301
100
112
G^powdcr .
d. 7-40
8-38
603
100
86
81
1. 3G-35
2916
21-86
100
82
60
Hona .
£ 80-61
62-95
63-21
100
78
79
Iran«il« . .
£ 770
13 27
6-83
100
172
89
.. pig ■ .
B. 61-77
124-65
66-44
100
210
109
Jute. . .
d. 4-68
270
100
85
67
LeaJ. . .
£ 21-65
23-75
15-45
110
». S98
900
874
100
Linen . .
' d. 7-16
7-62
6-90
100
107
97
„ printed .
d. 987
7-63
811
77
82
Paper
£ 3-96
3-04
2-23
100
75
56
Salt . . .
; iL 10-53
1877
11-90
179
113
Silk . . .
H. 3-14
3-54
3-37
112
107
Soap .
B. 2471
2C-45
22-40
m
90
Spirit. . .
B. 2-37
250
6-87
100
106
214
Steel . . .
£ 33-33
37-11
11 -SO
100
111
35
Sugu . .
B. 49-24
3002
23-30
100
61
48
Tin . . .
£ 6-07
6-83
6-24
100
113
66
Wool . . .
d. 1746
21-18
15-20
100
121
87
Yam, cotton
■L 12-54
17 76
1296
100
142
101
d. 1391
16-51
1371
100
117
H|
" woollfn '.
d. 30-13
37 20
25-e-j
100
12t
Zinc . . .
Total . .
£ 21-83
2192
I4-C7
100
114
07 ■
... '4.400
6.001
^i
I
I, — Fricbs ih UNirxD Statkb (ih ENOLiaH Gold).
lUfr^.
Ml^.
ISU-M.
18S1-W
lui-m
1871-W.
Cod,ton . .
a. 33
34
2G
2S
26
19
>. 218
187
133
121
122
lai
WbMt, bndiel. .
d. b6
08
GS
7fl
75
SB
d. 80
iO
32
40
88
28
P«wk lb. . .
d. 818
*'2fi
270
4-26
4'83
3 88
SopT „ . .
d. S7B
3'40
810
8-11
4-20
3-62
d. 1-38
1-74
1-3S
1-60
1-31
1-27
Rtco . . .
d. 1-66
180
2-28
2-04
8-61
8-42
Fid. „ . .
d. 188
218
276
3-98
8-66
817
TobMCO .. . .
d. 2-01
3-62
2-89
4-80
8-16
4-82
Wool „ . .
d. 18B1
16-48
13-BO
17-62
18-84
1S-3S
Coffee „ . .
A 7-0
6-8
3-9
6-2
8-3
d. 6-0
8-2
4-2
6-3
18-2
2-7
2-3
2'5
2-3
2-3
i E'O
6-2
87
4-9
4-8
4-G
d. 7B'
8-6
8-6
B-6
11-4
11-2
ChMae „ .
d. 3-6
4-0
S-1
4-1
4-9
66
Leather „ .
d.lO-G
a-6
7-»
10-9
U-2
12-6
K. — Fricbs in Francs (English Monbt).
l«0-».
IMO-M
18W-W
iToi-eo.
ISW-M
IBWMD
IBTO^.
Whe»t,qf. .
Wine, gallon.
at":
Butter „ . .
Sugu „ . .
Pot»toe».cwt
>. 6
d. 4
d. 2
d. ...
d. ...
d. ...
d. ...
IS
12
3
3
4
6
26
IS
18
11
24
62
26
6
6
10
8
46
63
22
9
8
14
6
70
L— Prices op
Food in 1878.
EDBlwd.
FnwcK.
OennMr.
Italy.
N.Tork.
Cblc^
Beef, lb.. .
d. 10
9-5
90
8-0
6-0
4-0
d. 2
1-6
2-0
SO
20
2-0
Butter „ . .
13
11
14
12
d. 11
S
10
14
9
Sngw.lb.. .
d. 4
2
6
8
d. 4
S
5
6
6
d. 16
16
17
18
13
Rioa „ . ,
d. 8
4
6
Pork „ . .
8
Fotatoei, cwt
1. 6
4
4
11
6
376
PRISONS— PUBLIC PROPERTIES.
PRISONS.
A. — Prison Population op Great Britain (1880).
Englnnd. SootUnd. Great BriUin.
Maleg . . 23,791 2,063 25,854
Females . 4,533 1,006 5,541
Total
31,995
28,324 3,071
Per 100,000 JnhabitarUi.
189 114
• • « • 34 vji
109 83
In England there are 84 male to 16 female offenders^ in
Scotland 67 of the former to 33 of the latter.
Males .
Females
General
179
36
105
B. — Persons Committed to Prison.
AnnucU Average per 100,000 Jnhabitanti,
EngUind. Scotland. IreUnd. United Kingdom.
Period. EuffUind. Scotland.
1840-49 . . 164 149
1850-59 . . 126 130
1860-69 . . 91 104
1870-79 . . 04 89
For other countries, see Crime,
PROSTITUTION.
Prostitutes.
London . . 31,800
Paris . . . 2C,990
Berlin . . . 27,300
IreUnd.
302
227
91
84
Ptr 10.000
Inhab.
83
122
248
Lyons
Marseilles
Bordeaux
Prostitutes.
. 5,520
. 4,080
. 2,610
204
151
92
69
Per 10,000
Inhab.
145
112
125
PROTECTION. — Tlie absurdity of protection is mani-
fested in the United States : inferior native ironstone costs
(1882) 42 shillings per ton at Pittsburg, while the best
Bilbao ores can be delivered in Kew York harbour at 12
shillings per ton. See Bounties,
PRUDHOMMES. — A kind of arbitration-tribunal for dis-
putes between employers and workmen : cases heard annually
average 42,600 in France, and 4,100 in Belgium.
PUBLIC PROPERTIES IN FRANCE (1882).
Paris.
Summarj. Millions £.
State forests . [>0
Royal palaces . 12
Fortifications . 29
Buildings, &c . 42
Total
133
Palaces, Value,
&c. Thousands.
VersaiUes . £4,444
Fontainebleau 2,202
Louvre, &a . 5,150
Total . £11,796
Churches
Schools.
Parks .
Various
Value,
Tbousands.
. £7,188
. 4,280
. 10,890
. 20,027
Total . £42,885
Tlie Church of St. Roch, Paris, is valued at £660,000 ;
the Madeleine at £460,000.
PUBLIC WORKS.
377
PXJBLIO WOBES. ?
Value in Millions £.
Batio
Inbab.
Roads
and
CanuU.
Streets,
Drains,
Ac
PubUe
Buildings.
Fordf.
Arsenals,
Ac.
T6taL
U. Kingdom
France
Germany .
Riiiaia
Austria
Italy .
Spain.
Portugal .
Belgium .
Holland .
Denmark .
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Greece . * .
Europe .
United Stotes .
Canada
Mexico
Argent. Repub. .
i Australia .
1
162
297
210
76
80
22
10
2
10
23
3
18
7
14
2
68
34
87
26
13
23
10
2
8
6
2
2
1
3
1
114
95
73
44
39
83
17
4
7
6
2
3
1
4
2
203
164
122
78
66
63
23
7
16
90
4
9
4
9
2
647
690
442
224
188
131
60
16
41
125
11
32
IS
SO
7
£15
16
10
8
6
4i
4
4
8
31
6
7
7
11
4
936
174
11
3
1
8
236
46
3
2
1
4
444
139
6
6
2
6
840
168
10
2
2
10
2,456
627
SO
12
6
28
£8
10
7
1
8
10
Total .
1,133
292
602
1,032
3,059
£8
PUBLIO WORKS LOANS.
From 1817 to 1881.
Advances
Repaid
Bad debts
Groat Britain.
£44,743,000
16,768,620
1,948,000
Ireland.
£31,800,000
18,000,000
7,714,000
Total.
£76,648,000
84,768,620
9,662,000
Balance due . £26,026,480 £6,086,000 £82,112,480
PUBLIO WORKS (UNITED STATES).
A. — Expenditure from 1789 to 1879.
MiUum$£.
Buildings .
Lighthouses .
Arsenals
24 Harbours and canals . 16
6 Roads, &C. ... 22
15 Fortifications . . 11
Total . . £93,000,000.
The above represents only the subsidies granted by Con-
gress, a small part of the total outlay.
378
PULSE^PYRA MIDS.
B. — Distribution op Expenditure.
8UtM.
New England
Middle
MilUona
A.
9
28
Total
BtatM.
Southern .
Western
£93,000,000.
IfilllOM
16
40
PULSE. — The number of pulsations per minute is 120 in
infancy, 80 in manhood, 60 in old age, and rather more in
women than in men.
puMPa
Million
Work.
Tons
Water.
Zegedin
36
Severn tunnel
• •«*
No. of
70
Oallont
per Pump
per Hour.
90,000
125,000
The draining of Haarlem lake, which took 13 years, could
now be done in 22 months by means of 100 of the new
pumps patented in England in March 1882. The proposal
to pump out the Zuyder Zee, with 500 pumps, at a cost of
X10,500,000, in a period of 2 years, is based on this table: —
S«)nare
Depth,
Million
MUes.
Feet
Tous Water.
Ilaarlem
90
15
990
Zuyder Zee .
. 600
12
5,400
The site of Haarlem lake sold for XI 6 an acre, but the
Zuyder Zee must realise £26 per acre to cover expenses.
To pump out Lough Keagh, in Ireland, which contains
4800 million tons of water, would cost fully as much as the
Zuyder Zee, and the land reclaimed should sell for £100 an
acre to pay expenses. See Windmills.
PYRAMIDS. — The largest, that of Cheops, has a base
equal to the area of Leicester Square, London, and a height
of 452 feet. It is composed of 4 million tons of stone, and
occupied 100,000 men during 20 years, equal to an outlay
of 40 millions sterling. It would now cost 4 millions sterling,
at the contract price of 18 pence per cubic foot
QUA KBRS-RA IL WA YS.
QTTAESBB.
A. — Atebaoe Dcbation c
Deaths, p«r lOOO ... IB '22
lutntie, per 10,000 ... S3 !8
Charitiei per inhftbiUut . SSi. 6*.
The total number in the United Kingdom ia 17,960, who
have 10 representatives in the House of Commons, -whereas
1^ tnUiioit £oiiiaii Catholics in Great Britaia have bat one
co-religiouist in that house.
QITINIMG. See Cliinekana.
One pair of rabbits can become multiplied in 4 yeatB into
1,250,000. They were introduced into Australia a few years
Qj;o, and now that colony ships 6 million rabbit skins yearly
to England.
KAILWATa
A. — SmMART.
,.„..
Conrtruo-
ConC.
UtUluni C.
Coat par
Mile, £.
AnHQol At««cl |
Oi-JSl
Co*t,
IIUUau.,t.
ISSS-IO .
1810-50 . .
1850-SO . .
1860-70 . .
1870-82 . .
Totrf. .
6,231
10,259
42,680
63,100
120,022
114
827
638
i.oes
2,263
21,800
17.100
12,700
17,400
18,900
3S0
1,930
4,260
6.310
10,000
8
83
64
no
190
260,102
4,3*0
17.300
6.820
93
B. — Four Decades of Railwatb.
Udu Optn.
c«..™™. 1
IBSO.
IMO.
IBTO.
IBM.
uw
IHO.
WTO. lUL
V. Kingdom
Continent .
17. Sutea . ,
Canada, ftc.
Total .
6,621
8,311
9,020
638
10,*S3
21,815
3D,E93
4,228
15.B37
49,320
62,074
12,339
17,946
86.81S
93,671
31,804
340
184
60
7
318
3C6
22fi
60
fi30 7»
890 1,788
480 1,041
177 4IS
2i,ieo
67,069
130,170
230.288
435
979
2.077 3,971
C — Traffic in 1
MlUl™.
sss.
4-20
4-12
4-21
a-20
s-rs
218
3-78
2-S5
3-66
3-46 1
2-10
2-12
,.;jr.
^ood^
United Kingdntii
Franco ....
Ru™r^ : '.
Austria . . .
lUljr ....
Portngaj . . .
Belgium . . .
HoUand . . .
DeanmrlE . . .
Hwed. and Nor. .
Hwitjerland . .
Turkey, it . .
Europe . . .
United Stitea .
Canada. . . .
Spanish America
Australia . . .
India ....
Egypt, tc . .
752
180
210
38
44
34
24
4
50
17
9
22
1
256
90
35
67
10
£69.400
42,800
47,300
22.200
23,200
6.600
5,300
700
6,400
1,800
700
2,200
2,300
600
£230,400
13e,3o0
6,600
6.700
4,400
12,100
3,300
K20
52'2
54-0
70-0
56'8
61-5
47-2
571
692
500
711
56'5
66-5
£3,772
2.520
2,083
1.547
i.aeo
1.270
I, ITS
002
2.030
1,283
740
Mm;
i.a97
■270
'I
290
10
3
I
1
55-4
66-0
CI -5
51-.>
68-0
£2.070
1,414
790
8S0
l.OH)
1,330
UtiO
3-60 '
4-IJO 1
1-Sti
2-05 ■
3-60 1
4SS 1
2-8l> ;
410 1
The World .
1,742 985 .£398,800 1 67-3
£1.010
The above includes 15 per cent, cxint iu Uitilcd Kingduin
for season-tickets.
I
i!
RAILWAYS.
T). — RaILWATB IH CoCKTtllEB.
UUuOpni.
Mll«PBrl(10,0«IInlub.
1840. ,m
188^
IMO.
1S«,
lesi.
Unitad Kingdom .
Fnnce .
R^rf :
Aiutrift .
It>]v .
Spun and Portugal
Belgiom and Hoa
Soiidl>..vi> . .
Turkey, &c . .
Europe
United SUtea
Canada .
Spinii-h AmoriM .
Aostrali* .
iDdi* . . .
Other countries
Total .
S3S
265
291
IB
2S5
207
10,483
5.863
6,887
937
3.205
l.llS
1,066
1,294
731
681
41
18,406
17,006
22,160
16,070
12,330
6,650
5,610
4,110
5,662
1,640
1,860
s
I
1
"i
s
36
16
39
1
10
S
6
15
10
27
52
46
49
18
83
20
27
40
63
60
3,ai9
...
32,256
30,593
2,173
865
166
811
276
401
100,303
104,810
7,450
8,540
6,390
10,790
1,215
2,784
20
12
100
63
1
13
10
S4
210
28
190
6
24
5.231 1 e:,069 1 250.372
F
— AcOIDES'TS
ON Railways.
KiU«l.
Wounds.
Per
OOiwi
gc™.
0th.™,
gurfc
U. Kingdom .
29
1,106
904
8,055
5,094
8-1
34
S'27
410
1,813
2,584
15-8
(iermMy .
26
4S4
81
1,960
2,561
12-2
Austria .
3
218
22
343
6flfi
135
It»Iy . . .
Holluid '. \
9
170
62
636
867
28-4
22
SO
130
124
356
14-8
t
25
9
29
67
4-4
6
m
74
S80
629
117
Sondinavik
2
31
4
5-0
Europe . .
United Stat^ .
Tot»I . .
7
84
16
lie
6 '4
162
3,049
1.764
9,097
14,072
8,215
10-8
411
2.349
5,866
6,560
16.727 22,287
148
RAILWAYS.
F. — Rails, Euplotes akd Looomotitbs.
lUiU-Ton.,
Ki.plr.y4i
'Sr
nT
1
Inn.
BtMl.
No.
MUo
a^.
17. Kingd
FnaOB
Aiutru
lUly .
Varioiu
],9S0
1,570
2,550
620
eso
265
2,215
2,410
1,715
1,570
920
700
255
1,620
282,000
234,000
301,000
15
14
14
60
39
SI
25
24
29
24
13,480
6,220
10,900
3,560
3,600
1,8M
i.iio
340
SOS
19S
12«
128
ii'o
160
Europe .
U. SUtei .
10.330
7,200
3,200
6,190
6,200
3.100
463,000
S
60
40
40,860
17.800
6,M0
182
118
no
Total
20.730 17,J90 1 1 50
Ci,B80
152
The weight of rail vojiea in England from 28 to 76 lbs.
per yard, the tons of rail per mile above stnt^d including
double lines. Locomotives cost about X2000, posfen^r
carriages from £200 to i-100. The rolling-stock of iho
world sums up a total of 360 miUiond stcriing.
G. — Bbitish Eailwats-
1 Ei>t;l>ud. 1 g.-ut]uid.
ISW. 18T0. 1 18S2. 1 IMO. '■ ISTO. 1 1»S.
Miles ....
CapiUI, mill £
Mile, caroiDga .
Expensea . . .
Profit per mile .
1 7,583 11,043
1 289 440
£3,090 £3,330
1,490 1 1.650
] 1.600 1.680
13,000 1 1,486 2,519 2.940
635 39 03 98
£4,546 £1,990 £1,890 £2.512
2.379 905 1 950 1.270
2,167 1,085 1 940 ' 1,272
Ckpital, milL £
Mile, eamiDgi . ^
Eipeniiei . . .
Profit per mile .
, 1,975
I 27
I £1,060
2,465 1 10,433
18,405
7':8
£3.772
1,966
RAILWAYS. 383
H. — Bailwat Capital and Fcbuo Wealth.
Amount,
Mlllloai
FsfHUi
W.J.
Pn-
hxh-b.
Nation*!
i:.
TToitAd KioBdiaa .
FnnoB .
OennanT .
Riuii*
AortiU .
lUlj
p^gai : ! .'
Belriom . . .
EoUuid .
Denmark .
Sweden and Naiiray
Toikoj, ftc . .
Europe.
■Dnitad St»te» .
Cuiads .
Aottnlik . . .
ToUl . .
770
494
487
309
285
tos
79
12
61
27
10
32
33
24
£41.800
27,400
21.100
20,600
80,700
1B,400
16,400
1G.4O0
22.500
IS.6OO
IO.8OO
e.800
20,000
13,300
£23
18
10
4
7
4
5
3
11
7
e
G
12
2
8,720
8,060
6,820
4,050
3,920
2,280
1,570
360
1,180
1,120
354
738
SIO
720
S'8
e-1
71
77
S'G
4-8
5-1
3-3
6-3
3'4
S'8
1'3
10-7
3-3
a,6Bi
fiS
£24,100
n,40o
9,600
10,400
£17,400
£S
23
17
20
3S,S52
10,370
650
698
67
11'4
ll-l
B-3
4.009
XIO
51,270
7-8
L — Tbafpic asd Population Coupabbd.
United EiDgdoi
Gennuiy
AiutrJA
Italy .
SnitierlkDd
United StAtei
CaoadA .
AoitnlU.
K
— Ukitbd Statbb Railways.
Statu.
1[U« OlH.
Coi
.Million,*. 1
18W,
I8T0. 1 I8M.
lew. 1 1970.
mi.
New England .
Middio . . .
Southern . . .
WeatandPaeif.
Tb.Uni™ .
0,516
11,286
4.4S4
10,964
11.163
29,264
6,150
16.440
16.800
86,420
81
88
63
87
64
290
84
soe
113
708
30,792 I 62.836 ; 104,810 | 239
660
1.1M
Unitbd States 'RuLWAjB—eoniimied.
Capital Employed.
Bb.ll!>.
r« uii>.
IITO.
1882.
latO:
imu
iwt.
NewEDgUnd .
£8,450
£A,m
£10,400
£10
£1<
10,800
14,800
S8
Smthem. . .
7,100
6
7
Werteni . . .
7,700
11,060
10.700
21
ToUl ....
8,100
10,800
11,330
14
SS
lUilw.)^ Mlloa
cST.
FlUBII, ThoiMMd.
In-
18T1.
18S0.
\m. I 1S80.
niinois. . .
Ei.B04
8.338
41
25,883
81,B74
21
Ohio .
3.740
6.661
7fi
21,713
24.629
IS
Iowa .
3.160
6,113
n3
13,542
84.758
61
TUH .
865
6.344
620
18,397
36.292
S8
Indiana
3.D29
36
18,120
31.874
Michigan
2,110
4,281
102
10,019 1 13,807
as
Mia8<.uri
2,530
4,211
02
21.707
27,879
27
KUIHU
3,718
in
5,657
21.417
282
Wucon-in .
1.725
3,442
S9
11,715
15.353
31
Mianesota .
1,512
3.391
110
13.403
106
Nebrulu. .
B13
2,310
146
2,074
e.94G
380
11 State
27,B3i
52,568
83
157.311 250,726
80
L. — CoNSTHCCTiox OF Union Pacific.
Hountnlni. YMnt. DlTenrtfied. ToUL
Milei ... 300 533 944 1,777
Subeidv . . £2,970,000 £1,760.000 £8.210,000 £10.970,000
CoinpBtiy itocit 7,800,000 4,000,000 16.030,000 27,830,000
Total cost . 10,770,000 5,760,000 22,270,000 38,800,000
Cost per mUo . 35,900 10,800 23,400 21,960
This charter wna BiRtipd liy Prosident Lincoln in July
1862, and the first train left Chicafjo for San Francisco on
May 1, 1869. BesiUea a eubsidy of £10,970,000, the
Conijiany received o land-Rrant of 23 million acres in alter-
nate lots. 20 miles deep on cither side of tho line. Bay 34,000
square miles.
RAILWAYS.
M. — Frakci, Tkaffio of 40 Ykars.
,«.
AiuuulAtmc^ 1
»1S
Workl»K
b|>*BM*,
Pw«p«Hll«.|
P»-
ffil
P»
^
i8ii~fe . . .
1860-69 . . .
1880-66 . . .
1870-7B . . .
10
92
SI
132
3
11
33
60
£!;080
8.U0
2,880
2.820
G4
40
GO
1-08
0-M
0-88
0-83
170
1-28
1-04
0-M
— PASSiKaKR Tariff pir 100 Miles (iv Pexcx).
GnatBriUlD. 230 160 06
Oermuij
Atutrb .
Portue«i
102 144 106
. 164 116 77
. 183 1B6 77
. ISO 136 BO
. 173 126 85
. 200 164 B5
. 102 125 35
Dennurlc
Turkey.
0. — Pabsbnqeb Traffic
England
Soottkcd
Unitad Kingdcm
Gennuij
Parcanlaga ol Puaangna.
Finl Sacond. Third. T(
P. — UiQnEsi Eailwats is the World.
Lims-Orora
Ande* .
16,840
Hollenda-Titleaca
14,610
Union PacUo .
Rockv MouDUJiu
8,578
Bnnner .
Hont Ccnii
St Gothard
n
aiBio
Eogl&Dd
SootUnd
France
RAILWAYS.
Q.— Railway Tai.
Ratio la
. iC670,000 '"ll
60,000 0-9
. 3,400,000 8-0
330,000 e-i
-Growth of Railway ToAPPia
MUUonit 1
P
UHUgU..
Qood..I»».. 1
IWW.
im.
ISSl
ISM.
ma
iin.
United Kingdom .
1R7
34S
7B2
82
170
2M
64
110
48
IBS
210
24
SB
167
fi
14
AdBtrU
12
21
44
7
26
67
Italj ....
6
24
S4
I
«
Spain and Fortugal
S
10
28
2
4
Belgium and Holland .
10
47
73
8 29
42
6
IS
22
1 4
Scandinavia .
EuTnpc .
1
8
IS
6
343
1,393
150 401
66S
Uuitt-'d States
110
270
150
290
Total . .
843
1,666
... 051 1 953 [
Jiiclmiing 15 per euiit. for ecason-tickct journeys i
United KingJom.
The preceding taLle compared with mileage give
following results ;—
PMwngmiwrMUo.
Good*, Tu.=», per Hilt. 1
ISOO.
1B70.
lESa.
ISM.
isra
18»i
17,930
22,400
Jl.lOO
10,600
France . . .
9,300
10,200
10,000
3,700
4,800
6,500
7,0::0
11,400
9,B00
8.300
MOO
4,700
2,100
y,550
?,m
1,200
Aiutria . . .
4,010
3,650
3,670
2,400
4.300
4,t*00
Italy ....
fi,S00
o,iao
6,110
900
1,500
1,9110
Spain and Tort.
5.iOU
2.M0
6,320
1,700
1.050
1.400
U^l^. and Hull.
14,000
18.020
17,900
6.600
11,200
lo.-.;oo
Switzerland. .
6,800
10,400
13.750
1,500
4.4<iO
3,900
Scandinavia. .
1.340
4,400
3.0-20
100
2.800
io,aoo
11.500
12,700
4,8-0
6,240
6.670
United Stj.t«a .
a,080
£,SCO
2,950
3.2>iO
Bftth .
Bergen
Berfin.
Bermuda
Bombay
Bordeaux
BoMon
Briibaue
Biiitol
Bruseli
Calcutta
Cambridge
CB;eDn«
Cbarleilon
Colmbra
Copenb>e<:l
Cork .
Detroit
Dublin
Dumfries
Edinburgh
Florence
U. KIngdon
A. — Annual Avkragk (Inohbb).
Hobart
Iile of Man
Kej West .
Limerick .
Uverpool .
Madnti
Marseillea .
Melbourne.
Met! .
Milan
Milwaukee.
MontpeUer .
New Orleana
New York.
NotCbgham
Oiford
Palermo
Parii .
Pekin
Peniance .
Perth, W.A.
—Rainfall akd '.
Million ^
«t
81
Fittibnrg .
21
Prague
sr
Bio Janelio
SB
Rome .
S5
27
SbBerurd.
36
San Frudeco
2S
St Helena .
28
St Domingo
U
St Jobn'i, N.R
S6
St Joho'a, N.F.
S3
StLonie .
277
StPeter.bnrg
23
Sierra Leone
2g Singapore .
29 ' Stockholm .
38
Stiaiibtuv .
80
Stuttgart .
S2
10
iWnto
GI
Tonloo« .
IS
IWn. .
26
Truro. .
27
Uuh .
22
Vera Oral .
22
W-Aingt™
27
46
York . .
25
Zurich
Incbeh Ui.ne- P°"'
— Raisfall c
ItalT. . Si
SnunandP. 13
Belg. ftHoL 26
Scandinavia 22 1
EurtfM 16 l:
Grkat Britain.
181S-24 . . . 290 1845-&4 . . . 286
1S25-31 . , . 28-5 18Sr.-64 . . , 2B-6
183&-*! . . . 2S-3 I iee5-&2 . . . 29-3
The QTcragG rainfnll is equal to 630,000 gallona (almoGt
3000 tons) per acre pci onaum, of which 2000 tons are
required to feed the rivers and crops, and 1000 tons per
388
RAINFALL^RATES.
acre are lost, being allowed to ran ofL mie above doef
not include Ireland, where the rainfall averages 35 inches
D. — ^Rainfall of London.
The average for 70 years has been >—
Summer half-yeftr 12*87
Winter
n
12-OS
Annuil rainfall .
Taking the ^bove figures
have been as follows : —
. 24-90
par, the variations of 70 yean
1818-22
1828-82
1888-42
1848-62
Bummer. Winter.
. 97 110
. 108 98
92 99
95 101
Year.
108
101
95
98
Bommer. Winter.
1858-62 . 105 86
1868-72 . 98 107
1878-82 .110 106
K—
Valentia, Kerry . .
Scotland, west coast
mountains
east coast
England, east coast
west coast
»f
Ammonia in Rain.
1-00
2-69
2-96
6-61
5-94
10*55
Germany
London .
Scotland.
Liverpool
Manchester
Glasgow .
Tear.
95
100
108
10*61
1917
21-22
29*89
86*54
60*58
F. — Rainfall op England, in Months (1815-48).
Inches
2*40
2*67
2*53
2*02
January
February
March
April .
1*68
1*58
1*61
1-73
4 moDthH .
6-60
G.-
May .
June .
July .
August
Inches.
1-96
1*83
2*37
2*40
September .
October. .
November .
December .
Rainfall
4 months .8*56 4 months
-Rainfall of France.
MiUion Tods
{•er Annum.
875,000
9-62
Tons per
8«cond.
11,901
Outflow by Rhone
Gironde
Loire
„ „ Seine
Other rivers
Absorbed fur crops, &c.
fi
ft
if
54,000
87,000
31,000
22,000
36,000
195,000
1,718
1,178
985
694
1,146
6,180
Total 875,000 11,901
France loses nearly half her rainfall, England more than
one-third.
EATES. See Tiixes.
REFORMA TORIES— REINDEER.
BEFOBUA.T0BIES.
Or-tDilUiD.
Inlud.
U. KingdoD..
^
^
Olrl*.
Ben.
aitU.
Boyt
airi..
Iteron>»toriei .
Indtutriklidioob
1,867
18,387
1.070
4,eis
B7S
2,185
236
3,348
5,aso
20,672
1.806
7,868
7,136
28,438
Tot«l . .
23,241
S,6S8
8,168
3,583
28,*02
8,171
86,673
^ese institutiona ia 1880 cost for maintenance £596,000,
being an tivtrnga of £16 per child in Great Britain, and £21
in Ireland. The Treaeury anbrention vas 6 pence a day on
each child, that ia £323,000, the reat being defrayed hj
donation a.
The good effect of Befonnatories, since Iheir introduction
in 1869, is shown thus: —
10,314
468
6,67B
215
1830 .
. £6,100
46
1860 .
. £11,010
1840 .
7,600
53
1871 .
16,020
1860 .
. 8,1*0
67
1881 .
. 22.080
This gives a decline of 53 per cent in jaTenile crime.
The summary of reformatories for 11 years was : —
Admitted . 3S,233 I Died, remored, Ac . 6,547
PuttdtndM. 23,650 | On huid . . . 7,136
Put to trade includes those put to sea.
BEQIBTBT. — Tax on transfer of property in France : —
m . _ ^.„_.
»8
140
If these figures be compared with the valae of property in
Franca (see Legacy Relnnu, £.), it will appear that the tax
has only kept pace with the increase of wealth. Property
almost doubled from 1630 to 1860, and again from 1860 to
1880.
BEINDEEB.
Herds. Haul st Dasr. Avcnc*.
Finluid . . . 2,822 44,400 16
Nonra; . . , 2,400 101,800 43
Sweden . . 3,200 220,800 66
ToUl . 8,422 367,000 44
They can travel with a sleigh 130 miles a day, and are
worth usually 30 shillings a head.
39^
RELIGION.
BELIQION.
LL NaTI
A. — A
0N8.
Thoutandt OmiiUdL
Roman
Catholic.
Protestant.
Greek.
Jews.
Mahry.
United Kin
gdom 5,336
29,390
• •«
51
• ••
France
. 85,387
581
• ••
49
• • •
Germany .
. 16,233
28,331
28
512
• • •
Russia
6,780
4,132
57.161
2,298
5,662
Austria
. 29,430
8,570
2,930
1,670
449
Italy .
. 26,663
59
• ••
35
• • •
Spain.
. 16,410
11
• • «
3
• ••
Portugal
4,260
1
• ••
• ••
• ••
Belgium
5,410
12
• ••
8
• ••
Holland
. . 1.440
2,470
• • •
82
• ••
Denmark
2
1,930
• ••
4
• ••
Sweden and
Norway 2
6,365
• • •
2
• ••
Switzerland
1,161
1.667
• • •
7
• • •
Greece
12
1
1,842
3
24
Servia
4
1
1.853
2
6
Roumania .
114
14
4,810
400
'J
Turkey
280
45
3,220
75
5,196
3.532
Europe .
. 148,924
78,580
71,844
9,675
United Stat(
es . 6,143
42,800
• • •
110
• • •
Canada
2,150
2,100
• • •
• • •
• • •
Spanish Am
lerica 33,340
115
• • •
47
■ • •
West Indies
1 . 2,480
1,030
• • •
• • •
• • •
Australia .
604
2,220
• • •
1
• • *
Total . . 193,643 126,845 71,844 5,v'54 9,075
For expenditure, clergy, &c., see Church,
B. — United Kii^gdom.
T)iousand« Oinitt«d. rorc«ota;;e.
England. Scotland
Ireland.
Eni^Iand.
72-3
Scotland.
•
Inland.
U. Klni^limu
Ch. of England
18,798
99
636
2-7
12-3
5:)-8
Rom. Catholic
1,066
318 3,952
41
8-6
77-4
152
Presbyterian .
114
2,997
486
0-4
81-0
9-4
103
Methodist, &c.
5,990
281
48
23-2
77
0-9
lS-7
Total . .
25,968
3,695 5,122
1000
1000
1000
100-0
C. — England, Church Ati'kxdanckl
Ratio to PopulcUion.
Per
Per
Por
Cent.
Cent
Cvnt.
Sheffield ... 23
Bradford . . 27
Nortbampt
on 40
Bolton. ... 24
Bristol ... 31
Hull . .
. 41
Kottingham . . 24
Southampton. 38
PortsmouU
1 . 41
Liverpool . . .
26 1
Derb
y . .
. 89
Bat
h . .
. 52
RENTES-RESISTANCE. 391
The total showed 37 per cent. Church of England, 8 pet
cent Roman Catholics, and 65 per cent roado up of various
D. — UKITBD STATiB.
Tlwuiudi OmIttwI.
p™
»Ug^
Church 1
18T0.
183i
1880.
IBK.
18W.
MethodbU. .
BaptUti . .
Bomui C»thoUca
Vtrion* . .
ToUl . .
1,240
2.929
2,102
7,532
u.eej
10,«4
6,478
6.143
12,407
8-6
20-5
14-8
39
E2-4
29-4
20-9
12-9
12-3
24-5
9
11
15
13
27
l«,3aS 60,1G»
100-0
100-0
76 _
£. — Rohan Catholics, Britibh and American.
L*lly.
GiMt Britain
1,461
1.384,000
IrBknd . . .
. 2,977
2.620
3.952,000
C.I.«d». . .
. 2,130
1,660
2,150,000
AtirtnUiA . .
402
787
SOl.OOO
IndU .
. 1,134
400
1,318,000
Other Colonics .
322
344
465,000
Britidi Empire .
. 9,270
7,272
9,873,000
United State
. 8,410
7,660
6,143,000
'i\>tJ . .
. 15,680
14,938
16,010,000
-Iloldcra of Fiench national stock.
Oniittod. "'""■
1810 . . 146 £480 1860
1830 . . 195 1,230 1870 .
1850 . . 846 350 | 1880 .
BESISTANOE. — On a railway it incroosea witlt the e\
of the train per hour (on level way) as follows : —
A. — BRTTieB Rbvbsob.
Ihito.
Balgn.
r.'z!r j
NomlDU.
IB Bo™,.
V.1U..
au"*r.
TllH
loao
WiUiwnL. .
£400
£1,320
£4,010
12
36
loeo
Knfui . . .
360
1,150
3.520
30
1120
HemjL . .
300
990
3,005
27
1160
Stephen . .
K50
830
2,510
21
1180
Henry IL . .
200
660
2,005
IS
1210
John. . . .
100
330
1,000
12G0
Henry IIL .
80
264
800
H
ISOO
EdwM^I. . .
160
486
1,602
4{
1350
Edw^ IIL
164
460
1,360
12
1400
Henry IV. .
100
264
800
1480
EdwuA IV.
100
162
600
1600
Henry VI L
400
650
2.000
1540
Henry VIII.
Eliikbeth .
800
1,300
3,600
leoo
600
650
1.500
1920
Jmnea L . .
eoo
640
1.500
^i
1040
Charles I. . .
838
BSO
1.800
*i
iefl2
Cli«rU» IL .
1.800
1,910
3.600
14
less
JameB II .
2,002
2.120
4,010
1700
William IIL .
3.eBG
4,135
8.030
29
1713
Anne . , .
5,fl92
6.030
11,080
33
1716
George L . .
6,7H3
7.160
13.200
SB
1728
George IL. .
8,523
9,030
16.800
47
1780
George UL
8,880
9,420
13.330
30
1790
13,745
14.540
18,650
29
37
1800
37.6ao
39.700
6U,350
78
9«
1810
62.672
65.810
B5.810
S3
103
1S20
George IV.
61,634
61,634
74,270
62
74
1830
WillUm IV.
6S,365
69,365
68.740
63
1S40
VictorU .
62,916
62,916
68,110
40
44
18MI
68,205
63,205
61.300
43
45
1860
71,090
71,090
64,600
43
45
1870
76,434
76,434
64.400
49
41
1880
81,295
81,265
81.265
47
47
1SS3
., ■ ■ .
89,004
89,004
89.004
49
i»
RIBBONS— RICE.
B.— FiUMCt
Dite
K^ S-
Omtttad.
8bll)lD(u
1262 .
IxrablX. £1*0
10,160
i
1697 .
Henri IT. 8,760
14,600
6
174S .
LouUi XV. 18,703
22.000
13
182S .
ChulM X. 88,400
81,800
21
1840 .
L. PhiUHW. 46,400
84,100
27
ISSO .
Ni^Kdoonin. 68,600
87,200
87
ISS3 .
Republic. 112,300
87,430
60
For other countries see Finaaeet.
BIBBONS. — The value manufactured has been aa followa
(thouBands omitted) : —
QenLaaj
Switierbnd
Anitria .
Great BritftiD .
United SUta .
Other cwutriei
Total . . £12,640 £15,606
BIOS.
A. — FRODUCniOy AND COXBDMFTION (TBOUaAHDS).
. £4,020
£6.010
2,810
2,420
2,G90
2,230
»20
710
800
800
100
8,480
400
000
Acn.
Crop.
c™„^
"ler-"
Indi» . .
22,600
16.800
16,700
1,100
Cejlon
900
480
330
160
J.v> . .
6,200
2,740
2.200
640
M^o
1,800
1,750
50
J.p«. .
6,790
3,460
8,260
200
p.: :
Iliiited 8t*t«*
670
710
660
160
62
SO
80
120
00
90
The consumption in Europe has doubled since 1670, and
is now neatly 2 million tons per annum.
B. — CoKSDUPTioN IS United Kixqdou.
— _, t™. I'**- Priee
""■ "™- ixrlnlub. parCwt
I860 . . . 18,100 li
1870 . 95,200 7
1880 . 221,000 14
Rice has been successfully grown i
neat Windsor.
the Tbames Valley
394
RIFLE^RIVERS.
BIFLR — The competition for the Elcbo Sliield by the
best shots, in the 3 kingdoms in 1883 resulted as follows : —
Irish 1600, Scotch 1589, English 1564; each nation being
represented by 8 champions.
BIOTS.
1346. Citizens of Mayence bum alive 12,000 Jews.
1780. Lord George Gordon fires London in 36 quarters :
285 rioters killed by troopa
1882. Rioters in Russia destroy Jewish property worth
16 millions sterling; at Warsaw 900 shops sacked.
1882. Riots at Alexandria: 460 Europeans killed by
Arabs, and city burnt. The indemnities awarded to 9100
claimants summed up £9,200,000, of which 31 per cent to
Greeks, 24 per cent to Italians, and 5 per cent to English.
BIVEBS.
A. — ^Volume of Water.
Amazon
La Plata
Mississippi
St Lawrence
Oby .
Volga .
Yangzekiang
NUe .
Ganges
Danube
Euphrates
Basin,
8q. Miles,
Thousands
Oinittod.
1,920
1,560
1,170
340
1,370
653
742
708
443
312
243
Outflow,
If iUion Cub.
Foot
per Hour.
3,700
3,100
2,070
1,670
1,200
1,120
1,100
560
700
960
420
Don .
Dnieper
Dwina
Rhine
Vistula
Loire
Rhone
Elbe.
Seine
Thames
Tiber
Banln,
8q. Miles,
Thduaands
Omitted.
220
170
124
89
75
45
43
59
26
6
5
Oatflow,
Milliiin Cub.
Peel
per Hour.
430
450
150
230
160
120
160
100
80
40
80
8 Tibers = 1 Seine.
8 Seines = 1 Rhine.
8 Rhines = 1 Ganges.
3 Ganges = 1 MinissippL
2 Mississippis = 1 Amasoo.
1 Amazon = 16 Rhinea.
R — Currents.
Seine, Paris
Thames, London
Tiber, Rome
Danube, Ebersdorf
Loire (average) .
Rhone
Duranoe
Rhine
Amazon
i»
M
It
N
Feet,
per Minute.
135
180
200
210
2C0
390
510
640
780
Miles,
per Hour.
1-5
2-0
8-2
2*3
2*9
4-3
67
6-0
87
«%
C. LSKOTH IS MlLE&
AmaioQ .
3.a70
HudMn .
280
],Eeo
Jeoiwi .
2,100
ColuiDbiK .
i.oeo
Kiang-ka.
Congo . .
1,400
2,500
DMube . .
1,540
M9
DDieper .
1,070
1,600
9SS
Mud&lena
820
Douro . .
tm
2,250
Ebro. . .
470
2,300
Elbe. . .
615
1,861}
Norte . .
1,250
Guigei. .
1,850
Oby . .
2,800
320
Orinoco .
Ho»ng.ho .
■2,400
OXM . .
1,300
Rhone . .
St. Lawrcucu
Seine . .
Senegal. .
Shuinaa
Tbamea . .
Tiber . .
Vitfola. .
Volga . .
Yang-kiang
Zatabaii
A. — TIlOHWATH OF KaTIOKB.
MlleiCIh
ouundiX
uii»oiw..r.
^
Rail-
W»tia-
Tol.l.
PirlO.OOO
PorlOO
naji.
wan
iDhab.
Bq. Ntkiu
United KiDgJom .
142
IS
e
165
51
140
Fiance ....
23!i
18
8
261
70
130
Geimaiij . . .
265
21
17
303
87
150
RuHia ....
S5
15
22
102
13
5
Austria ....
66
12
3
81
22
30
Italy
74
5
2
81
23
72
Spain and Portugal
16
6
2
21
12
n
Belgium. . . .
6
3
1
9
17
80
Holland ....
3
1
1
5
13
25
Dcnmart . . .
2
1
3
IS
21
Sweden ....
35
4
"i
40
90
21
Norway ....
14
1
15
80
12
Eorope
925
105
62
1,092
35
27
United States ! .
260
101
21
385
75
10
Canada ....
6
8
4
IS
42
i
India
GS
It
S
74
3
G
ToUl . .
1,249
228
92
1,569
2S
12
The cost of rosd-makinK is about £600 a mile in England,
X920 in France, and £130 in Italy. The maintenance
averages £15 in England and £7 in Fiance per mile per
396
ROUBLES— ROUND TOWERS.
anDum. English main-roadB, according to Macadam, oost
£1760 per mile. French roads are of i classes, and cost as
follows : —
Width. Co«t per Mik.
let dmss. 50 feet. £1,900
2nd „ 40 „ 1,200
8rd „ 88 „ 800
4th .. 25 » 400
If
n
Between 1830 and 1880 France spent 180 millions ster-
ling on common high-roads.
B. — HiGH-BoADS IN Ehglaitd.
Milfli.
1818
1839
1870
Main.
. 19,700
. 21,962
. 15,125
Ordinary.
95,100
104,772
102,615
TMaL"
114,800
126,784
117,740
The development of railways seems to have diminished
the mileage of roads.
C. — Waggon Draught peii Ton.
Read of stone and cUj
Road thickly gravelled
Lbs.
Well-made pavement . .
. 33
Macadamised road . .
. 46
ROUBLES.
Tear.
I«8U6,
Value.
Millions.
Pcnco.
1774
20
38
1786
. 100
36
1796
. 160
24
1800
. 210
18
1810
. 580
12
1817
870
9
1823
, 605
10
Tear.
1843
1844
1850
1860
1870
1880
1883
Millions.
600
180
310
690
720
1,180
1,130
65
147
V:»lua,
PcDce.
12
35
83
30
23
24
23
The conversion of 1843 consisted in calling in the old
notes and giving 30 new roubles for 100 old ones.
BOUND TOWEBS.— There are 45 in Ireland : the small-
est is St. Kevin's, Ca Wicklow, 46 feet high by 1 2 feet
diameter; the greatest is at Kilmacduagh, Galwaj, 108 feet
high by 18^ feet diameter.
RYESALMOff.
RYE.
OmlCud.
Buih^
taAen
FruM . .
s,soo
80
21
0«niuui7 .
15,100
2*0
16
Rouik . .
72,200
880
9
Auitcw .
. 8,800
130
1«
IUIt and Spain
Belgium anJHon
. 8,600
S8
18
and 1,220
28
23
Seuidinavia .
1.800
10
22
1.100
24
23
Enrapa
United SUta .
. 108,130
1^
13
2.100
31
IS
Other oountrie*
6,000
87
17
Total
. 116.230
1.408
13
The rye-orof
of the world
8 votth 232 miUic
and feeds ISO millions of people.
s sterling,
s
SADDLERY.— The value annually exported from Great
Britain has been : —
Xrm. Parinnura. I Tou*. Pvanonm.
1863-71 . . £370,000 1876-79 . . £306,000
1872-76 . . 408,000 | 1830-83 . . 468,000
SALMON.
The annual fishery in the United Kingdom is aa follows—
Tuiu. Tilu*.
England 380 £40,000
Scotland 2,110 232.000
Ireland 1,180 120,000
Total . . 8,600 £392,000
London consamca more than half, namely, 1840 tons
yearly. England imports 150 tons p>eT annum from Nor-
way. Salmon have been caught in the Tay weighing 70
Ihs., but the average weight of this fish is only 8 lbs. The
exportation of tinned salmon from California exceeds 10
million lbs. yearly, of which one-half goes to England, one-
fourth to the Continent, and the rest to New York, Sec
The quantity has doubled since 1875. Tliis is irrespective
of 6 million lbs. annually consumed in California.
398
SALT— SARDINES.
SALT.
A. — Production and Consumption.
U. Kingdom 2,280
France . . 820
Grermany . 515
Russia . . 630
Austria . 260
Italy . 240
Spam and Port 420
U. States . 750
India . . 540
Tons (Thousands Omitted). Lbs. Con-
^ — ^ suD&edper
Production. Consumption. Inhabi.
1,230
800
500
700
220
240
160
930
910
80
50
25
19
14
18
17
89
9
Salt Tkx. ^"^^^
£642,000
1,805,000
2,110,000
8,360,000
8,280,000
6,750,000
4
10
6
22
28
8
B. — Salt in Great Britain.
Period.
1800-1806
1807-1815
1816-1823
1824-1840
1841-1860
1861-1870
1871-1880
Average
Produc^on,
Tons per
Annum.
203,000
230,000
257,000
410,000
880,000
1,540,000
2,020,000
Duty per
Ton.
£30
30
30
• • •
• • •
Price per
Ton.
£32
82
32
1
168.
148.
128.
•um«dper
16
16
16
19
32
53
72
The consumption in the United Kingdom
averages
40
lbs. por inhabitant for cooking or condiment, the rest beinpj
used for chemicals, manure, &c. Reduced death-rate and
higher efficiency of workmen are results of the greater con-
sumption of salt. Hence the salt taxes in various European
countries are most injurious to public interests.
C. — Salt in Sea- Water.
Soa.
Pcrcentago
of Salt.
Siilt per
Ton of
Water, Ibe.
Sea.
Percentage
of Salt,
Paltpn-
Toaof
Water. Ibt.
CoApian .
. 0-5
11
Red .
. 4-3
93
Black
. 1-2
26
Dead .
. 8-5
187
Baltic
. 1-3
28
Mediterranean 3*9
85
£ug. Channel
. 3-3
72
Atlantic
. 3-7
81
SARDINES.
Annual Fi-hery.
Million Fish.
Tons WeK'Uu
Spain
• •
• •
. 1,260
62,000
France
• •
• .
980
41,000
The exportation from France averages 450 million per
annum, say 20,000 tons.
SA VINGS-BANKS.
SATIKa8SA]?E&
A. — Ahouht or Dxpoans.
^^ar|
ISHL
IMO.
1*70.
im
law.
lUt
£
£
£
£
fc
,
U. Kingdom .
80,100
60.400
28
46
3.2DD
13,S00
27.400
ei.200
8
83
G«nii»nj.
G,100
16,400
35.000
105,300
10
47
Aortri. . .
19,600
28,000
40,300
85.100
10
46
ItjJy . .
2,200
12,400
14,800
33,600
12
24
SwitterUnd .
2,300
G,100
11,600
12,200
47
88
Spun . .
200
1,000
2,400
3
Bclg. ud HolL
1.800
2,200
4,B00
7,300
5
16
Eu«.pe .
3,100
r.soo
14,600
27,300
25
67
87.700
127,400
204,700
418.000
n
27
£. — Xt;uiiE& OP Depositors.
U. Klngdnm .
o.m.>.
Perm
lUtio
sx
IBM.
18». 1 ISTft
18S1.
18M.
1881.
1,060
1.580
2,620
8,715
B-6
10-9
Fnnce .
630
1,100
2,100
BSO
1,600
2,200
4,200
4-3
B-4
100
200
0-2
0-3
Auetria .
600
1,100
1,300
1,850
3-6
6-4
170
380
671
1-5
6-8
181
355
612
1.080
4-2
35-3
80
200
£50
06
1-5
Belg.«idHolL
90
100
ISO
310
1-2
3-3
3c«Bdii..vU .
Europe
300
400
MO
1,600
6-3
181
3,911
6,695
10,333
19,075
30
6-6
Tlio Savings Banks in the United States liad 2,200,000
depositors in 1873 wilU 155 millions stcrliDg of deposita,
and Ihe latter have now risen to 202 millions sterling. The
French Savings Bonks in January 1883 counted 4,352,000
depositors.
4oo
SCIENCBSBALS.
C. — Savings Banks op United Einodoil
Year.
Amount of Deposite, Thouaanda.
BhiUinga p«r InhaUtuit.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
England.
Scotland.
Iralaad.
1880 . .
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1881 , .
£12,600
20,700
27,680
86,700
46,280
69,000
£520
1,080
2,410
4,130
7,560
£910
2,200
1,360
2,140
2,690
8,800
18
25
80
37
40
54
• • •
4
7
16
25
40
2
5
4
7
10
15
D. — Savings in Ireland.
Thoutandt Omitted,
Tear.
1860
1865
1870
1875
1881
SOIENOE.— United Kingdom in 1881 had 1355 schools
of science, with 66,600 pupils ; annual cost, £295,000, or
89 shillings per pupil.
Bank
GoTemroent
Total.
Amoont
Deixwita.
Stocka.
per Inhah.
. £15,609
40,104
55,713
£9 19 0
18,619
87,513
56,132
10 0 6
24,366
36,497
60,863
11 5 0
33,619
33.710
67,229
12 14 0
30,161
31,605
61,766
12 2 0
SEA.
Yards,
Average.
Depth.
Mnximum
Atlantic .
. 4,026
7,750
Pacific
. 4,262
9,310
Indian
. 3,658
6,040
Arctic . .
. 1,690
5,300
Antartic .
. 8,000
3,960
Mediterranean 1,476 2,860
Yards Depth.
Average. Kaziunim.
Irish ... 240 710
English Channel 110 300
German . . 96
Levant ... 72
Adriatic . . 45
Baltic ... 43
Tlie Southern Ocean below Cape Horn reaches a depth of
5500 yards, and off Cape of Good Hope, 5700 yards. The
average of the Bay of Biscay is 1200 yards.
SEALS.
Fishery.
Annual Slauj|;hter.
Value.
Tone on.
Canadian
460,000
£280,000
9,200
Norwegian
80,000
50,000
1,600
Falkland Islands
6,000
8,000
100
Montevideo
5,000
3,000
100
Total
560,000
jt336,000
11,000
SEAMEN. ;tol
The skius are worth 2 BhUltDgs each, the oil, £25 per ton.
One fishing vessel Bometimes kills as manj as 60,000 in a
season, off Kova Scotia. The batbaroua practice of slaughter-
ing seals while suckling their young, threatens to extermiiiate
the breed.
SEAMEir.
A.— Gbsehal SuxitABr.
Thmuudi OmitUd.
K..7.
Mml-nl.
Si.
TotaL
UDitod Kingdom .
Fnnoe
Q«nn»ny ....
Riuua
Atutib ....
Italy
^^ : ; : :
HoUAod ....
Denmark ....
SwedM and Norwity
Oreew
Turkey
Europe ....
United SUt« . .
CriuuIb
Br.xU
Argentine Repablic
Aurtrali* ....
15
43
8
20
16
193
85
40
23
7
63
23
G
IS
7
79
11
10
187
9*
27
7*
9
74
44
4
13
5
HI
15
3
405
172
75
123
28
111
74
13
38
13
231
27
17
1-11
0-4B
0-18
015
0-07
0-51)
0-46
0'30
0-95
070
3'55
1-52
0'22
180
8
2
1
503
120
60
6
2
U
672
54
65
8
8
3
1,355
1S2
115
le
11
14
0-42
0-35
254
0-18
0-65
0'48
Toul . .
191
(92
810 1 1,693
0 4fi
and coast-guards were added, the totnl v
fall little short of 2 millions of men, or very nearly 3 per cent,
of the able-bodied men of the Christian world.
B. — Sbambs and Trade c
Ukitkd Kihodoh.
Tnila, Trad* per
UllUoiu £. S.-MHaii.
169 £1,120
1850 . 151,400
1860 , , 171,600
1970 . . 195,900 459 2,340
1880 . 192,900 671 2,950
Some of the above trade is done on foreign bottom, but it
ia balanced by the trade between foreign countries doDe on
British bottom, not included above,
So
402
SERFS.
C— Dbatiu of Bbitish Mbrohakt SiiLOBS (1879).
Undar 21 .
21 to 80 .
81 „ 60 .
Over 60 .
ToUl .
624 =
1,488 =
1,064 =
616 =
17 p. a
40
20
14
tt
If
ft
8,602 = 100
tt
Dfuwudd .
ninew. .
Soiddo .
Yariooi .
ToUl .
2,001
1,886
88
272
64 p. &
87
1
8
•t
It
■•
8,602 = 100
f«
The death-rate was 19 per 1000, or almost douUe the
oorrespondiDg rate for age in England. Deducting those
drowned, the rate would be lower than on land.
8EBF8.
A. — BussiAN SsRFS nr 1861.
ThouMiidi OmittML
Crown serfs
Appanage .
Held by nobles
Total
Male.
11,168
1,624
10,674
23,466
Ftmale.
11,688
1,702
11,081
24.466
TotaL
22,861
8,826
21,766
47,982
B. — Noblemen's Serfs in 1861.
NoblM.
Serfs.
Atctu
28,100
18,676,000
802
86,150
2,520,000
70
43,800
660,000
15
103,050
21,755,000
211
C. — Cost ok Kedemption.
Mortgages remitted £80,400,000
(vovemment scrip 20,280,000
Paid by serfs 10,470,000
Balance due 8,900,000
Indemnity award .... £65,000,000
Tlie indemnity to the nobles was jG3 per sert The lands
are mortgaged to the State till 1912. The lands cedcil to
Crown serfs are mortgaged only till 1901. The above itom
of ** mortgages remitted " is the amount due bj nobles to the
Imperial Lank and cancelled.
^^^■^^^^^^
SERFS— SEWAGE.
D.— Lasdb hbld bt Fbbbd Skbfs (1879).
nito. _Hold«™. iam. ^
Crown-gtft 8,117,0m 8*.200,000 ]
Appuugn . Ifi2i,000 30,300,000 1
Purcbue . 10,187,000 05,900,000
Bcggar-loU 1,840,000 - 0,110,000
ToUl . 10,710,000 186,340,000 9
Id Tetorn for croirn-gift the holders have to pay 60 per
cent extia poll-tax till 1902. Be^ai-lota aie lands given
gratis b; the nobles to the peasants, rather than sell fans-
lots at XI per acre to them.
E. — Austrian Skrtitude (1840).
Labour (2 daya p«r we«k) .... £38,000,000
Titha ol enjm, io. 18,000,000
Hale tribute, Umber 1,400,000
Pnnals tribate, ipun wool .... 1,800,000
Fowl, tggt, battel 1,000,000
Total . . /Gl,200,000
There were 7 miltioa serfs, vliose tribate averaged more
than £7 pei head, which was, in fact, the rent of their
farms. Some Bohemian nobles had as many as 10,000
serfs. The redemption was effected by giving the nobles
5 per cent Government scrip, and land then rose 50 per
cent, in value.
F. — German Serfs.
In 1848 the State took 60 million acres from the nobles,
leaving them still 25 million acres, and gave the former
among the serfs. Indemnitj as follows : —
1. Government scrip, £180 for each serf family, to noble-
man.
2. Land-tax, £3 per annum, transferred to peasant.
3. Interest, £7 per annum for 47 years, to he paid by
peasant to the State, being 4 per cent on cost of redemption.
8EWA0E. g„« C«t T»n>olS*ww*
parMlla. DlKbumd Wceklr.
Mucherter. . . . £1,240 770,000
PreitoD .... £,000 140,000
Lmidon .... 5,860 8,800,000
"■ ■" ... 4,700 180,000
The Bystem of sewage farms requircB an acre per 500
inhabitants, eay 1000 acres for a city like Manchester or
Liverpool Sewage is supposed to have a market value of
one penny per ton.
A. — Ratio to Popni.ATioK.
Jlila. pEDula.
EDgluid .
485
616
IS,: :
481
619
Inluid
490
610
HoulSid .■
Uaiteil KiDEdom
485
615
489
611
Nor-.r
UniteJ State*
Au.tri»
4S5
616
—United Kingdom, Porci,iTios is Sexes.
Thmitandt Omillfd.
Wsks.
Ft-x^a.
Engliind.
^.-.,u,vi.
Ireliud.
EngUnd.
aeotUnd.
ItrUnd
182
5,SM
!ISO
3.340
fi,140
1,100
3.4r,0
183
6,770
1,110
TvlSft
1.240
3.970
85
1,370
3.1W)
9,140
1.6 0
8G
D.SOl
1.45:i
2,&!a
10,31S
l.fi 6
2.957
87
11. OS!)
l,r,03
1.7; 7
2.773
8»
I2,r,35
1,7!H
i.K-s
RCMMAHT FOR VSITEH KiSr.DOM.
Th
ouandi Omil
Id.
i luilo per l,x»
Male
F™„k,.
Tolil.
; Mtln
F™.!
1831
10.170
IO.C90
20,800
4.07
Bl.T
1831
11.67i
12,3:w
24.0113
486
1851
13.3W
14,1)10
•s:.x>o
1 4S9
.'.11
1861
14,086
14,831
28, 1177
' 483
515
1881
lfi,9J6
17.917
;!4.863
48r. ' 81.1
A
— XmiBBB AND
SLADoami.
Tbounndi Omllted.
Par m l"l»b.
Lbi.
Numbor.
AnnuU
Si«.,ht«.
«^^.
Sb«p
BUushbir
In^b.
United KisgJom.
71
33
19
25.200
10.100
195
M
22
10
Kojuia .
48,830
19.fW0
370
00
34
10
Auatru
rut
10
Spsfnuid Portugal
Bde^imiuidHolL
3S.430
10,200
lit)
IM
60
13
eoo
in
e
3
23
11
6.180
2,600
m
77
31
10
1.1
138
GS
17
16*,096
77.800
1,474
r-i
2fi
11
United St«t« .
49.337
14,000
w.
27
14
CtnadB
1,300
71
30
17
Auitnlik .
140
70
TS.230
6,000
100
2<I0
73
Algarift
8,78S
3.000
•/W>
100
40
C«|w Colonr
Tho World .
11.280
2.400
40
2M
90
30i,83-.'
IUS,5liU
LMJI
!oa
» I, j
Tho United States census report for 1880 gives 35 million
sheep; tho asricuituToI report for 1882 gives 49 miUiooa.
1!. — Sheep in U.mied Kinodou and United States.
SuDI)»r.T1iou.
«d.O.Ut.d
Bh»pp«l<)OlDl»l>lUiiU.
24.190
211.7M0
3-J.'Jin
31,660
27,890
n. sub*
0. Kluedom. 1 V.aata.
IMO .
isa .
I860 . .
1870 .
1882 . .
12,897
21,720
22.470
28:480
49.237
90
100
11-.'
75
94
73
7a
95
C. — Sheep is Australia, Cape, asd La Plata
TlimmuU OmUtrd,
Cape Colon;. lUcsr
1830
770
1840 .
. 3.360
1S.50 .
. 10.140
1870 .
. Bi,3M
1883 .
. ea,9is
3^060
10,330
22,000
B3.430
117,231
U3,429
4o6
SHIPPING.
SHIPPING.
A. — ToNNAQB 8INCB 1820: Thb World.
SalUng.
BtMun.
ToUL
EffeettTe>
BtMunnlloi
1820 .
. 3.140
6
3,146
8.170
Ipereenl.
1830 .
. 3,022
28
8»050
3,164
4 ..
1840 .
. 4.560
116
4,676
6,140
11 ••
1850 .
. 6,513
392
6,905
8,473
23 „
1860 .
. 9,586
820
10,406
13,686
30 .,
1870 .
. 13,868
1,918
15,676
23,458
41 M
1881 .
. 15,002
5,644
20,646
43.222
« M
B. — British and Fobbiqn Flags.
Seagoing Tonnage (Thouiandt OmUted).
Tear.
Britiah.
Other Flags.
Total NominaL
Steam.
Sailing.
Steam.
Sailing.
BritUh.
Other
Flag*.
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1881 . .
95
188
502
1,203
3,105
3,216
4,045
5,211
5,947
5,430
21
204
318
715
2,539
1,344
2,468
4,375
7,921
9,672
3,311
4,233
5,713
7.150
8,536
1,365
2,672
4,693
8,636
12,111
Carrying-power,
Year.
Tons (Thousands Omitted).
Percentagei
BriUsh.
Other Flags.
British.
Other Flags.
TotaL
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1881 . .
3,691
4,985
7,721
11,962
20,955
1,449
3,488
5,965
11,496
22,267
74
58
56
51
49
26
42
44
49
51
100
100
100
100
100
In the above tables British includes not only vessels of
the United Kingdom but also Colonial The net tonnage of
steamers is given, which is only 70 per cent, of the gross
tonnage.
* Effective tonnage is ascertained by multiplying steam tonnage hj 5 and
adding the product to sailing tonnsge. Steamers nave 6 times the earrying-
power of sailing-TesMls of eqxial tonnage, a steamer making 8 ocean trtpa, or •
short trips, for one of a sailing-vessel.
\n
SHIPPING.
C. — Shiffinq of Art. FliAOS.
TiMt.
»™i«r^nM«.,
C«i7iii«Pow«r.
S^UBg.
Stom.
TctaL
TbouudL
BiUdL
IWIuE^
U. EiDcdom .
3,688
3,00*
6,693
18,110
43-t
SI
G«m«,y. .
21«
^046
AtuttU .
248
i'
77
999
1,307
3-0
37*
164
038
aa: :
76
S3S
0-S
6
83
416
747
17
Danmuk.
175
61
226
1,*B6
fis
1,611
0-6
14
&.8H
4,161
U,M&
30,ST9
71-0
10
1,311
3-8
38
«7
28
ToUl.
68
208
630
1-2
16,002
^64^
20.646
43,161
100-0 ... 1
D.— Tradb and Shippiko Compamd
(thb "Wobld).
T«uf.
"i^r
AU PUci, Toniucs,
QoodjaiTlixlpirTBi.
SoalnMl.
EAKtin.
Komtul.
BttMln. 1
1S30 . .
1840 . .
18S0 . .
I860 . .
1870 . .
ISSl . .
172
268
390
62.1
884
1.240
3.060
4676
6;90S
10,406
16,576
201646
3,164
6,140
8^473
13,686
23.468
43,222
JE67
Be
66
60
67
GO
£6S
60
46
40
38
29
Sy referring to Balltut, it will be seen that ona-fiftli of
all vessels enter port in ballast. MoTeover, tbe great Bteam-
boat lines are used more for passengers tban cargo. Thia
explains why the increased tonnage carrying-power on sea
is much greater than the growth in meichandiae carried
over sea. Coal and iron are also more largely carried than
before, being articles of inferior Talue^
E.-
-Vebsbui oveb
100 Tors (1881).
Nuaibor,
Tom
N«)f«V«Kl.
Gtoni.
Bill.
ToliL
Stum.
BMiL
ToUL
2.809
II.SM
14,763
B30
363
474
Freacli .
3S5
2,772
3,107
8M
194
370
TIO
303.
160
1.875
2,041
601
223
251
82
B99
770
401
440
lUliui .
103
701
308
SpRDUh .
B95
205
253
17
434
MO
235
2S0
40
28
60
460
Diniih .
lOS
1,172
1.8S1
460
163
177
Swsdiiii .
£S8
1.979
270
ail
210
NorwiEidD .
148
4.1G0
330
TQrki.h .
10
384
66S
lee
leo
3.%(SS
UniteJ SUU> .
B,!J58
690
342
.165
Caniidii .
918
fi,4M
7,377
128
164
1&5
Various .
IM
(134
£(2
360
C,3U3
48,684
51,976
G'M
28S
330
I". — BniTisH JIerciiant Navr.
v««,.
Toi.1,
Sillon.
t™
p«
80
&dlM-.
1688 . .
470
37,400
1610
83,01(0
J>m« L
leae
1,320
120,000
90
CImrtM II.
1638
210,000
80
201. 000
1760
5,730
487,000
85
GeocgaUL
1810
1820
25,374
2.654,000
175.000
105
ir.
Goor^B TV.
1830
23,721
2,5.13,000
155.000
107
16
wmUm IV.
4.233,000
339,000
134
IH
iwio
6,713,000
230.000
19.1
m
1870
32,020
7.1S0.000
361.000
21S
•n
8.535,000
270,000
380
31
■■
This
nc
udes CO
Oil id ahi
ipillg.
G.-
SHIPPING.
Shippiko op United Kinodom.
409
Tw.
Ton>p«
ToBiCriing
PowBr.
To..
fl«™.
v™....
i^
[Tb«.Hnd«
Omllltd),
?r^r
1810
1S30
IBM
1S70
IMl
20.253
19,171
2fi:Bw
22.180
16,811
2,211
2,20-J
3,5G5
B.691
6.4W
145
131
118
196
]S3
105
114
I3S
256
336
15
17
24
2»
»3
2.211
2.2MI
3.950
9,730
18,110
13
10
IS
SI
Gl
The carrying-power has grown almost eight-fold since 1810,
and if we required the same ratio of seamen we should need
at present 1,300,000 sailors to do the work.
II. — Eabninos of Shippiko.
T.™«>,d.OmIt.<d.
n^.
CaiTled.
Fnigl.1.
F««n^^
T<*U.
1 .
MB
63,190
6,100
6.200
3,900
3,600
37.000
9,500
£01.400
6^000
3,700
3.500
io,r«o
8.M)0
£12,300
r.2oo
1,200
HOO
700
16,500
1,800
£73.700
7,100
7.200
4.,M»
4,200
26,000
10.300
65-2
54
3-3
31
19 6
80
Tot»l
129,150 fJ'.l.iXKJ i:a3,500 'i:l3(!,000 lOO'O '
British includes colonial The table comprises all trade.
I. — United States Stsaxboat Traffic (1880).
Stauian.
Thouunda Oiallttd. 1
t™™^.
PM«n-
atn.
^
iiie.?£.
Wng», «.
Ltk». . .
Sir."" :
N. EDglxiitl .
Mi,ldleStite.
Uq1( . . .
T\.ta .
917
081
173
463
1,463
1.116
5,139
222
133
107
119
433
208
1.420
2.710
4.030
15.470
135,720
9,160
4,380
4,820
2,410
2,«30
7,190
4,110
2,650
2,160
1,680
1.620
eleeo
2,870
690
790
685
660
1,221
168,510 1 25.510
17,710
5,120
The crews mustered 57,100 men, their wages averaging
£85. The steamers carried merchandise 21 times their own
tonnage, besides passengers. Each steamer carried in tlio
year 33,000 passengers and 5000 tons of merchandise.
4IO
SHIPPING.
K — SizB, Death-ratb, &a, of Ships.
Flag.
Average Tonnage.
Annual Loaa.
Life of
Ship.
Teara.
T^oa
Sua man
Steamer.
Sailing.
Steamer.
Sailing.
U. Kingdom •
France .
Germany
Holland .
Scandinavia
Italy
United Statea .
520
705
525
660
360
518
237
206
192
228
290
230
220
326
2-94
2-47
277
3-84
1-96
174
4-06
3-93
4-04
4*04
4-49
3-20
2-94
5-45
26
90
23
22
30
28
18
280
174
154
123
106
75
306
The apparent higher efficiency of American seamen is
because the traffic is on internal waters, mostly for short
distances. In reality the English seaman carries most Ses
Wrecica,
L. — Working Expenses.
For a vessel of 1000 tons, crew 20 men, the monthly
expenses are as follows : —
Brituh . . £145 I German . . £135 i Italian . . £ 93
French . . 135 I Austrian . . 125 | American • 200
M. — Ship-building.
Year.
1850
1860
1870
1882
Tona.
Tone per VeaMl
British.
American.
British.
AoMrican.
134,000
212,000
343,000
1,194,000
272,000
213,000
277,000
281,000
192
208
353
770
201
198
152
2o0
_i
Steamers cost from £16 to £24 per ton. A first-class
wooden ship can be built in Canada for £9 per ton ; in
United States, £11.
The shipbuilding of Great Britain in 1880-82 was
follows : —
Tons.
as
I8S0.
1SS1.
1882.
Clyde .
237,000
332,000
389,000
Wear .
140,000
148,000
212,000
Tyne .
Various
149,000
177,000
208,000
180,000
203,000
385,000
ToUl . . 706,000 860,000 1,194,000
The new vessels finished in British yards in 1882 repre-
sented a carrying-power of 5 million tons, being four-fifths
Bteamen. The world bnilda about 1,800,000 tons of regis-
tered ahippisg pel annum, or 9 per cent on the tonnage
afloat, of which Great Britain builds two-thirds, Ti& : —
T«»«.B.
lUtlnlMl.
BiUo. 1
Konloil.
^^sss-
MoDluL
C^Ttop
BritUh . . .
OtlurlUgi . .
ToUl . . .
1,1M,000
281.000
330,000
t'S3S:SSS
^89O;O0O
66-0
16-6
18-4
is-s
1,806,000
7,010,000
100 0
100.
The shipping lost or broken np yearly averages 1,200,000
tons, with a carrying-power of 1,800,000 tona The net
increase of carrying-power in 1882 exceeded 5 million tons.
N. — BuiBTBRED SBiPPniq OF Forts.*
ToDDiga, ThMuudi Omittad.
'8.11.
Steam.
loUl.
CuTTlDg
Ratio g(
tiTMpOol .
1,060
620
1,600
3,680
8-6 ■
London .
620
670
1,190
8.470
81
Obigow .
350
380
730
2.290
6-3
KewTark.
S30
210
740
1,680
3-7
GO
160
220
860
2-0
HoU .
40
160
190
790
1-8
Naweutls .
CO
140
200
760
1-8
110
110
220
660
It
HuDbnrg .
140
TO
210
490
11
Bnmu .
160
60
220
460
11
Or»UDCk .
170
40
210
370
0-9
8«nPnnciico
110
60
ICO
380
0-8
110
eo
160
360
0-8
Ttitrta
30
60
00
330
0-8
Lsith. .
SO
CO
80
320
0-7
Btm
70
60
120
320
07
H*w Bnuiiwiok
270
10
280
320
0-7
100
40
140
300
07
Gtnoa .
im
30
160
270
0-6
Odma
20
60
70
270
0-6
JUBMfTdMM
CO
40
100
260
0-6
Ooprabigoa
40
40
80
S40
0-6
30
40
70
230
0-5
Antwarp .
10
40
60
210
0-0
AterdMn .
100
20
120
200
0-B
BtTfID
60
20
80
160
0-4
Yu!LonUi
160
160
160
01
OUtrapoTti
10,372
3.634
13,006
«,4T1
Hi
Tha World
16,003
6,044
20.640
43,161
lOO-O
412
SHOT AND SHELL— SICK.
O. — Decline of Amerioan Carrtikg Tradb.
Imports and Exports^ MUliont £, United States,
Year.
American Flag.
Foreign Flags.
Total.
American
Ratio,
percent.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
1860 . . .
1870 . . .
1880 . . .
1882 . . .
48
29
34
30
58
38
24
21
28
59
121
125
25
64
152
144
159
190
331
320
67
35
17
16
SHOT AND SHELL.— One million take 10,000 tons of
iron. Great Britain sometimes makes 2 millions in a year.
SIOK.
A. — Eatio of Sick.
Per 1000 Persons,
London police
. 26
English rural .
. 53
British infantry
. 43
Town population •
. 60
French army .
. 45
Jamaica garrison .
. 63
Cayenne convicts .
. 69
Navy at Malta
. 52
Algiers garrison
. 70
Russian army
. 78
The English rural ji
md town population,
of course,
include
all ages, whereas the t
roops, navy, &c., are
usually men in the
flower of life.
E.-
—Sick Population.
Thousands Omitted.
"^ick. Invalids.
TotaD
of Pop.
England
984 492
1,476
5-7
Scotland
14,5 72
217
5 7
Ireland
180 90
270
5-3
United Kingdom
1,309 654
1,963
5-6
France
1,682 841
2.523
67
Germany .
2.288 1,144
3,432
7-6
Austria
2,360 1,180
3,540
9-4
Italy .
1,672 836
2,508
81*
Spain . . . .
990 41K>
1,485
8-9
Belgium
242 121
36:J
6-6
Holland
190 95
285
71
Denmark .
76 38
114
57
Sweden and Norway .
214 107
321
4^
Switzerland
126 6.i
mi
67
Greece
62 :u
93
5-8
United States .
1,978 9S9
2,967
5 5
Australia .
75
37
6,631
112
41
Total .
13,264
19,895
7-3
The above table i
IS not 0
fficiah but
com Du ted
on Dr.
Farr's basis applied to death-rate. It includes all ages, as
shown for England in Table K
C. — DaI3 of SiCK!IB3B PER IkDABITAKT.
Ammat Avcragt.
Ag«.
IMS.
1»T0. 1
Ort-n.
Ra«L
EnElud.
Scotlud
E-^d.!
21-30 . . .
31-« . . .
41-60 . . .
61-60 . . .
407«in. .
fi-3
13-4
23 -a
GD
6-4
9-0
17-8
6-1
8tl
n-2
SO-6
6-0
6-2
9-6
19-9
6-6 64
71 7-1
11-a 10-4
20-3 Ml
6-6
7-1
10-8
80-a
138
9-8
n-7
10-4
111 1 107
10-0 '
I), — Cost of Sickness, peb Akkuh.
MUlloDi Dwn nar LoM of Labour. Lom tUI]<
8i>eden luid Nsrwt
Switierhnd .
ToUl . . 5,425 14 2
The above tablo does not include chi
E. — Sickness ix Ages, Enoi^nd.
6CG.O00
114.000
376,000
129.000
149,000
312,000
], 176,000
414
SILK.
The ratio of sickness rises and falls regularly with death-
rate in all countries, as shown by Dr. Farr and Mr. Edmonds
at the London Congress of 1860, when the following role
was established : —
Of 1000 persons, aged 30, it is probable 10 will die in the
year, in which case there will be 20 of that age sick through-
out the year, and 10 invalids.
Of 1000 persons, aged 75, it is probable 100 will die in
the year, in which case the sick and invalids of that age will
be 300 throughout the year.
For every 100 deaths, let there be hospital beds for 200
sick, and infirmaries for 100 invalids.
SILK
A. — Pboduction of Raw Silk.
ThouMnda Omitted.
Chioa • •
Japan .
Italy .
India and Persia
France
Turkey, Spain, &c.,
lUkSUk.
Valuer
21,000
£14,600
4,400
4,100
6,600
6,600
2,000
1,600
1.200
1,200
2,800
2,600
Total . . 38,000 £30,400
B. — Italian Silk Industry.
Italy imports yearly 90 per cent, of the eggs from which
her silk crop is obtained.
1 oz. egn, value 7fl., produces 35 Ibf. cocoons, or
2k lbs. silk.
70 ions eggs at 7s. per oz. cost .... £880,000
39,000 tons cocoons produce silk, 5,600,000 lbs.,
worth £5.600,000
Silk of Italian eggs
Profit
£4,720,000
1,030,000
Total .... £5,750,000
C. — French Silk Industry : Annual Averages.
Raw Silk, Lbs. Consumed,
Thousands Omitted.
Valu^
Thousands Omitted.
Native.
Imported.
ToUL
Manufac
Consump.
Exported
1830-32
1842-46
1860-52
1868-73
1877-82
1,620
2,770
3,830
1,200
1,400
1,140
4,070
6,370
15,400
13.800
2,7.50
6,840
10,200
16,600
15,200
£5,2,30
12,700
18,220
34,600
27,400
£3,920
7.440
9,500
16,240
15,300
£1,310
6.260
8,720
18,360
12,100
SILVER.
4'S
D.— All Nations.
Thouuuid* Omlttod.
BkiUlDg*
Riw Silk, LbL
f^u^-V.
I >,*"
IWl-M.
isre-BO.
"'
Omt BriUin . .
B.500
2.900
£fl.SOO
£16.600
6-8
Fnnp* . . . .
13.300
15.200
27,400
16,200
S-6
2,100
3,400
4,600
6,000
2-8
B^. ' ;
660
1,040
2.100
2,400
08
Anitij* ....
1.030
2,100
3.800
6,000
3-2
luir . . ■ - ■
1,300
r,600
3,100
3,000
23
100 300
3,400
400
2-8
Bpun ....
.150
400
700
900
11
Eunip* . . .
£-20
480
900
1,400
6-1
23,460
27,420
£B2,700
£61,900
3-3
UDitCdSUtM. .
450
1,820
6,500
12.100
4-S
Ohiu . . . .
Tot.1 ....
9.000
9,000
15,000
11.200
32,910 1 38.240
£73,200 £75,200
BILVIiR.
A
— Phobcctioh IK 600 Tbam.
T-HIL MUllOB <.
Ratio.
UtXltM .
78,600 606
40-7
Para, ft&
72,000 054
37-3
UoiUd SUtM
. 11,600 69
6fl
0«rmu>r
8,470 «S
4-4
Anitaru .
7,930 61
41
KnMk .
. . alaoo 24
1-r
y«ri<nii.
11,200
8
6
6-8
B. — Periods of Production.
1600 23.800 — 37D
1700 60,000 37,200 750
1800 U7,a00 67,000 1,120
1850 150,000 33,000 1,360
1680 193,000 43,000 1,487
£16,000
C— Production since 1850.
llillim £.
United SUtM ... 10 16 68 94
0«ni>UT ud AutrU .16 18 30 53
4i6
SIL VER.
D. — Production and Consumption.
Consumpiiots Tons.
Yeart.
Production, /C.i«-»«
Tonn. Coinage.
""^t The East
TotaL
1831-40 .
. 5,965 2,700
2,000 2,200
6,970
1841-60 .
7,804 4.800
2.200 2,400
9.490
1851-60 .
8,d55
2,700 11,300
14.140
1861-70 .
. 12,201
3,100 12,300
15,400
1871-80 .
. 22,345 1,200
. 57,270 8,700
4,500 10,800
14.500 39,000
16.500
Total.
62.500
Production, ,,^,„._,
Million £. ^^^"•«'
Cananmption, Million £.
Tears.'
- ^--^- TheEa-L
^
TotaL
1831-40 .
54 24
18 20
62
1841-50 .
70 43
20 22
85
1851-60 .
81
24 102
126
1861-70 .
. 110
28 111
139
1871-80 .
180 10
36 87
133
The above table shows that since 1830 the supply has
not been sufficient, the world melting down 5,230 tons of
old candlesticks, &c., for current uses.
For silver-movement since 1860 see Bullion,
E. — Production in 1882.
Tons.
Vnliie.
lUtia
United States .
. 1,010
£7,770,000
48-8
Spanish America
740
6,720,000
357
Germany .
150
1,160,000
7-3
Austria .
82
620,000
4-0
Various ,
85
650,000
4*2
Total
. 2,067
£15,020,000
100-0
Period.
1501-60.
1661-1620
1621-80 .
1681-1740
1741-1800
F. — Prices since 1501.
PerOE.,
Pence.
85
80
65
62
63
Ratio to
Gold.
11-1 to 1
11-8
14-5
15-1
14-8
>«
t»
»»
»»
Period.
1801-40
1841-60
1861-70
1871-80
1885 .
PerOa,
Pence.
60]
60j
60]
56
m
Ratio to
Gold.
15-7
15 4
15 6
167
19-6 „
tol
tt
t(
tt
In 1876 the price fell to 46 J pence, say 20 per 1 as com-
pared with gold. In 1873-79 the German Government sold
3220 tons of silver coin for £28 J millions.
EILATBa
A. — Emancipation in British Colokibs (1831).
J>m>la . .
ITniobw.
3U.700
IndsinnUT.
£6.132,060
83,000
1,731,000
TrlDidul .
22.300
1039,000
AD%iu,&e.
172,093
3,421,000
Ooi^K . .
84,900
4,297,000
6?600
2,113,000
0.p« of Owd Hoiw
38,400
1,247,000
T«r.
17M .
. 780,993 £20,000,000
—8 LA VERT IN United States.
VMo to
btt. PnpalAtlon, T«u-.
ibar. Popu1>tl'>ii,
893,040
IStO . . 1,191,400
1820 . . 1,338,100
The war of emancipation cost 655,000 men killed, and an
outlay of 555 milliona sterling, or XHO per slare.
1830. . 2,009,030
1840. . 2,487,500
1850. . 3,304,300
1860. . 3,979,700
16
C. — Slatert III Brazil (1876).
Blow ropuUtkin.
IlillU
370,400
2,039,000
Uio Janeiro .
341.600
1,057,700
B*bi(
167,800
1,380,000
fUn PoDlo
156,600
837,400
retnimbaoo .
89.100
841,500
74,900
359.100
KloOnddeSui
67.800
434.800
VirioQj .
212,600
2,980,900
1,510,800
9,930,400
There were 806,000 male and 706,000 female elaves hold
by 41,000 owners, averaging 37 to each ovmer. In 1882
the total number of slavei was 1,300,000, representing a
market value of 104 millions sterling. It is expected there
will be no slaves remaining in 1900.
%-
1). — Slaveh op ASTiquiTT.
Wt«M,
Valuo.
Greek l>bonr«r
6d.
£56
lOd.
103
". outlBr
8d.
77
',; Uk,r .
,. bofttmui
6d.
60
„ oook
Bomu gardtner
Sd.
66
„ actTCH
4i8
SMALL-POX.
Some of the wealthy Romans had as many aa 10,000
slaves. The minimum price fixed hy law was £16, bui
after great victories they could sometimes be bought for a
few shillings on the field of battla
SMALL-POX.
A. — Deaths per Million Inhabitants, per Annuv.
England.
London
SeoUand. | Ireland.
Datai
DMths.
Date.
Denthi.
Data.
Deaths.
Date.
Deatha
1760^1800
1840-54
1871-73
1881
3,000
430
178
100
1660-80
1760-90
1840-60
1871-73
1881
4,170
2,260
408
1,040
640
• ••
• ••
• • •
1864
1874-82
• ••
• • •
• ••
305
28
• • •
• ••
1844
1864-74
1875-82
• ••
403
106
82
In the epidemic of 1861 the deaths in England were per
million : army, 455 ; civilians, 928 ; London, 2420. In
that of 1881, the returns showed deaths per million inhabi-
tants, as follows : —
Vaccinated. UnTaccinatoii. Difference.
London ... 90 3.350 35 to 1
England ... 98 4,3S0 44 to 1
In the epidemic at Leipsic in 1871, the death-rate was
12,700 per million inhabitants, 70 per cent, of whom were
un vaccinated.
B. — ^Mortality among Persons Attacked.
Vaccinated,
Unvaccinated,
Vaccinated,
Unracdnatcd,
per Cent.
per Cent
per Cent.
percent.
Tendon
15
45
Boston . 15
50
Montreal
16
54
Philadelphia 17
64
During the FrancaGerman war the Germans lost only
263 men from this disease, the French 23,499, the former
having been re-vaccinated in barracks. In the war in Para-
guay, the Brazilians lost 43,000 men from malignant or black
smallpox, that is, 35 per cent, of their army, nine cases in
ten proving fatal.
C. — Small- Pox in London.
Period.
1629-70
1671-1700
1701-30
1731 CO
1701 uoa
Deatha from
tJmall-pox
per Annum.
702
. 1,-353
. 1,H,J4
. l.i*67
Ratio to
all DeHtha,
ptr Cent.
5
8
9
Period.
1801-20
1821-30
1841-60
1F61 70
1^=71 bl
Deaths from
8mall-i>ox
per Annum.
995
692
781
816
1.6-JO
Ratio to
mil Deaths
per Cent.
5J
SNOIV—SOCIETIES.
4"9
SNOW.— The moat remarkable snowfalls in England have
been in the follovring years : —
1141 1683 ITM 1814
1606 1709 1799 1820
1674 1763 1813 183S
Tho earliest snaw of the seasoa was that of October 7,
1829, in the present century. There was no suavr from
November 1862 till February 1861.
SOAP.
A.— EZFORTATIOM (1881).
Million Dm. TiIdb,
Onat BriUin 39 CIW.OOO
FiKDca 30 310,000
DDil«dSut« 14 160,000
The manufacture of soap in Franca averages 25S million
Ihs., anil the consumption almost 6 lbs. per inhabitant, as
against 10 lbs. in the United Kingdom.
n. — BniTiaH SoAF.
mllloaLba.
^^,
Pri»
Mxiutu.
c™»mp.
B,,«rt.
791 . .
801
67
M
3
3-6
21
74
4-3
21
73
831
123
107
16
4B
63
Sll
199
170
2ft
64
48
8ei
2&4
332
23
8-0
27
302
385
17
9-0
27
1881
The duty was removed in 1853, and the increased con-
sumption of Bosp has probably tended to the reduction iu
death-rate.
A.— LkABKBD SOCIBTIKS OP LOSDOS (15 PRIUaPAL).
I860.
17,729
1880.
. 29.061
1850. . . 15,769
There are in the Unitetl Kingdom 118 eocieties, with
36,200 members nud an income of £UO,000 per annum.
420
SODA-SPECIE.
B. — Principal Societos: Msicbkb8.
Royal .... 652
StatUticU. . . 807
ArchjBoloffical . 580
Geological. . . 850
Aniiquariai . . 640
Geographical . 3,430
Botanical . . 1,660
Fharmaoentical 8,260
Law .... 1,630
Arts .... 3,340
Agiiealtvral .
2«ooloffi«d
Britiah Anoe.
Social Scianoa
7.1
2,000
2,400
1«660
80DA. — The annual production is (1882) : —
Great Britain .
France ....
Germany
Anttria ....
Belgium, United Statea, ke.
Total
Tom.
432,000
127,000
101,000
40,000
11,000
711,000
The production in Great Britain has quadrupled ainoe
1850, when it was 104,000 tons.
SOIL. — The experiments of Schuhler and Schleiden giTO
the power of absorbing water in an area of 50 square inches,
as follows, per 1000 grains of soil : —
Graina Absorbed in
12 Hours. 2^
Gypanm .
Limestone tand
Loam clay
Mnddy ,,
Calcareous clay
Field
Slaty marl
Garden mould .
Humus .
SOOT. — London produces 50,000 tons per annum, worth
£41,000, used for manure at 10 cwt. per acre.
12 Hours.
24 Hours.
48 Hour*.
7S Bourn
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
21
26
28
28
25
30
34
35
26
31
35
35
16
22
23
23
24
29
:i2
33
35
45
no
52
80
97
110
120
souin).
Cannon at
Waterloo
Cepeda .
Ileard at
Dover
Buenos Ayres
DtftAnce,
T^ir
Milos.
1 9mF»
180
1815
160
1859
The Cepeda cannonade was heard at Luxan, in the pro-
vince of Buenos Ayres. Mr. Glaisher, at 2 miles from the
earth, heard a musket-shot and a dog bark, and at 4 miles a
railway train.
SOUNDINGS. See Sea.
SPEOm See Bullion, Gold, Silver.
SPINDLES— SPIRITS.
Thou
.,^0^
ttcd.
per 1 «
tnUb
Cotton.
Wool
Fl.i.te.
8Uk.
r-uL
United Kingdom
«,200
1,370
1,080
■(8,170
4,S00
3,010
28
5,330
2,830
.118
ftW
8,488
19
3,360
Hi
360
S
Au<trik . .
4S0
343
420
3,463
SS : :
860
SCO
100
1.330
Belginm .
800
S20
;m
180
60
650
7
Switxerluid .
l,B-20
200
10
430
3,260
Europe .
60,650
14,200
3,488
e3,ia3
27
United State*
Total .
1.470
830
2,450
1
73,260
17.500
4,S98
CEIS
100,703
ir
A. — COSBOIIPTIOS PBB AkNL'H,
GalloD*.
Ihouuind*.
Bngland . 21,600
ScotUnd . 8,800
IreUod 6,610
n. EiDzdora 37,010
Praciee . . 94,200
Q«D»nT . 99.600
BuhU . . 178,000
OkllODI.
ThoniuidJ. i
. 29,300
Itsiy .
Srailn . _._.
Belg. k EoU. 24,M
B. — CoNauMPTioH IK United Einqdoh.
V«r.
OlUau, TtiuuiwidA
O.Uon.p*I.l,.Li«mt. 1
ED^BOi
BcotlEod.' InluuL
n. King.
Eos. 1 Bc-t. 1 Ir* ,D. Itog.i
1800
4,360
1.280
1.330
6,960
0-.'.l
or4
0'26
045
1810
4,J90
1.750
4.7W
11.260
0-48
097
0-8)1
o-oa
3,300
9,450
o;ifi
0-93
n-4't
1830
7.730
6.010
9.005
22.745
ii-.w
3-60
0-95
1840
8,2W
6.180
7,402
21,862
i\-m
2-40
01*1
0-80
ISSO
7,120
2-43
V 9
1870
8,»80
8.300
31.510
D-Gl
2M
r 6
101
1881
21,600
8,800
6,810
37,010
0S4 2-35
1-29
lOS
422
SPONGES—STA R VA TION.
C. — Manufactdrb of
Spirits in England.
Year.
Gallons,
Duty.
Oalluut
Y«ftr Gilloni,
• Thousands.
Duty.
GaUoQS
Tuoiuaiida.
roiico.
I>or
Inhab.
I'euoe.
per
Inhftbu
1700.
. 1,210
4
0-22
1820 . 4,315
120
0-36
1720.
. 2,530
4
0-42
1830 . 7,680
90
055
1740.
. 6,715
4
1-10
1850 . 9 6-0
90
051
1760.
. 2.320
30
0-33
1860 . 12,910
90
0«5
1780.
. 2,330
30
0-35
1870 . 11,220
120
0*48
1800.
. 4,410
60
050
1881 . 16,930
120
065
1). — Fluctuations op Consumption.
GalUms per Inhabitant.
1830.
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
18^1.
United Kingdom
. 0-95
0*80
0-88
095
1-01
106
France
. 0-26
0 33
0-39
0-51
0 60
090
Germany
• • • •
0 60
• • •
108
• • •
1 3.J
Bussia.
. 600
• • •
3-70
4 80
• a •
2-20
Sweden
. 8-80
800
8-40
6-00
460
4-2.'^
Denmark
7-20
5 80
• • •
A Mi
Belgium
.' 0-96
• • •
1-26
■ ■ •
11K)
2 40
United States .
. 5-55
310
2-50
210
1-62
1 50
SPONQES.— On tho coast of Svria 300 boats ^vith 1500
divers pick up annually sponges worth £25,000 ; best, w<.»rth
40 shillings, inferior, 4 shillings per lb. Depth, 30 to 150
feet.
SQUAEES.
Name. City. Acres.
Grosvenor . . I^oiulon . . 10
Parade . . . Vienna . . 15
Schloss . . ". Berlin . . 16
Name.
Bellccour .
St. Stepben*B
aty.
Lyons
Dublin
Acres.
32
40
SQUIRRELS.— There are 25 millions killed annually in
Kussia for their skins.
STAMP& See Finances, Table G.
STARVATION.
Doaths from Hunger lu England.
Males
Females
Total
1879.
188
124
312
18S0.
184
102
286
The coroners' inquests for London show 80 deaths yearly
from hunger, without counting persons who commit suicide
in extreme want
STATIONERY OFFICESTEAM.
423
STATIONERY OFFIOE (UNITED KINGDOM).— The
cost is £570,000 per annum ; viz., " blue-books," £64,000;
clerks, £108,000 ; Gazette, &c., £398,000 per annum.
STATURE. See Anthrojxmeiry.
STEAM.
A. — The World's Hobsb-Power.
Tw.
Thouaanda Omitted.
Fercentaga,
Fixed.
BaUway.
Ships.
ToUL
Fixed. 1 Railway.
Shlpa.
1840. . . .
1860. . . .
1860. .. .
1870. . . .
1880. . . .
1,290
1.780
2,450
3,650
7.415
960
4,190
7,900
13,700
17.618
106
340
1,050
2,190
3,891
2,356
6.310
11,400
19,540
28,924
55
28
22
19
25
41
66
69
70
61
4
6
9
11
14
B. — Owners of Aooreoatb Power
1
Tear.
1 Hone-Power, TUouaanda Omitied.
Ratio to Toiau
0. Britain.
Continent
U. SUtee.
Total.
Britiah.
Amerlcnn.
1840 . .
850
a52
1,154
2,356
36
49
1850 . .
2,320
1,990
2,000
6,310
37
32
1860 . .
3,100
4,220
4,080
11,400
27
36
1870 . .
4,780
8,980
5,780
19,540
46
30
1880 . .
7,780
12.992
8,152
28,924
45
28 !
■
C. — Number of Engines (1880).
tJnited Kingdom
France
Oerroanj
Ruaaia
Austria
luljr .
Spain .
Portngal
Switzerland
Belffinm
Holland
Scandinavia
Europe .
United Statea
Stationary.
110,000
37,805
55,054
8,946
9,160
4,459
2.300
140
1,500
11,942
5J38
3,000
250,044
60,300
Riilway.
13.480
7,031
9,850
3,660
3.580
1,540
1,320
220
1,000
1,080
5i0
1,100
44,301
17,815
Ships.
5,247
387
266
227
81
119
324
23
20
34
94
575
7,397
1,779
Total
Ratia
128.727
33-7
45,223
11-8
65,170
17 1
12,733
3-3
12,821
S3
6,118
16
8»944
1-0
383
01
2,520
0-7
13,056
3-4
6,372
1-7
4.675
1-2
301,742
78-9
79.894
211
The World . 310,344 62,116 9,176 381,636 100 0
424
STEAM.
D. — ^HoBSK-PowER OP Natiohs (1880).
Thousands Omitted.
HoM
Ratio.
p«rrIOOO
Fixed.
2,200
Bailwsy.
Ships.
TotaL
86-9
lahah.
Great Britain
3,400
8,180
7.780
880
France
906
2,387
220
8,513
121
W
Germany .
1,321
2,860
144
4.325
14-9
96
Bonia
237
1,070
58
1.365
4*8
17
Austria
157
1,075
48
1,280
4*4
30
Italy .
54
377
49
480
17
18
Spain .
48
3:10
105
483
17
30
Portugal
3
55
8
66
0-2
16
Switserland
48
228
5
881
0-9
101
Belginm
Holland
382
181
32
595
2-1
110
60
90
66
816
07
54
Scandinavia
Earope .
40
220
156
416
1-4
48
5,456
12,273
3,071
80,800
71-8
«7
United States .
The World
1,987
5,345
820
8,152
882
lOOO
158
7,443
17,618
3,891
28,958
80
E. — Steam Locomotion.
Year.
Railways, Miles.
British
Ratio,
per Cent.
Steamers, Tons.
Britis •
Raiti't,
perCsnt
The
World.
British
Empire.
AUFlsgs.
British.
I&IO . .
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1880 . .
878
5,231
24,490
67.060
130,170
230,238
220
838
6,853
13,6:39
24,172
39,221
25
16
28
20
18
17
28,400
116,000
392,000
820,000
1,918,000
5,644,000
21,600
95.000
188,000
502,000
1,203,000
3,108,000
75 ■
88 ,
48 '
61
62
55
F. — Remarkable Steamsuips.
Speed, Roglish
Name.
Tons, Gross.
Ilorse-power.
Miles per
U Hoiin.
Bervia
. 7,800
1,000
440
Alaska
. 6,9;i2
1,800
467
Parisian
. 5,359
800
384
Arizona
5,147
1,200
438
Germanic .
. 5,009
760
410
Britannic .
5,004
760
410
The "Times" of July 18th, 1883, had an announcement
that Messrs. John Elder & Co,, oi Glasgow, were building
two steamers for the Cunard line, Liverpool to New York,
with these dimensions : length 500 feet, beam 57 feet, depth
40 feet, each being 8000 tons and 13()0 horse-power. See
Passages,
X
— ToKS Made.
Ttiou
■udaOnlttad.
isS"
1B10. ]ni.
Gxit Britun
49
846 1,780
United Stats
64 1,374
Gvttauij .
170 ees
FrMc
94 418
AoMrik
22
aa 176
Bdmu
9 296
BalKiiim .
10 13S
S«ad» .
6 37
B, — WOHKS AND CONVERTERB IN 1881.
QiMt Britain
Vaitad Statu .
te: ; : : :
Kn" : ; ;
23 116
20 36
23 81
10 23
e 24
4 18
10 35
Total .... 95 333
C— Exports of Stsbi^ Tons.
ExpoTlKltHna
G. Biltaln. Oermuij.
1S60 . . . 1K,000 1,270
865 .. . 31,000 2.400
870 .. . 48.000 86,000
876 .. . l.'iG.OOO 122,000
1881 .. . 894,000 361,000
D.— Tb-nbilb Test op Stbel.
A>r8»
Eq.t»ch Bt«ln,Ton« B.t.ialm,
HMUon. p« Bq. Inch. Inch«.
1«000 13«3 -01
-9799 16-96 '10
■9331 23-43 '40
-8741 27^ 1-00
ttq. Inoh BtniD, To
B«tiaTi. par Bq. In
'83-J6 28-36
■7088 2r-3a
■6541 2S-06
Eliitic limit .... 17-40 ton*.
Muimam itnin . . 28'3S „
Brckkintlcwd . . . 25-OS „
CDhMioD . . .
EiteDuoo. . .
Taking the strength of Sn
strength of ateel compares thn
S-wlbhiTon ... 100
Boilwitagl ... lis
edisli iron at 100
Chi.nof..teol .
Spring .tad .
2.S00
2,200
1,300
426
STEEL.
A bar of chrome 8tee1, half-inch squared and 5 inchef
long, gives a strength of 141,000 lbs. per sqaare inch, being
37 per cent more than carbon steel.
•The nominal strength of steel is 30 tons per square inch,
but Professor Siemens shows that it is really 36 tons.
E. — Transversb Strain.
A steel bar, 1*02 inches square and 4} feet long, gives the
following results : —
Weight,
I.U.
Weight.
Lba.
50
100
200
Deflection,
Inchn.
-065
•118
•240
500
1,000
1,400
Defleetlon,
lDeb««.
•611
1^66
2746
F.— French Admiralty Tests.
Minimum Brtaking Load,
Iron Plate.. LU. ®*~l„ch**^
Common . . 52 0*16 to 6*24
Better . . 62 0*24 „ 0 80
Best ... 64 0'80„ 1^
101
97
The plates supplied by Messrs. Cammell of Sheffield, for
7 French ironclads, were subjected to 36,000 foot-tons of
energy, viz. : —
Shot, 760 lbs.; charge, 150 lbs., fired from a 12-inch
gun, with velocity 1425 feet per second ; range, 264 feet
The plates in question were 11 feet long and 7 feet wide,
by 18 inches thick.
Ton*.
67,000
108.000
G. — Steel Shipbcildixo.
On the Clyde.
T«ns.
1879 . . . 18,000 1881 .
1880 . . . 42,000 1882 .
At the end of 1882 there wei-e 143,000 tons of steel
vessels on the stocks, the largest being the Oregon, 7400
tons. A steel ship can carry 20 per cent, more than one made
of iron.
XL — Steel por Railways.
Consumption, Toiui p«r Annnm.
Now Lines.
Renewal.
T..UL
United SUtes .
1,200.000
iOO.OOO
2,100,000
Great Britain .
00,000
160,000
220,000
Continent, kc
680,000
055,000
1.335.000
Total
1.910,000 1,715,000 3,655,000
STILL-BIRTHS—STORMS. aV
Three-fourths of the steel anntully produced is for rail-
vays, the lines working in December 1882 being estimated
u follows : —
Iron .
. 110,000
140,000
1*.400,000
20,000,000
ToUl . .
United 3t>t«> .
Ora>( Britain .
. . 260,000
iriin.
100,000
18.000
127,000
31,400,000
TooiRdli. Tom per:
12000,000 lis
3.30a000 180
19,100,000 ISO
ToUl . . 200,000 34,400,000 137
The life of an iron rail is 16, that of a steel one 40 years.
Slcel eleepe-s cost ^£100 a mile less than creosoted timber.
STILIrBIRTHS.
A. — In Orukb oy Months, Batio.
J.nn..7 ■
Febmiiy .
M.reh. .
April. .
. 106 M«7. . .68 Septerabw. .
. 106 JuD«. 98 Ootobn
. 100 Aorui ■ ■ M DMxmber . .
B.— Per 1000 Dirtus.
89
100
101
107
Fnnca
G«iTn«ny .
Aoitria
. 46 1 lUlT . . . 31 1 S««d«i . .
. 11 UalUud . .43 Narwuy .
2B 1 Belgium . . 40 1 BwiUerlind
29
K
44
The ratio i;
1000.
n France from 1830 to 1845 was only 30
per
8T0B1I8. — Tlie most destructive in the United Xin^ilom
have been : —
1703, November 27lh.— Damage in I^ndon, £2,CO0,O0O.
On the coast 12 war-shipe sunk, and 1800 men lost.
1775, October 29tfa. — Almost equal to the above. Houses
blown down and ships sunk.
1639, January 6th. — Many houses blown down at Liver-
pool and Dublin, and 200 persons killed at Liverpool.
1659, October 25th. — Great loss of shipping, including
the " Royal Charter," near Holyhead.
1879, December 28th.— Tay Bridge blown down; loss of
90 lives. See Wttid'pratitn.
428
STRAW.
United Kingdom
France
Germanj .
Bauia •
STRA W-^UGAR.
Produetion, MiUiont of T<m$,
10
17
16
42
Anatria
Ital^
Spam
Belgium
14
7
7
Holland
Denmark
Sweden
STREET ACCIDENTS.
STRENGTH.
2 I United States
See Cahs,
A. — COMPARATIVB SCALB.
Ordinary man
Byron's Gladiator.
100
173
Fameie Hercalei .
Horse .
1
2
2
20
.%3
750
R — Tensile and Transvebsb.
A crushing force of 1000 per square inch on a bar 1 inch
square and 12 inches long gives the following ratios of
strength : —
Tensile.
Transverse.
Tensile.
TraniTerse.
Stone •
100
10
Cast iron
158
20
Glass
123
10
Timber
. 1,900
85
Sec Steel and Metals,
SUGAR
A. — Production, Thousands op Tons.
•Germany . . 606
Cuba. ... 620
•Austria . . . 460
•France ... 390
British colonies 340
•Russia ... 240
Java . . . 190
Manilla . . 180
Brazil ... 150
•Holland, &c. . 115
French colonies
United SUtes .
Egypt, &c. . .
All beet . . .
AU cane . . .
105
90
285
1.811
1,860
The above is for 1880, but the crop of 1885 exceeded two
million tons cane and 2^ millions beet sugar.
B. — Consumption : All Nations.
Tons,
Lbs. per
TbouKands.
liihab.
United Kingdom 1,050
68
Spain and Port.
France 360
21
Belg. and HoU.
Germany . 430
21
Scandioaria
Bussia. 240
7
United States
Austria 240
14
Colonies
Italy ... 90
7
Total
Tons,
Lbs. per
Thousands
. Xnhah.
45
5
70
16
90
22
. 990
43
. 65
• • •
. 3.670
• • •
* Beet sugar: the rest cane.
SUGAR— SUICIDE.
4^
Ab a general rule the coneumptioii of sugar per inhabitant
is regarded as an indication of the public wealth. The in-
cieased consumption in Great Britain hu kept pace with
the growth of wealth and income (q.T.)
C — CoKBUMPnoN IN Great BaiTAiy,
Tmr Tom. ^'^ ?" ^'' I" '^ •"
1705 . .
12,000 3
£3 £70
IT30 . .
41,000 S
4 TO
17fiO . .
im,000 11
6 70
1780 . .
77,000 14
7 70
1801 . .
16K,000 S2
30 aii
1811 . .
184,000 23
27 n
1820 . .
143,000 16
27 63
1830 . .
214,000 20
24 49
1840 . .
188,000 16
24 4S
18M . .
310,000 25
10 40
1860 . .
430.000 32
13 36
1870 . .
690,000 49
S S3
1881 . .
1.060,000 68
H
Abont 70,000 tons are annuaUy consumed by brewers.
soiontE.
A.
— Ater&ok Nchbeks Yearlt.
p«iimioDiBh.b.
lMl-«0. I«n-TT.
iMi-aa UTi-n.
BngUDd .
1.167 1,614
66 67
RootbDd .
140
40
Inluid .
90
17
UniMd EiDidom
1.844
66
FnuiM .
.1,821 S,440
100 166
0««pwj .
3,820 S,878
120 143
RnmT^ .
1,960
3S
Auitrik .
1,306 3,203
4S 96
644
303
IMj. .
738 99S
31 ar
Bd^wn .
139 388
46 71
D^mirk .
434 490
274 280
Sw.d«n ud NorwT
881 486
76 81
AnttnlU .
233
106
Among the circunutances keeping pace more or less with
tho increase of anicide {some or all of which may be part
causes) are notable, the inciease of milwaya and commerce,
the greater consumption of spirits and fiesh meat, the spread
of secular education and infidelity, the rapid growUi of urban
and decline of rural life, the higher ratio of insanity, the
increase of wealth, the new system of divorce, and the
keener struggle for existence in Europe, owing to the giwter
density of population.
430
SUICIDE.
B.— Suicide in Cmsa
Average, 1871-80, per Annum per Million InhabiianU.
Naples . .
. 34
Turin . .
. 150
Brussels . .
271
Borne . .
. 74
Berlin . .
. 170
Vienna . . .
287
London . .
. 87
Florence .
. 180
Copenhagen .
302
Genoa . .
. 135
Petersburg
. 206
Stockholm
354
New York
. 144
Dresden .
. 240
Pitfii . . .
422
Tho ratio is declining steadily in London, and also in
some other cities.
C — Decline in London.
Tears.
lWl-50. .
1851-^. .
Annual Per Million
ATerage. Inhab.
. 231 107
. 257 100
D. — INCREA81
France.
Tears.
1861-70 . .
1871-80 . .
s IN France.
Annual
Average.
. 268
. 306
Paris.
Per MiUioQ
Inbabi
88
86
Tears.
1830
1850
1860
1870
1880
Per If illion
Inhab.
51
103
112
133
178
Tears.
1820-30 .
18;U-40 .
1841-50 .
1851-70 .
1871-80 .
PerMUli^
luhabw
488
649
673
412
422
In 5 years ending 1880, no fewer than 238 children,
under 15 years, committed suicide in Franco,
R — Suicide according to Sex.
Percentage.
PereenUge.
Male.
Female.
Mala
Female.
England .
. 73
27
Austria
81
19
Scotland .
. 75
23
Italy .
80
20
Irelaud .
. 77
23
Switzerland
88
12
United Kingdom
. 74
26
Spain .
71
29
France .
. 70
21
Belnum
Holland
81
19
Germany.
. 82
18
84
16
Denmark
. 77
23
Sweden
76
24
Russia .
. 70
21
United States .
72
28
F. — According
\ TO Religion.
Per MUh
on Pmoixi.
Pn
>tc8tant. Caiholia
General Ratioi
United Kingdom
63 17
56
Prussia
• •
170 52
131
Bavaria
• •
195 69
102
Austro-Hungary
140 90
96
Switzerlanc
I
262
81
202
Legoyt says the Jews have even a lower ratio of suicide
than Catholics.
G. — AccoRDisa TO Conditiok.
HutM. nmnUTfKL Tttti.
FtHIM.
M
64
100
Oennuir
43
87
100
SS"
4S
44
S6
!S
Swittnluiil
43
67
too
H.— ACOOBDIHQ TO SBASOHB.
™^-
Winter.
Twr.
United Kingdo
3T2 2M
228
1,200
FnnM .
33S
367 262
MS
1200
tei ;
336
368 262
234
^aoo
3«
370 Ml
22»
i^aoo
Atutrit .
S36
m 263
320
1^300
StwiD
313
4X 236
l^MO
BclEium .
331
356 278
LlOO
D*Dmuk .
841
374 m
1,200
333
380 263
220
ilaoo
Guerry classifi
ea the ratio for days of the week
in Em
u followa : —
8.nd.r . .
96,Thandi7 .
UoDday .
loa ' Fridir
TuMd«7 .
110 ; siturdJir
W.d»e*l.y. .
104 1 A»eni«e
L— \
loDEa OF
Sdicidb: Pbhcbntaob.
Eaulud.
par CaaC [w Ceiit. fr C<
K — Caches of SfictDiL
Drink .
Caspar eatiniatea 35 per cent, caused by drink in Germany,
[jKinik 12 pi-T cent, ill Kngland,
432
SULPHURS WIMMING.
Lk — SUIOIDB IN ABMIBa.
Per 100,000 men, per annum.
Army.
CiTilians
(Age.»-W).
Bxess
Britiih
38
11
245
French
61
20
154
Qerman
64
25
156
Belgian
45
10
350
Austrian
85
15
467
Italian
30
8
275
Swedisli .
45
12
275
In
tt
»t
ft
«t
f«
»t
M. — Suicide in British Armt.
Per 100,000 mm, per anmim.
Infantry
Artillory .
Cayalry
31
50
In England .
In Colonies .
In India
94
. . 47
Age. U. Kinnrdom.
20-25. 20
25-30 . 39
Colonias. India.
21 13
33 39
Age. U. Kinfrdom.
30-35. 51
35-40. 71
Colonica India.
45 84
81 103
SULPHUR.
Year.
1820 .
1830.
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
Export fl
Sicily,
Tons.
. 18,500
. 38,100
. 77,800
a5,ooo
. 140,000
. 173,000
. 287,000
-om Import into
Great Britain,
Tons.
4,600
► 12,100
34,400
33,500
50,200
53,300
46,400
Value
Ton.
£10
8
5
8
9
6
5
The Sicilian sulphur deposits employ 18,000 miners. S^
Gunpowder,
SUNSTROKE.— Deaths in England from this cause
average 213 per million, or 1 in 4700 deaths.
Tear.
186,3-70
1871-78
Annual Average.
Males. Females.
. 57 9
88
23
TotaL
66
111
Per MUlloa
Deaths.
137
213
SWAMPS.— Franco has 800,000 acres of swamp, which
cause much fever in the vicinity.
SWIMMING. — Captain Webb swam from Calais to Dover
in 1877, but was afterwards beaten by William Beck with in
TAILORS'-T ALLOW.
433
a swimming match for 90 miles in 60 hours. Lord Bjron
swam across the Dardanelles.
Swimmer.
MiMB«okwiih
Bliss Parker .
MissDioks .
Miss Sftigeman
Fr. CavU .
f»
Distance.
London to Greenwich
London to Blackwall
Shoreham to Brighton
»♦
«t
Patnej to Blackwall
Calais to Dover •
Miles.
• • •
7
6
•»
16
23
Time.
95min.
4hn.
13 ,.
Miss Beck with was only 14 years of age when she swam
from London to Greenwich (1875),
TAILOB&
A. — NuHBKR IN United Ejnodom (1871).
Female. TotaL
38,000 149,800
1,100 19,400
1,600 20,300
England
Scotland
Ireland
Male.
111,800
18,300
18,800
U. Kingdom . 148,900
40,600
189,500
Per 10,000
Inhah.
67
59
38
60
Great Britain
France .
B.— Tailors' Wages (1880).
ShilUnggper Week,
, 25 ; Oermanj . . 15 I Italy .
. 21 I Belgium . . 17 | New York
18
58
Tanic .
TrouMre
C. — Armt-Clothino in England.
Ordinarp Waget, in Pence,
, 38 I Frock . 22 I ToweU, dos. .
. 14 i Cap . . 2i I Belt .
A good workwoman earna about 4 shillings a-day.
TALLOW.
A. — Consumption in United Kingdom.
4
1
Tona.
Price,
Tou.
Value Connimed.
Britiah.
Imported.
Total.
Thousands
omitted.
Perlnhab.
. pence.
1830
33,200
56,600
89,800
£46
Jt-4,140
40
1840
35,000
56,300
91,;i00
43
3,910
35
1850
37,300
62,200
99,500
39
3,880
34
1860
43,500
71,800
115,300
56
6,440
53
1870
47.100
77.200
124,300
43
5,330
40
1881
49,400
59,100
108,500
35
3,800
27
a* E
434
TALLOW'-TARIFP.
B. — Exports of Tallow, Tohb.
From
Ruasia.
U. SUta^
BiTtr Plate.
▲oalnJia
1890
66,400
2,200
8,600
• ••
1860
40.300
14,100
45,300
6,900
1870
21,100
35,200
62,400
25,300
1880
10,400
44,300
23,300
32,100
C. — Production and Consumption of Tallow in 1882.
Tons.
"
Prodoo-
Oonaamp-
tion.
SurplusL
Pd&dt.
Oonaanm>
Uonlbaw
wM^^mMm
wA^#aA*
perlaJbaU
United Kingdom
49,400
108,600
• ••
59,100
6i
Fcanoe
40,200
93,400
• ••
53,200
H
Oemianj .
56.400
107.300
• • •
50,900
5
Russia
116,000
105,500
10,500
• • •
H
Austria
42,000
42,000
• • •
• ••
3
Italy .
11,200
11,200
• • •
«•#
1
Spain and Portugal
i 11,500
11,500
• • •
• • •
U
Holland
7,000
51,400
• • •
44,400
28
Belgium
6.000
15,200
• • •
9,200
6
Scandinavia
16,000
18.000
• • •
2,000
4|
Europe
355,700
564,000
• • •
208,300
H
United SUtes .
330,000
106,000
224,000
• • •
H
Other Countries
60,000
75,700
• • •
15,700
•••
745,700 745,700
In Russia, Holland, and United States, lard is included.
TARIFF.
A, — Import Duties, General Average.
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Russia .
Austria
Italjr .
Spain .
Portugal
Holland
Ratio to
Tmporta.
per Cent.
18
5
11
24
26
1
Sbillingn.
per luhao.
12
8
4
3
2
4
(;
10
2
Belgium
Denmark . .
Sweden k Nor.
Europe . . .
United States .
Canada . . .
Australia . .
Brazil . . .
RaUoto
Importa.
per CenU
9
12
7k
28
15
13
44
Argentine Kepub. 37
ShilUngS
per inhabk
4
10
8
,J*
13
42
15
31
TARIFF.
E. — DuTtBB ON English Cotton Goods.
Cbina, OalUM
Indii, QoMDilud
C!*p«, FmJm', '.
Tumuia, 8. Autnlik
tJnunkj, W. lodiei
HBwloiuid'--'
Beldam, OrMM ,
HoUud, Nav ZuliBd
Aaitrik
ViotoiU, Chiii '.
BmU .
ArgcDtiDa Hapnblii
C. — Bamaa Tabipfs bikcb 1580.
Satia of Dvlia to 7oCaI Import*,
FirC«it| Tui
ParCantl Tmt.
D. — Principal Items of BRtnsa Takifp.
DiaUs EKprttted {■ Shiilitigt.
Blanks in the above table signify duty-free. Grain wu
Bubject to importniueB on a eliding scale, according to market
prices in Great Britain, down to 1846.
4.t6 TA XES.
TAXES.
A. — National ahd Local Rktkhues (1881-82).
ThD
uaodiOmllUi
FarlDhft-
lUUoot
NiUonid.
Lo»l.
TqUI.
ahuiiD^
£85.683
10
144.61B
77
96a
Oarmiuij
90,320
13,270
103,590
46
850
12
Sl»^' '.
M,200
20.100
62
292
31,600
40,700
21
8,200
39
4B
HotI«.d
8,*)0
2.100
10.500
62
104
JO
Belgiuro
11,400
2260
13,650
11
8wed..nd Nor.
7,020
3.460
10,480
3a
104
£652.627
13
UnileJ SUtei
75,600
84.200
159,800
61
1.420
TotM
l:V,2«,12r
i:2':4.Hl
£8,'>2.2<;8
46
6,744
121
(For British Colonies, Brazil, &c., see Financt.)
The national taxes for Germany include the buclgets of
Prussia, Bavaria, &c
B. — IXCREASE OF TaXATIO!! IN GrBAT BRITAIN AND FraM-E.
1830 . .
1840 . .
1850 . .
1860 . .
1870 . .
1882 . .
Fr.nc.-
.Vstloul.
L«,l. 1 T.,U1.
Mtlonil. 1 Looil
Totjil
£55.600
69.360
60,800
71,100
76,400
85,700
£10,820 £66,320
10,240 69.600
11,050 66.850
14,960 86,060
21,300 99.700
38,100 123,800
£39,600
40,400
65,200
66,300
72,900
112,300
£7.100
8,800
11,700
18,100
21.300
32,400
£46,700
6.1.200
66.900 ,
86.600
94,20OH
144,700 !
Shillingt prr InfiahilanL
r
iS
4M
22
2ii
27
- i
.•a
40
60
17 1
Til* flgixm m Uia« ol ISOV. tba jxv befon
I
I
C. — Taxatioh oomfared with Eabmikgs.
,-,.
HUU«u£.
TuiUoa
B«i.l>g..
nnltad
Fiuca.
kSSKI
p™.
»°^
»»n^
IMO. .
70
100
121
6S
M
US
540
9S0
1,247
480
SOS
9efi
130
104
10«
ll'B
D. — Taxes and Revbnuks op United Kikodom.
Tltaiitandt OmiUfd.
<
Ciutiitiw
Eiciu.
Stun pi
Tu« .
Poat-Offlce
SaDdriei
£12,062
30,140
7)080
8.870
1,140
ins
7,016
£M.461
20,361
8,044
12.828
3,310
£21.629
21,763
9.248
14,544
4.770
3.680
£19,326
25,300
11.300
U.900
5,669
Nutiiuitl
Lue.1 .
9;450
£59,365
10,240
£71.090
mIbso
£76,434
241300
£8U2ee
38,100
Total . £71,064 £09,609 £86.040 £99,734 £119,385
R — Incidebcb op Taxahon (1880).
RtTQDuA, TbouUDdi Omitted. Auflued iDpldBDM
■ ■nperlnL Loal. TouL lUlllDnaX Tuitlaik.
Englimd . . £61..1I6 £31.060 £92.376 486 188
Scotluid. . 9.990 3.663 13.663 66 S4'4
InWd . 8.676 3.368 11.943 36 33-2
V. Eingdom £79,881 £38,091 £117,972 678 20'3
The real incidence of all taxation b better shown by com-
parison with the people's earuings, viz. : —
Engliind
Bcotluid
InUnd .
i,04r'
Uoittt] Kingdom . 118 1.247 9-6
The above does not include " sundiiea," which belong to
Imperial reveaue.
438
TAXES.
F. — IifPERiAL Taxation AcooRDnro to
United Kingdom (Thouiands Omitted).
Class.
Rich.
Middle.
Working.
£16,244
TOUO.
ExqIm .
. £1,620
£9,310
£27,174
Customs
. 1,201
6,808
11,287
19,896
Stamps .
6,490
5,136
730
12,356
Taxes .
. 7,010
5,025
720
12.755
Post-office .
860
6,380
1,060
8,300
Total.
Batio
. £17,181 £32,659 £30,041 £79,881
21-5
40-9
37-6
1000
Jnddcnee on the Rich.
Ratio
England .
Scotland .
Ireland .
U. Kingdom
NumDer* Thousands. MllUon i. Per Head.
966,000 £14,190 286 £14 14 0
121.000 1,816 30 15 0 2
72,000 1,175 14 16 6 6
On Income.
4-96
6t)5
840
England
Scotland
Ireland .
U. Kingdom
1,159,000 £17.181 330 £14 16 2 516
Incidence on Middle-eloM.
xr,..nVw>«. Taxea, Income,
Numbers Thousands. Million £.
7,654,000 £25,324 381
Ratio Taxes.
967,000 3,930
860,000 3,405
49
34
464
England
Scotlaud
Ireland .
9,481,000 £32,659
Incidence on Working-class.
Vi.»«Vw>M Taxes, Income,
xsumDera. Thousands. MUIion£.
17,490.000 £21,802 374
2,646,000 4,244 46
4,228,000 3.995 36
Per Head.
£3 6 2
4 14
3 19 2
£3 8 10
On Income.
6-70
8-02
10 02
7-03
Ratio Taxea.
Per Head.
£1 4 10
1 12 1
0 18 9
On Inoonae.
581
9*23
1110
U. Kingdom 24,364,000 £30,041 456 £14 7 6*63
The numbers of each class are determined according to
the results of Legacy-returns for 1877 in the three kingdoms.
The lightness of taxation on the working-class in England is
very remarkable.
G.— ]
Amount,
Year.
Thousands
Omitted.
1688 .
. £780
1701
. 1,083
1730
. 1,380
1770
. 1,690
1780
2,070
1790
. 2,420
1803
5,348
LE8 OP
England and Walks.
ShiUinga
Amount,
per
Year.
Thousands
luhrtb.
Omitted.
3
1813 .
£8,647
4
1830 .
9,540
5
1840 .
8,020
.5
1850 .
8.910
5
1862 .
12,210
6
1868 .
16,100
11
1880 .
31,060
Shillings
per
Inhah.
16
14
10
10
12
15
24
TAXES. .
439
H. — Ekoland and Walib sihck 1817.
lioulmd* OmiUeiL
Rata, As. ISIT-M IHO-ei. IMS. ISTR. 1K1.
Htibnj . . £1,230 £1.410 £l,»aO £1.707 £1,821
Poor . . . 6,000 S.3S0 7,418 7.943 7,070
SonitUT, fte. 1,230 3^000 7,320 21,1S9 32.M3
ToUl. . . £8,S00 £9,760 £16,«I8 £30,899 £32.434
L — PooR-RATffl iM England and Walks.
Bantal Poor-nU Fuar-nia
Vi^wtlaD. par & par Inb*b,
£14,aiO,000 16d. 41d.
94,M0i00O
30.300.000
PartuL
1702-14
1760-78
1783-83
.1M3 .
IBIS .
1816-20
1830-3S
1842-M
1861-60
1861-70
1871-80
1880
euo!Sob
1.020.000
2,060,000
4,060,000
6,100,000
7,310,000
6.742,000
K.290,000
10,000
36,100,000
63,800.000
68,200.000
76,900,000
90,400,000
IO9.60O.00O
134,300.000
167.300.000
191,lS0l0OO
27d.
27d.
I2d.
116d.
74d.
6,740.000
7,710,000
e,oin,ooo
The sboTQ shows only the rates expended o
the Foot'»te often rose 00 per cent, higher, aa it included
police and other items. The valuation includes many items
of real estate not liable to Poor-iato, and is therefoi« much
higher than the nominal Poor-law assedsment, since it is made
up thus in millions £ :' Houses, 964 ; lands, 61j ; railways,
24J; mines, 10^; gasworks, &c, 8\.
K. — Pook-Rates in Scotland.
Per
Prwr-Rat
Pnupar.
RanUl.
porit.
. £134,000
£io,iao,ooo
lOid.
. 699,000
£6 "i 0
12,030.000
nil
. 767,000
6 2 0
16.320,000
111
. 806,000
8 10
21.240.000
9d.
. 849,000
SCO
22,330.000
H.
The above is the poor-law valuation.
L. — Local Tasks in Scotland (1881).
Toll!
KipandlEnra.
£Z882,000 Bargh board! . . i:3, 406,000
1,349.000 Pirochul boudi . 1.022,000
. 1,444.000 School, &■>. . . 2,247,000
Total . . £5,676.000 ToUl . . £6,670.000
Rates avenge 21 shillings, against 26 shillings in England,
Er inhabitant, and 31 pence in the £ against 01 pene* >n
igland. Local debt in 1882 (see Appendix)
millions, or XS per inhabitant
440
TAXES— TEA.
M. — Block's Ratio of Taxes.
Percentage.
Pereentag«L
DiTectw
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Great Britain . 15
sa
Spain ....
44
56
FraDca . .
. . 25
75
Switserland .
:i4
66
Gennany
. 34
66
Holland . .
33
67
Bmtia
. 20
80
Belgium .
31
69
Amtria
. 46
64
Portugal .
30
70
Hungary .
. 78
22
Denmark
28
72
Italy . .
. 61
49
Sweden .
24
76
Greece
. 48
62
Norway .
• ••
100
N.— Russian Poli^Tax (1882).
ThousandM Omitted.
Peneeper
HeML
Clan.
Number. Tax.
Serfs
21,602 £5,203
ff7
Proprietor
■ .
693 140
48
OotMcks
663 170
72
Baschkirs
484 100
60
Besaarabia
nt .
300 80
65
Total
23,542
£5,693
58
Year.
1806
1&J7
1864
1882
TEA.
O. — Local Taxes in France.
Thoivands Omitted.
Paris.
£736
2,760
5,370
9,805
30 Cities.
£401
1,490
2,461
4,230
Communes.
£801
4,034
12,300
18,403
ToUl.
£2,028
8,290
20,131
32,440
China .
Japan .
India .
Java .
Paraguay
A. — Production.
Millirin Lbs.
290
35
52
7
10
Total
394
Vslna.
£11,600,000
1,600,000
2,800,000
300,000
100,000
£16,300,000
n.—
Great Britain
United States
Australia .
Ku.>8ia
Various .
Consumption.
UUUon Lbs.
167
72
14
37
114
Os. per
Iiii.aU
73
21
81
7
Total
See Food^ Table B.
394
TELEGRAPH. 44
C — COKBUHPTIOH IN UhITSD KiNODOM.
Uk., n_ Duty Pri»»
Thou™d. ?^ir p.rLV, per Lb.,
!S :
370
1740
1.003
1750 .
a.B68
1780
4,072
1770
7!h9
1780
S,1S2
1790
14.693
1800
20,359
1810
1».(»3
1820
32.492
1830
30.047
1840
32 253
lew
49,872
1860
78.340
1870
118.200
1881
167.700
In 1878India supplied us with 17 per c«ni, and in 1682 vith
23 per cent., of the total consumed in the United Kingdom.
A.— Miles
AND MBSSiOBS (1880-81).
MaHvM.
HllM Tl
jSiSSd
HUml T
BitfS
V. Kh«d™ . 26.500
11,400 '
Hnico. .
9,100
700
?r.nc«. . . 43,900
19,900
Biuil . .
4.600
300
airni>n7 . . 44,600
17,400
R.Pliit« ,
6,300
300
fioHi. . . . 69;700
7,300
Cbili . .
t^fiOO
300
Auitrin . . 34,200
8.900
P«n. . .
lieoo
100
Itidj . . . 16,400
6,600
OcntnlAmor
6,400
soo
SpuDUulPart. 12,900
HolLBndbelg. 5.800
2900
Weit Iiicliei
3,200
300
5,700
Aoitnlui .
26,900
6,100
2,800
Indik . .
22,200
1.600
Switmlwd . 4,300
2600
J.pu> . .
Tsoo
1,300
1,000
Jm» . .
3,600
400
Bulg.*S«rrt. 2,300
300
Peni* . .
3,300
600
QrKca. . . 2.500
300
CMhin.CI>ti.a
1.200
100
Turkaj. . . IS.IOO
United SUtei 121.200
1.200
34.300
ffi.: :
6,500
4,300
TOO
800
Cu>d>. . . 11,300
1.200
Sumr
dpa Colonr
lary.
2,700
100
""* T
b>j£rsi^itt*A.
Eatop* . .
284,100
108,200
An>riM. .
168,300
38.200
26.900
6,100
AiU
33,100
3,900
Alrie* . .
12^500
1.600
CMn . .
106,300
442
TELEGRAPH.
B
. — International Comparison.
Maes of telegraph.
Home y****
JJ«J5 Permlle. F
a
^ Per 100
Per 100^
•riob
•q. milee.
inbab.
pence.
Inbabw
tFnited Kingdom
. 22
74
12
1200
89
France
. 22
117
6
450
63
Germany
21
99
14
400
39
Buuia .
3
76
38
120
9
Auatria
13
90
16
250
84
Ital7 . . .
14
65
14
400
23
Spain .
5
61
15
240
16
Portugal
7
60
16
2160
16
Belgium
Holland
30
60
6
750
46
12
60
6
1280
77
Denmark
16
112
16
450
60
Sweden
3
115
16
190
22
Norway
4
250
15
160
40
Switzerland
22
160
6
620
94
Greeee
13
140
9
140
20
Europe
7
88
13
380
33
United SUtet .
4
240
256
00
Canada
1
252
106
28
Argentine Repnbl
ic . 1
280
61
15
Brazil .
1
54
66
4
Australia .
1
990
190
188
C. — Telegraphic Cables.
Date.
Between
Milea.
1860 .
Dover and Calaii
• •
25
1852 .
Holyhead and Dublin .
65
1866 .
Ireland and Newfoundland .
1.896
1869 .
France and West Indiee
2,584
1871 .
Singapore, China,
Australia ,
4,980
1874 .
Liabon and Braail
• .
6.840
There are 330 submarine cables with a length of 105,000
miles. There are 5 between Europe and North America,
capable of transmitting altogether 100,000 words daily, but
the traffic seldom reaches 50,000 words.
Atlantic cables show a total average cost of £550 per
mile, but others have not exceeded £200. Subterranean
cables have been laid in Germany, 330 miles, at £450 per
mile. Ordinary land telegraphs have cost £80 per mile.
The total outlay on land and sea telegraph lines to December
1882 was about 88 millions sterling.
Year.
1848
1868
1880
1882
D. — Remarkable MBSSAGEa
Between
Words.
Minutas.
Obaerrmtionft.
London and Liverpool
700
65
Queen's speech.
Cork and San Francitco .
10
2
• • •
London and Aberdeen .
800
6
• • •
Birmingham and London
7.300
42
Bri«ht*tapMdL
TELEPHONES— TEMPERATURE.
£.— Ikcbxui in Uitttbd Kikodom.
1S51 . . . . 7,393
1S62 . . . . E7,ST9 1,«16 2,676
1S72 . . . . 87,719 6,179 16,909
18SI . . . . 12I,U32 6,637 31,346
TELEPHONES.— In April 1S82 the United States BeU
Telephone Co. had 189,300 instniments working, with
49,000 milea of wire connecting G92 ex '
TEUSOOPES. — See OUenatoriea.
TEHPEBATTTBE
A.— Thb Ska.
B.^MODNIAINS (Ul'uboldt),
FHt.
3,724 M-07 1
6,740 23-31
9,029 30-07 i
C— Boiling-point and Ba
„ „ Pert
8«>-l>Tal ... 0
Bomo. .
161
HUu.
420
IIOKX.* .
984
OenaT*
1,221
Munich .
1.765
KMliid
1.995
Briuton .
4,286
St. Bcmii .
6,266
8t Oothim)
6.808.
Uoiiu
7.471
Bop.U
8,731
Quito.
9.641
Antimft .
Ut466
10,790
16,744
19,286
28-64
27-96
2771
26-39
24-46
23-07
23-63
2t42
S0T6
17-87
TtiermomtUr.
34-72
49-63
67-38
213-0
211-6
211-1
3J0-2
209-6
308-6
S06-O
S03-9
2021
199-2
198-1
195-6
194-2
444
TBXTILES^THEA TRES.
D. — Subterranean.
A(«af«la
_ ««j_.
t>i\mm\«mtA
..» %ai
Well in Torksbire.
xiOaeonoKo JKiii«.
Depth,
Feet.
Fahrenheit
Depth,
Feet.
Fhhr.
Depth,
Feet.
Fahr.
April.
Jane.
De&
300
600
1.200
1,650
4,600
48-8
507
61-2
1200
480
600
1,800
2,200
2,450
64-5
66-0
80-0
88-5
94-0
0
100
200
300
350
60
45
45
43
42
70
65
65
52
46
38
41
43
45
43
See Meteorology, Thermometer.
TEXTILES. See Manufactures^ Operatives.
THEATEEa
A. — Number and Ratio to Population.
Great Britain
France
Italy .
Spain .
Number.
. 152
. 3:^7
. 348
. 160
Per Million
Inhab.
4-4
8 9
12-5
9-8
Germany .191 4*2
Russia . . 44 0*6
Austria . .152 4*2
United SUtet .550 10 3
B. — Theatres of London and Paris.
London
Paris .
Gross Receipts
per Annum.
£1,320,000
845,000
Expenditure, London,
Pay to actors
„ authors
Rent
Lighting, sundries, and profits
Total .
Paris theatres employ 3200 performers.
Per
Inhabitant.
7 shillings
8
f»
£725,000
79.000
119,000
397,000
£1,320,000
C. — Number and Ratio Burnt, sincb 1800.
Ratio to
Ratio to
Number
Present
Number
PreMBt
BuruL
Number,
per Cent.
Burnt
Numbrr.
per Ont
Great BriUin
. 68
46
Germany .
. 49
26
France .
. 63
19
Russia
. 25
57
Italy .
. 45
13
Austria
. 26
17
Spain .
. 17
11
United SUtes
. 176
32
THERMOMETER— TILLA CB.
D. — LOM or LlFB FROM FlRt
46
CmrlKUh*
Singouft
Leghorn
101
1794
Chpo d'litrU
MS
1867 .
1 13
Sc. PatonboT)
7B0
JS45
l,B60
188J .
VinDIW
1,460
1S46
Qu.l«o
359
1883 .
amoluuk
380
THEBUOUETEB.
^v
^SfKX. ;
0
S2
8
10
il .
24
30
87
H
Whing oggi .
32
40
10*
Water boil* . , . . t
8ee Meteorology, Temperature.
TILLAGE.
A. — Abb4 fWDBE Crops.
a™
Grata.
Othtr
Croi-.
ToUl.
k.
Tilled.
UnHllnd.
United Kingdnm .
10.SB6
ia,M3
22.878
66
29
71
27,890
m
47
93
22,400
•iTi
87
Auitria
36,500
B7.100
:«
67
Spain and PortOEat
Belgium and HoUiiiid
10.700
29.600
142
21
79
1,700
6,800
61
■/9
Tl
Sweden ....
8.200
11,800
262
12
88
2,800
159
4
96
Bonmaula, Ac . .
3.100
13.600
190
TO
3W.R25
ui.ao.'i
483.028
151
lit
81
33,600
1C6,»»
Canada
6.100
e.ioo
385
]
99
Bras!
400
4,250
4,650
48
1
09
Armntine Republic
850
84
1
99
800
1,060
l.SfiO
80
2
98
4.400
6.200
10.600
370
1
99
Aleeria
Tolal ....
4,100
7,2C0
240
21
79
477,.176 ' a)l,C33 ' 679,008 170
6i
446
TIMBER.
B. — Crops
OP UNirKD States.
MiUions.
1850.
1860.
1870.
Grain, Imiheh .
868
1,240
1,388
Potatoes „
66
111
143
Yama „
38
42
22
Bie^ lbs. ...
215
187
74
Tobacco „ ...
200
434
263
Hopt „ . . ,
3
11
25
Hay, tons ....
14
19
27
Cotton, lbs. . . .
1,162
2,558
1,460
1880.
2;699
170
33
no
473
27
35
2,738
For other countries see Agriculture,
A. — Production and Consumption of Timber.
Millions
of cubic feet per annum.
Annual
Consumptioii.
^^
Produc-
tion. AU
Consumptit
!>n.
Value
(tbouMuds
CnUo
ft p«r
Fire-
Build-
Total
kindt.
wood.
lug, Ac
omitted).
Inhabw
United Kingdom .
140
60
395
455
£20.250
12
France .
1.080
850
430
1,280
21,400
33
Germany
1,450
760
COO
1.450
24,500
32
Buuia .
6,400
2,770
3,:^60
6,120
56,300
76
Austria
1,980
1,120
700
1,880
30.100
51
Italy
Spam and Portugal
480
230
280
510
12.300
18
200
110
210
320
9,400
16
l^lgium and Holland
70
20
90
110
4.700
12
Sweden and Norway
900
320
6,240
345
6,550
665
11,300
£190,250
102
Europe
12J00
12,790
41
United SUtes .
3,100
1,420
1,680
3,100
77,400
58
Canada . •
310
140
80
220
5,400
49
Total
16,110 7,800 8,310 16,110 £273,050 44
B. — Consumption in United Kingdom.
Tear.
Millio
BiiHnh.
ni of cubic feet.
Cubic feet
per Inbab.
Per load
Duty.
(50 cob. ft)
Imported.
TotiJ.
Price.
1790 .
106
11
117
8
7a.
70«.
1803 .
110
12
122
8
25a.
90s.
1811 .
110
14
124
7
55s.
185*.
1^20 .
115
22
137
7
65s.
160c
1830 .
115
28
143
6
55s.
150a.
1840 .
115
41
156
6
55s.
150s.
1850 .
120
85
205
8
78.
70s.
1860 .
120
145
265
9
4s.
68s.
1870 .
i:«)
252
382
12
• • •
66s.
1881 .
140
290
430
12
• • •
62s.
TIMBER.
447
C. — Prinoipal Kinds.
Pj,W,
Pin. . .
Aldn- .
DaDdV. 1 Cohadon.
. . 0-477 1-97
. . 0-493 4'U
. . 0-6S9 3-48
. . 0-«a 4-M
. . 0«)3 7-10
. . OVH 8-68
Aowia. .
Oak. . .
Knh . .
Baach . .
Daaatty
0-693
a697
0717
0-S08
0-811
0-633
Cobatton.
6-16
a-78
7-93
6-49
4-30
S-67
D.— CoMPABATin STRlNOTtt
K
. . WO Bireli 673 Aab. . .
Oii ... 1.000
^
Falm.
It
Taan.
. 2S0
. aes
. 388
. 448
. CIS
Umon . . Sn
Fl«» . . 720
C«d«r . . 800
Cbaitnut . 860
Wal-ut . 900
Lima . . 1,076
apmoa .
Oik
OUT*
Tew
Baobab .
Taan.
. 1,300
E-
Scale pob asotbtaikino tbs Ag« or Thkes.
locbaa DianMtor.
Eacalyptns, or Australian gnm-trae, flometimes grows 24
feet in 3 months ; bamboo, 2 feet in 24 hours.
G. — RbXABCABLB F[.AIfTATION&
FUnlar. Lsalltr. 5a. oltrmt. Ana, Aeraa.
Dake of Athdl , Dnnkald . 38,000,000 16,600
Kttl of Saallald iDvenieH . 60.000,000 40,000
Fnneh OonnimtTit AJgari* , 13,700,000 130,000
Among recent planters in Ireland is Lord Powerscourt,
who began in 1869 and has now 2^ million larch and fir
(some 20 inches girth and 40 feet high) in an area of 1000
acres. The plants cost £2300, and the total outlay has been
66 shillings per acre. He expects no retnm till the 26th
year, and thenceforward 8 shillings an acts : the plantation in
its 15tb fear will represent a, standing crop worth £50 an acre.
44»
TIME— TIN.
TIMR
At London, Noon.
Forenooti,
Boston •
. 715
Hayanna .
. 6-30
Quebec •
. 71f
Buenos Ay res
. 8-06
Lima
. 6-52
Quito. .
. 6-45
Caracas
. 7*32
Lisbon
. 11-24
&io Janeiro
. 9-or
Chicago
. 6-26
Madeira .
. 10-48
San Francisco
. 3-51
Demerara .
. 8*06
Madrid •
. 11-46
Sandwich Islands 1*28
Dublin
. 11-35
Mexico
. 5-24
Sierra Leone
. 11-07
Edinburgh .
. 11-47
Montreal .
. 7-06
Teneriffe .
. 10-52
Falklandlslands 8*04
New Orleans
. 6-00
Trinidad .*
. 7-55
Gibraltar .
. 11-38
New York
'. 7-06
Valpaxmiso.
. 7-13
Glasgow
Halifax .
. 11-44
Panama •
. 6-42
Washington
. 6-52
. 7-44
Philadelphia
. 7-50
Afternoon,*
Alexandria
. 2-00
Genera •
. 12-25
Pekin
. 7-46
Algiers
. 12-13
Jerusalem
. 2-21
Borne.
. 12-50
Amsterdam
. 12-20
Lyons
Madras •
. 12 20
St Petersburg
. 2-04
Berlin
. 12-54
. 6-21
Singapore .
Stocknolm .
. 6-55
Bombay
. 4-51
Malta
. 12-58
. 112
Buda-Pesth
. 116
Manilla .
. 8-03
Sydney
. 10-05
Cairo .
. 207
Mauritius
. 3*48
Tunis.
. 12-40
Calcutta .
. 5-64
Melbourne
. 9-40
Venice
.12-50
Cape Town
. 112
Moscow .
. 2-30
Vienna
. 1-06
CoDstantinople
. 1-56
Naples
. 12-57
Yokohama .
. 9-20
Dresden
. 12 54
Paris •
. 12 10
TIN.
A. — Production of Tin.
Tons.
Great Britain
Australia
Java . . .
Total .
Tin Ore.
13,700
24,000
15.000
52,700
Tin Metal.
9.200
17.500
9,000
Value of Ore.
£670,000
1,250.000
700.000
35,700 £2,620.000
Metal Ratio,
Per Cent.
66
74
60
69
B. — Production and Consumption in Great Britain.
1
Years.
Tons, Tin Metal.
Value
Per Ton.
Consumption.
British.
Net
Import.
• • •
• • •
450
• ■ •
810
6,550
Total.
Tons.
Lbe. p*r
UH)Inbab
1800-20 aver. .
I 1821-40 „ .
1841-60 .. .
18H1 ....
1871 ....
1880 ....
2,510
4,180
5,910
7,450
10,900
9,200
2,510
4,180
6,360
7,450
11,710
15,750
£76
70
107
122
1.36
91
1,260
2.900
6,360
7.240
11,710
15,750
15
26
51
65
84
99
" Dresden, for example, 12*54, signifies 54 minutes past noon.
TITHES— TOBA CCO. 449
TITHES. — In England and Walea 11,764 clergymen coI<
lect ^054,000, of which £962,000 go to laymen.
TITLES. — The fees in Great Britain for letters-patent
Daka
£3S0
1 Bui .
. £2W 1 Buon . . £160
lumiu.. .
TOBAOOO.
A.— PRODUOnOM,
United SUlM
. . . eiwioo smobo
Value of Crop.
£10,600.000
WMt Indie.
isa,000 22,000
3,300,000
BnuU .
10S.O0O 38,000
1.400,000
J*{«» .
100,000 «i000
1,600,000
jSH .
110,000 48,000
1.700^000
Iiidi> .
680.000 170.000
8,100,000
Boaia.
110,000 7B.000
2,600,000
AlUtTW
140,000 6B,000
3.300.000
Tnriiey
90,000 3S,000
2,700,000
airni*D7
(3,000 32,000
1.600,000
FnuKW
28,000 16,000
900,000
HuiiU>,JK.
64.000 20,000
1,100.000
Total
. 2.029,000 768,000
B. — CoNsuumoN PER A^fHuu
£36,700,000
^"^ "SuK'
'■»• '^i^
United EiDidom
23,000 23
Tnrk*7 . . .
22.000 70
Fnnc. . . .
32,000 29
Sviturbuid .
7,000 82
Oenou; . . .
91,000 72
Bnropa . . .
383,000 44
Buidk. . . .
M.00O 24
United 8ut«i.
86,000 69
Anilri. . . .
8fi,000 80
Indi. . . .
166,000 30
IUI7 . . . .
18,000 22
J»|>.n . . .
38.000 30
Bpain and Port..
18,000 32
Bnuil . . .
20,000 70
B.I1I. uul HoU. .
23,000 84
Coloni-, Ao. .
77,000 ...
BMi>din>Ti>
1
1,000
40
The World .
788,000 ...
C. — Exportation fhom Unitsd States.
1T90
laoo
1810
L6S0
1,100
1.920
3.610
45Q -^
TOBACCO -TRADES' UNIONS.
D. — ^Tobacco Crop op Unitkd Statbs.
Aeret
Crop, million lbs.
Per acre, lbs. .
Valae of crop .
Per acre, ibillingB
isn.
580,000
426
734
£8,760,000
292
1880.
610,000
460
754
£10,520,000
344
About 55 per cent of the crop is exported
10 T«
634,000
473
747
£8,910,000
281
E.— CJONSUMPTION IN UnITBD KiNQDOM AND FrANCS.
MiUionLbik
Oaa. per Inhabitant
Duty, Pence per Lb. 1
United
Kingdom.
Prance.
United
Kingdom.
France.
United
Kingdom.
Fnuwe.
1801 . .
17
• • •
16
• ••
20
■ • •
1811 . .
21
20
18
11
27
6
1821 . .
16
22
12
12
48
0
1831 . .
20
24
13
12
36
12
1841 . .
22
36
13
17
36
12
1851 . .
31
44
18
20
36
24
1861 . .
35
56
19
24
36
30
1872 . .
41
61
22
26
36
40
1881 . .
51
70
23
29
42
1 *^
TRADES^ UNIONa
A,— Bevans's List of Strikks (1870-79).
Trades.
Districts.
Towns-
Builders . .
. 698
Scotland. . . 473
London .
Colliers . .
. 339
York .... 338
Manchester
Textile . .
. 277
Lancashire . . 149
Leeds
Carpenters
. 187
Northaml)erlaud 138
SheflSeld .
Masons . .
. 151
South West . i;«
Glasgow .
Edinburgh
Newcastle
Various . .
. 800
Various . . . 1,119
Total .
. 2,352
Total . . 2,352
56
44
73
66
85
65
63
B. — Howell's BalanceShket (1851-81.)
Payments.
Sick operatives .... £1,004,000
Out of work do 1,979,000
On strike do 274,000
Pensions 330,000
Funerals 319,000
Accidents 120.000
Loans 67,000
Total . . . £4,093,000
TRAMWAYS-TRANSPORT.
A.-
-British.
»•
SI. . .
■xr
amtlwd.
60
Inland.
G2
U.Kl,^
l-96d.
l-34d.
S'46d.
Da.pariDila
Pnfit ou eipiUl .
fi»l
£1.440
4-30
»'40
3-16
4-91
Capital, per nula £13,700 19,300 16,900 14,300
B. — French.
(1880.) Bam. FvrlUla.
Bwtipti £1,080.000 £4,003
BipoiiM* 1,039,E0D 3,851
Profit 41,000 ISl
Cental 4,330,800 16,040
Net profit on capital less than 1 per cent
C — Ahbbioak (tTNirm) Statbs and Canada).
Lin 415 I HonM 100^000
llil« . 3,000 MillioQ p>Mens>n 1,814
Offlculi . . . 36,000 I Capital . . £31,000.000
The liotses, last 4 years, draw 18,000 cars, and cousume
uinaalljr 150,000 tons hay and 300,000 tons grain.
trajitsfokt.
A.-~Ska-borne Mebobamdisb (the World).
"■""L"5B.Sr
Omiltsd,
- 1
iMi-m
im-M.
itao.
8-9
SI
0-6
26-8
3-9
2-0
2-4
0-6
20tl
34-6
Onin.
Cotton
Wool.
HMt .
Cotl .
Iron .
Bugmr.
Clothins
Tinbw
BuuUia
121
12S
14,200
1^980
i^aeo
r,4io
346
16,170
13,807
10,078
eos
asi
3S0
23.100
3,490
£066
2,m
452
21.216
26,778
10,530
■•s?
660
30,400
4688
8.350
2,816
627
23,550
40,876
8-1
0-9
0-3
0-3
263
3-6
a-3
2-6
0-6
29-7
25-6
Tot»
H.220
80,340
117,766
lOOfl
100-0
"Suodiies" includes passengen' baggage.
4Sa TRANSPORT.
B. — Sea-borhi Uerchandisk asd Valub {tbx Woslo).
In 1880 the freight earned averaged 16 sliilliiigs per ton.
Bay 8 per cent of value.
C. — Goods Tkafpio on Rulvatb.
BiUlon T™*
lab>biU?L
TnffloofltM. 1
1«0
isio.
im.
isw.
t™.p«
pa- Tea
United Kingdom
107
52
m
g
25
6
4
2t
3
4
21S
70
137
35
47
10
7
30
4
8
103
29
49
3
14
5
98
12
12
33
124
36
Gl
2fi
7
7
lOS
20
20
44
13,400
4.700
6,600
2.490
3,900
1,900
1,*00
11.B0O
1300
1.5S0
3,700
38
80
48
106
116
M
Germmnj . . .
Au«ri» . . .
Spain &nd PortusH
BBlgium . . .
Holiund . . .
BciDdinnviu . .
SwitterUnU . .
Enrope . . .
Uniled Bin let .
Canada . . .
Aagtrolia . . .
Intlit ....
South Americic
398
4
I
fiCO
2;'o
10
4
9
27
81
25
19
35
108
45
30
3.2>M B3
i.eso 1 ...
900
1.600
T:M . .
5C8 1 »il^
3,870
« 1
I'tiu freight cliaq,'e, "pcncu per too," in irre.'pcctive of
distance, but in most countries it averaged one penny ptt
mile (see Freight), the gross result being equal to 1 10 pence
for 100 miles per ton. See Railways, Shipping.
D. — Goods Traffic in France (18"7).
Highnadi
Bulvaji
. 13,100
>In^
TRA VELLERS. 453
The above does not show the actual weight carried, but
its equivalent, countiuf; 60 miles as a jonroey. " Highroads "
are only the main roads, without counting 214,000 miles of
other roads.
TBAVELLEKS.
A. — The railways of the world cany 146 million paseengeiB
monthly : average fare, 19 pence ; average journey,
21 miles.
B. — The tramways of Great Britain, France, and Xorth
America carry 130 million passengers monthly :
average fare, 2 pence.
C. — The steamers between Europe and North America carry
70,000 passengera monthly : average fare, £5.
D. — The steamers between Great Britain and the Continent
cany 120,000 passengera monthly.
E. — The monthly average of travellera arriving in Paris
(not counting Banlieue or local traffic) is 1,200,000
persona.
F. — The French highway traffic, that Ib, of persons travelling
in coaches, is 900,000 per montli.
G. — ^The local traffic averages 21 million persons monthly in
Paris, and 2S millions in London.
H. — Paris Local Teaffic.
ToiT. HDiitbly A'unse. lUtta to PopuIitloD.
ISM ^,840,000 240 to 100
1860 G,1K»;000 36fi „ 100
1872 9,260,000 D30 „ 100
U80 20,810,000 tttS „ 100
L — Travellers in Switzerlahd (1679).
KumlHr. Bun Spnt. Fir Hud.
AnMrieani. . 210,000 Al,e80.000 £8
KunUni . 160,000 1,600,000 10
Oormua . . . 3SO.O0O 700,000 2
K— Tbavxllers in Bossia (1870)i
Total .... 388^000
See Conveyaaeet, Paatmgen, RaUwayt.
454
TR UFFLES—TUNNELS.
TBUPFLES. — Perigord produces 1500 ions per annuxD,
worth £1000 per ton; 90 per cent are consumed in France.
TUGKBOATS. — One tug on the Mississippi can take in 6
days, from St Louis to New Orleans, boats carrying 10,000
tons of grain, which would require 70 railway trains of 15
waggons each.
The tugs in Suez Canal tow a vessel from sea to sea in 44
hours, and charge £200.
TULIPS. — One root of the " Viceroy " sold at Amsterdam
for £2600, and when a law was passed against paying over
£500 for a root, a *' Semper Augustus " fetched £460, with a
carriage and pair of horses. Holland has 600 acres under
tulips, and exports the value of £110,000 per annum.
TUNNELS.
A — Existing Tunnels.
Date.
1827
1835
1843
1870
1879
1881
Tunnel.
Harecastle
Kilsby
Thames
Mont Cenifl 13,540
Baltimore 10,800
at. Gotbard 16,390
Length,
Yards.
2,926
2,070
560
Cost |>or
yard.
£154
1,100
201
• • •
152
maJcing. zcet.
TeUord 3 14 x 16
Stephenfon . 27x24
Brunei 11 38x22
Grattoni 13 10x8
Favro 8 9x8
There is a tunnel of 5200 yards on the Sheffield and
Manchester Railway, the longest in the United Kingdom.
B. — In Construction.
Tunnel.
Length,
Estimated
Per
Projfress,
Aperture,
BesruB
yards.
cosr.
yard.
feet tiaily.
feet.
y.ar.
Channel
40,000
£3,200,000
£80
60
• • •
1882
Mersey
1,740
350,000
200
30
27x20
1883
Schemnitz .
26,400
• • •
• • •
3
8^x7
1782
Hooaac
7,900
■ • •
• • •
.
24x9
IhTO
Aarlberg .
11,300
1,800.000
165
38
• • •
1865
Hudson
l,aH3
2,000,000
1,100
4
18x18
1880
Com stock .
6.160
1.000,000
ICO
15
10x14
■ ■ •
Panama
7,000
5,r<x),ooo
800
• • a
100x150
1881
Messina
14,800
2,000,000
180
• • •
• • •
1883
Hamburg
800
139,000
160
« • •
• • •
1883
The only tunnel in Australia is the Belmore, 6 x 4J feet,
progress one foot daily. The Schemnitz, in Germany, which
is in progress since the eighteenth century, is expected to bo
finished by 1890. The works of the Channel tunnel are
suspended (August 1883), owing to opposition in Parlia-
ment
TURNIPS
-TWINS.
C-
-BOBIHQ EnQIMBS.
etimkH
Ilm<L
Inttntor.
.&
JMt.
1813
. Twrttbick
1873.
1803
. BuUett .
1873.
1867
400
1873. .
1863
. S«li.
400
187B.
1868
. DaboU .
300
187S.
86a
. Frmncoii .
300
1876 . .
869
. BarLigh .
400
1876.
869
220
187T. .
1S73
: M'kS^''.
500
1S77. .
DtrlingtoD
Famrax .
Inganoll .
TJUaChoms
Bmanroal
D. — Ubihods and RsBtn/n.
Thunn .
UoDt CdDil
ScheniDlti
Brunei
Sommeillc
H'Sean .
Saehi
Bnileigh
Daboii
Du-liagtoi
*nanm Tun*
>. ilq. In. BiaTmtad.
4B.O0O
90 340,000
90
60 46,000
70
Hndun .
Boueluuiip*
BdmoM
SLOotbanl
The Channel and Mersey tunnels employ Beaumont's
compressed-aii boier. The cost of excavation was ^13 per
ton of day in the Thames Tunnel, £11 per ton of rock in
Mont Cenis, and .£9 per ton in St. GothanL Seo Diamond-
drilL
TUBKIF8. — The United Kingdom had in 1881 an area
of 2,341,000 acres under turnips, yielding a crop of i7
million tons, equal for cattle-food to 16 million tons hay.
TUSEEYH. — There are 2,400,000 in United Kingdom.
Bntfud . .
. U-3
B>Tuia . .
SootUixl . .
. 17
RauM . .
iTdud . .
. 7<
Anitiu . .
FnQM . .
. 01
lUlr . . .
PnuU . .
2-6
BwitMrlii..d
. 141
. lai
IS™: :
. 13-4
Dtnnurk. .
. 11-5
Bwcden . .
. la-o
Norwaj . .
iMUnJ . .
8-4
Twins give 108 males to 100 females.
456
TYPES^UNI VERSITIES.
TYPES. — The Times uses 2^ million, the other morning
papers not quite a million each in their daily impression.
See Letters,
TYPHUS. — Deaths from typhus in Vienna averaged 734
per annum in the years 1865-71, but since the sanituy
improvements of 1872 the average has been only 291 per
annum : the general death-rate has declined 2 per cent rela-
tively. See Diseases and Appendix,
u
UMBRELLAS. — The progress of this manufacture in
France has been as follows : —
Tear.
1830
1847
1882
Makers.
160
903
890
Valua.
£280,000
405,000
1,180,000
At an average of 4 francs it would be 7 J million umbreUas
for 1882, or nearly one for each inhabited house in France.
UNIVERSITIES.
A. — General Summary.
Students
Universities.
Professors.
Students.
per Million
luhabitMUta.
United Kingdom
11
344
13,400
390
France . . .
1
180
9,300
250
Germany . .
21
1,920
25,084
545
Russia . . .
8
582
6,900
82
Austria . . .
10
1,810
13,600
360
Italy . . . .
17
600
11,140
405
Spain . . . ,
10
380
16.200
990
Portngal . . .
1
40
1,300
405
Belgium . . ,
4
80
2.400
440
Holland . . ,
4
80
1,600
400
Denmark . .
1
40
1,400
700
Sweden. . . ,
2
173
2,010
310
Norway . . ,
1
46
830
460
Switzerland . .
3
90
2,000
700
Greece . . . ,
2
96
40
800
560
Europe . . .
7.025
106,964
320
United States .
360
4.240
69,400
1,280
ToUl.
• • •
456
11,265
176,364
480
UNIVERSITIES.
B. — UsivBBMTnts OF THx IJkitkd KmaDou (1876).
Oxford .
OuobrUgs
I>>iblin .
EdiDbufU .
GUi^ow .
St. Andnw'
ADniul BapiBdltuta.
£411,000
340,000
160,000
S00,000
90,000
30.000
17,000
Besides the above, theie am the univeisities of London,
Durham, Manchester, and the new Koyal Unirereity of
Ireland.
C. — Incomsb or Oxford and CAHBRmoK.
Vo.
"—
-"«
Oitord.
24
40
480
brtd^
Oilord.
Wdgl
Oxford.
Qun-
hrid«,.
Plllldp.ll .
Profanon .
Sehoten. .
Libnri«i,&o.
IT
36
430
7W
£33,000
24,000
102.000
44,000
211.000
£20,000
33.000
172.000
280
92
E1.200
330
240
42
T..U1. .
904
1,273
£414.000
£340.000
1220
£135
The endowments are £260,000 per annum in Oxford, and
^£235,000 in Camhridge, the rest being made up of varions
levenaes.
D. — CaHBBIDOI KA. GKADnATIB.
T«r. Ko. I Ttu-. No. i Tw. Vo.
IMO . 7 1620 . .271 1830 . . 324
U30 . 40 162S . . 316 1836 . .314
ISQO .60 1618 .174 1840 . 330
E. — Imdum CoMrBTirrrx ExAUBATioNa (Winnkbb).
PvCml
Oxford itndaDta . . , . ,28
Ounbridfa itadwiti ..... 24
Dnblin Xadanti ..... 17
Scotch UiuTenltiia ..... 14
Lcadou, Cork, l». . , , . .17
458
UNIVERSITIES— VEGETARIANS.
F. — Labobst Univsbsitibb.
Founded
A.D.
Univenity.
ProfeMon.
Stttdanta.
1206
. P&ris
180
9,300
1365
Vienna .
. 160
3,976
1810
Berlin
. 142
4,100
1409
Leipsio .
. 120
3,110
1224
Kaplet
Buda-Pesth ,
. 110
2,960
1635
141
2,375
1582
Edinburgh
43
2,320
1472
Munich .
82
2,017
1257
Cambridge
36
1,920
1280
Oxford .
40
1,860
1765
MOMOW .
117
1,620
1476
Upeal .
104
1,480
1479
Copenhagen
60
1,400
1303
Borne
60
1,300
1240
Salamanea
40
1,300
1638
Hanrard .
■ • • •
• ••
The University of Paris has 2500 law students, 2800
medical, 1500 science, and 2500 belles-lettres.
G. — German Univbrsites.
Berlin
Leipsie
Munich
Breslau .
Halle
Tubingen .
Bonn
4,300
3,100
2,300
1,600
1,400
1,400
1,200
MairictdaUd in
1883.
Oottingen
1,100
Greiswold ,
. 710
Wurzburg
1,100
Erlangen
. 690
Heidelberg
1,020
Jena .
. 620
Konigsberg
910
Kiel .
. 410
Marburg.
820
Greiisen
. 400
Strasburg
800
Munster
. ;i20
Freybnrg
780
Kostook
. 2'JO
111 the German universities the students are 89 per cent
Germans and 1 1 per cent, of other nations, Americans being
1 per cent.
H. — Russian Univebsities.
Profs.
Students.
Profa.
StudentSL
St. Petersburg
. 45
1,200
KieT .
. 92
780
Moscow .
. 117
1,600
Kazan
. 67
620
Warsaw .
. 76
1,020
Kharkov
. 62
540
Dorpat .
. 66
710
Odessa
. 54
390
VEQETABIANS.— Death-rate in India is 205 among the
vegetarian population, per 1000 persons per annum, and only
1 '89 among non-vegetarians, a difference of 8 per cent
VIADUCTS—VITAL STATISTICS.
LtnttO, No. of Bpan, eiight, Wfillh, .J?f?~.
i-t A.ch«. i^ i-wL r^t. f^f"
Tb^tot
Btotkport.
1.792
LUogoUen
1.286
Kinni.(N.T.) 2,050
The KinzoB, built b; Mi. Barnes, aeeina to have coat about
30 pence per cubic yard, employing 2000 tons iron and 7000
tons masonry, supported by 20 iron piera, and costing alto-
gether £62,000. The Cantal, under the direction of M.
Eiffel, approaches completion : estimate, £120,000.
VnnBTA&Da See Winea.
VITAL STATISTICa
A. — Decadb KHDmo 1880.
P»r 1000 labtMUala p«r Annum. Midlam PopL,
Engluid .
Smtlind .
InUad .
U. Eincdon
OcmuuiT.
BuDgUT .
lUlf
DaDEDU-k
Omttted.
24,110
3,613
6,343
32,»6S
42,727
B. — UnITID KlKODOlf.
1841-M
lSSl-60
1861-70
1871-M
lSW-60
IWI-TO
isri-80
BItthi. Baatbi.
18.940
21.8SO
34,110
3,030
3,202
3,613
46o
VOL UNTEERS^ WA GES.
C. — French Rates since 1800.
Yean.
BirthA.
Deaths.
Increaae.
Uarrfaffea
1800-10 .
. 31-9
27-7
4*2
7-6
1811-20
. 317
26-0
67
7-9
1821-30 .
. 30-9
25-0
6-9
7-8
1831-40 .
. 29-0
24-8
4-2
8-0
1841-50
. 27-4
23-3
41
8-0
1851-60 .
. 26-3
23-9
2*4
7-9
1861-70
. 26-6
23-0
3-6
8-0
1871-80 .
. 25-6
24-3
1-3
7-9
D. — ^United States Natural
Increase.
Yaara.
Percent
Years.
Per Ceni.
1790-1800 .
. 34-1
1841-50
• • •
28-2
1801-10
34*4
1851-60
• • •
24-2
1811-20
. 32-5
1861-70
• • •
15-4
1821-30
. 31*8
1871-80
• • •
22-8
1831-40
. 281
The above shows tlie net increase after deducting for
immigration : see page 361.
See Birtlis, Deaths^ MaiTtages.
VOLUNTEERS IN QREAT BRITAIN.— The foUowing
table shows the roll and number of efficients : —
Roll
Efficient.
EfTectiTea in 1882.
1860
. 160,300
106,400
CaTalry . . 600
1865
. 226,700
133,800
Engineers, &c. . 8.800
1870
. 245,000
170,700
Artillery . . 37.800
1875
. 238,300
168,700
Infantry . . 159,500
1880 .
. 243,500
196,900
Total
206,700
WAGES.
W
A. — Diocletian's Tariff (a.d. 303). '
Englith Pence Daily, without Food.
Shepherd .
. 10
Labourer .
. 10
Painter
• 30
Ass driver .
. 10
Mason
. 20
Smith.
. 20
Baker .
. 20
Carpenter
. 20
Stonecutter
. 25
The pay to a brickmaker was 12 pence per 100, to a
sheep-shearer 80 pence per 100, to a common schoolmaster
30 pence per month, to one who taught Greek or geometry
100 pence per month for each pupil, and a lawyer's fee was
600 pence. The tariff was for the empire.
B
— Waqeb in Eholand, pkb Ahhdm, NomsAL.
WOOJM.
«,"?•.
uoo
£10 0 £0 16
0 £013 0
£0 8 0
MO
ICO 10
0 016 0
0 12 0
0 8 0
«W
112 0 16
0 10 0
0 14 0
0 10 0
HO
116 0 1 10
0 16 0
0 16 0
0 13 0
600
2 6 0 I 16
0 113 0
10 0
018 0
ew
SOD 40
0 2 10 0
112 0
14 0
700
6 0 0 SO
0 4 0 0
3 0 0
2 10 0
7»
8 0 0 6 10
0 S 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
800
ao 0 0 16 0
0 12 0 0
8 0 0
6 0 0
860
40 0 0 £6 0
0 30 0 0
10 0 0
BOO
1880
63 0 0 36 0
0 30 0 0
16 0 0
10 0 0
C
— Saub Table in Weight op Silvxb.
BilUff. BheplMn].
■3 6 6 £117 0
Boy.
lOO'
f
£18 0
£0 18 6
eoit 0
BOO
3 9 0 3 0 0
1 11 0
12 0
0 IS 6
600
3 11 0 3 0 0
116 0
13 0
10 0
700
6 6 0 B S 0
4 4 0
3 3 0
2 12 0
800
'. i
10 0 16 16 0
12 12 0
S 8 0
6 6 0
1880
. B
3 0 0 36 0 0
30 0 0
15 0 0
10 0 0
D
—Same Table in
PtJRCHASINO VaLDK
I-b«ir«r.
Woman.
Boj.
i«o'
£
7 7 0 £8 18 0
£4 S 0
£3 0 0
£3 4 0
IBOO
» 12 0 7 16 0
6 0 0
4 4 0
3 0 0
1600
7 10 0 6 0 0
6 6 0
S 6 0
3 0 0
1700
1
3 0 0 10 0 0
BOO
6 0 0
5 0 0
1750
1
8 0 0 12 0 0
9 10 0
7 10 0
6 14 0
ISOO
2
8 0 0 22 8 0
16 16 0
11 4 0
8 8 0
1880
S
3 0 0 30 0 0
30 0 0
16 0 0
10 0 0
E.— Artisan's Waqeb is Esqland.
ShUlinai
perWret
Ymr.
BlMkmlth. IC
«D. Cupimtor
Pluiobw. £5^^
1740
16
6 16
18
13
1780
17 17 IB
IS
12
1830
24 211 20
25
16
1840
31 23 SO
22
18
1860
. . 28 30 26
30
20
U
BO
32 35 30
3B
24
F. — EABMiKas OF British Workimo-Clabses (1862).
M"-""- sst^' ^rr™
EngliiHl
ScoCluid
6,131.000
929,000
1,483,000
U. Kincilom . 8,642,000
£61 0 2
49 10 4
24 7 0
46a
WAGES.
G.— Waqbb in France, Pbncb Dailt.
1700. 1750. 17»0. 1810.
i»a
IM.
Printer .
18 20 25 SO
25
35
Painter .
15 18 20 85
22
33
Carpenter
Tailor .
15 18 20 35
22
35
10 15 18 30
20
28
Blacksmith
15 18 20 30
25
35
Builder . •
15 18 20 35
22
35
Bootmaker
10 16 18 30
21
28
Plumber .
15 18 20 35
22
33
Baker
10 15 18 30 .
20
33
Milliner . •
6 8 9 10
13
20
Laundress •
5 6 8 10
13
18
Farm-labourer .
8 10 12 18
20
25
Woman „
4 5 6 9
10
15
Buy
2 2 3 4
5
7
H
• ^
-BiSE (
OP Agricultural Wages.
Day-Laboorer,
In-Door, per
Female da, per
Pence.
Annum.
Annum.
1835.
1880.
1835.
1880.
1835.
18S0.
England . ,
20
30
£12
£20
£6
£9
Scotland
16
28
9
18
5
8
Ireland .
8
18
5
10
2
4
France .
15
25
8
12
3
6
Germany
8
18
4
10
2
5
Russia .
6
12
3
8
2
4
Austria . .
10
20
8
12
2
4
Itely . .
4
10
2
6
1
3
Holland .
9
20
6
10
3
5
Belgium
9
20
6
10
3
5
Scandinavia
8
14
4
8
2
4
United States
• • •
• • •
20
27
15
22
I.
Artisans' Wages in
1880.
1
1
1
Shillings per week.
1
i
1
Great
Britain.
France.
Belgium.
Qerniany.
Italy.
1
New
York.
CliicAga
Printer .
32
20
19
20
16
54
62
Painter .
32
21
18
16
19
54
38
Plumber .
33
23
25
15
16
G2
66
Tailor .
25
21
17
15
18
58
50
Shoemaker
31
20
14
13
18
62
56
Carpenter
33
23
23
16
17
44
42
Mason
35
17
25
15
15
56
33
Smith .
31
23
18
15
16
50
44
Tinsmith
28
18
20
16
15
50
44
Baker .
27
23
18
15
16
• • •
i'2
Collier .
24
15
14
16
• • •
• « •
K. — Wagbs IK Ukitbd States.
limK».ofIN>Un.
PwOpmUT,,
In^BMrlios.)
MM.
IWO,
mo.
isao.
IW).
IBKL
isro.
IBM
7
8
14
14
fil
47
63
U
e
8
14
16
46
3
3
ft
b
62
HI
61
68
9
Ifl
n
BO
67
C6
67
N*« York . .
12
57
118
vm
49
66
73
74
IW
210
227
49
66
72
70
49
66
Hfl
19S
62
63
72
79
16
M
m
nn
80
37
60
134
S2
74
TO
D«U>ua . .
1
2
4
4
60
70
62
WddU . .
7
7
13
»
60
62
68
64
103
160
320
402
61
68
72
76
S
»
9
n
35
m
49
41
2
3
R
5
44
6ft
62
42
6
2
3
n
A
34
60
47
2
4
K
4
B6
7H
36
60
Vuioo.. . .
Sonth. . .
4
S
12
16
44
62
48
60
20
»
45
S3
fiO
67
45
47
65
IlliDrii . . .
3
8
HI
67
60
76
3
21
99
69
<n
60
77
Miuoari . .
0
7
HI
V4
64
7«
70
4
6
IK
n
68
60
B7
lMinii«TCt>. .
4
«
60
70
Varioiu. . .
8
38
3S
38
68
60
63
70
W«i . . .
38
M
210
270
S8
60
64
70
■nwDniuii .
235
382
786
661
61
68
69
73
L. — AuERicAN Wages and Makufactdsbs Couparbd.
Batio o/ Watie* U> Manv/aetura pTodnad.
auiM. IBM. iseo. liTo. 1*80. i^^^JJSJ;
NawEugUnJ . . 26 22 21 21 22
South .
Vnioii .
464
WAGES.
M. — ^Relation bbtwskn Wages and Food.
BhilUngs p«r weak.
BaUo. 1
WagM.
Food.
Smrplna*
WilffM.
Fbod.
Bmplni^
Giwl Britain
31
14
19
100
45
55
Fnnoe .
21
12
10
100
57
43
G«niuuij
16
10
6
100
02
38
Belgium
20
12
8
100
60
40
ItalT . .
Spun .
XTnitadStatM
15
9
6
100
60
40
16
10
6
100
62
38
48
16
82
100
33
67
Anitralia
40
11
29
100
28
79
N. — Cotton Mill Operatiyis' Wagbsi.
ShiUiHffi per wedt.
Bngkad.
Sisen .
. 36
Wearen
. 30
Picker*
. 15
Strippers
. 17
United
BUtet.
KngUnd.
Vnlled
StMea.
40
Oardboji .
14
10
35
Doffen
15
16
28
Warpen
Winders .
15
16
28
15
16
O. — Woollen Operatives.
ShiUingsper Week.
England. Fkance.
BelKlnm.
Germany.
U. States.
Sorter
24 22
10*
5*
44
Carder
24 11*
S*
8*
25
Spinner
12» !!•
—
12
26»
Dresser
24 16
12
7»
54
Weaver
30 24
18
12
35
Fireman
26 19
15
— .
35
Carpenter
33 27
15
—
52
Engineer .
40 27
18
16
75
P.—Vi
^AGEB IN Massachusetts
(1882).
Ifanufactura.
0P«"*'^«^ ^^uSS.
Earned,
per Head.
Pencet
perDaf.
Cottons .
59,700
306
£54
42
Boots
37.100
271
79
69
Woollens .
22,600
301
65
52
Metals
18,300
294
88
72
Machines .
11,600
303
102
81
Clothing .
11,500
294
73
no
Sundries .
47,100
•281
89
63
Tota
1 .
. 207,900
291
75
62
' Female*.
WAGES— WARS. 465
Q. — Wages or Wobuno-Clabbbs, UHinn Kihodoh (Lkti).
TaxUlM
Building
Clothiag
Shipi and lUilnj*
TotU ... 311 43 6B 419
The above was for the year 1862, and ia no longer appli-
cable. See TabU F.
A.-WARa Since 1793
Eipmditnn.
Data
MUUone.
HUllona
puADDum
irJ'
1TS3-18IS
EDgUndudFnnoa
. 1,260
60
1.900,000
1828 .
BDHik and Tarlte;
20
30
120,000
1830-40
Spain and Portugal (e
111) GO
6
160,000
1830-(7
Fnnea and Algeria
38
2
110,000
1848 .
Buropa (flivil) . .
10
10
6^000
1861- OS
England. Franu. Bouia . 306
146
486,000
1869 .
FiiDM and Aaitria
46
46
63,000
18e3-€A
Unitsd Btatai (ai»il|
740
350
656,000
1866 .
Pniiiia and Auitria
20
20
61.000
1866 .
Fianu and Hcxieo .
IB
1ft
66,000
1884-70
Bfaiil and Panguaf
48
8
3:».000
isro-71
Fianna and Oannanjr
3U
■316
290.000
187ft-77
ItoMiaandluikej .
. 190
190
18(^000
3,04T
36
4,470,000
P«
.nnym.
V«VA.
LoaolLifa.
1790-1820
1,2S0
1,W0,000
42
63,000
laZl-lHSO
118
40aooo
4
16.000
1891-1860
390
648,000
3S
66,000
1861-1880
. . 1,329
1,672,000
66
79.000
466
WARS.
Date.
1599 « ,
1642-48 .
1688-97 .
1702-63 .
1769 . .
1776-80 ,
1793-1816
1854-66 .
Locality.
Ireliuid . •
England and Ireland
Ireland and Holland
Germany, Spain, ke,
Canada •
United States .
France, ke.
Crimea .
B. — British Wars.
Expenditure.
IfillionajB.
4
67
33
182
62
121
831
69
1^
Perlohah.
£1
11
6
24
8
13
65
2
Commander.
CromwelL
William IIL
Bfarlborougb, ke,
Wolfe.
Comwallia.
Wellington.
Baglan.
Took field
C. — French Wars.
Date.
Reign.
i-«"*^- "i^rr*
Commandar.
1664-1713 .
Louia XrV. .
Flanders, ke. . 164
Turenne, kc
1733-63 . .
Louia XV.
.. . 82
United States . 22
Saxe.
1778-83 . .
Louis XVI. .
Laf&yetteL
1791-1815 .
Napoleon . .
Europe, &o. . . 266
Buon&parte.
1830-47 . .
Louia Philippe
Napoleon III .
Algeria ... 38
Bugeand, Ac
Pellitsier.
1854-56 . .
Crimea ... 93
1859 . . .
i» •
Italy .... 18
IdacMahon.
1866 . . .
n »
Mexico . , . 16
Baxaine.
1870-71 . .
»l »
Rhine .... 316
Lebeof.
D, :
Russian Wars.
Date.
Reign.
i-""'y- ^iSSf^'r IrJ!'
1828 . . .
. Nicholas
. . Balkans . . 15
86,000
1854-56 . .
• »» •
. . Crimea . . 142
330,000
1876-77 . .
Alexander II
. . . Turkey . . 133
110,000
1878-80 . .
11
. . Khiva, kc. . 45
21,000
52 years
335
E. — War in the Crimea (1854^56).
EngliBh. French. Turk. Russian.
98,100 309,400 165,000 888,000
Killed in battle .
Died of wounds
Died of sicknesn
Returned home .
By
English
French .
Russians
2,840
2,700
18,300
74,260
10,330
11,100
75,400
212,570
10.100
10,800
24,500
119,600
30,600
42,000
374,000
441,400
547,000
ToUL
1,460,500
53,870
66,600
492,200
847,830
Shots Fimi.
Blillions. KUIed.
15 21,000 Russians
29 61,000 „
45 48,000 Allies
ToUl
89
120,000 men
Si.otn to KUI.
700
590
910
740
ffotjritol Btport.
IHad. BwarwC
ToUl . . 638,160 107,490 430,670 10 80
F.— AmewcAH War (1863-65).
Norlhent Jrmf.
One«n. Whlla Han. Coloured. ToUL KMo.
Took fleld . M,000 S;073,000 179,000 9,330,000 100
Killed 3,930 38,790 1,S20 44,2M 1«
Died of wonndi S;070 30.S90 1.046 34.00S 1-S
„ ookDOH 1.730 121,110 86,100 149,030 6-4
Mining . . 1,600 60,910 4,614 67,124 3-9
Baturawl bolM 74,680 1,821,300 146,610 3,041,600 8T'3
G. — CAMFAiaN OF Sadowa (1866).
PmiaUna, Anitriuu. Tutal.
Took field . . 309,000 330,000 £19,000
KiUad .... 2.660 11,100 13.7S0
Wonoded . 14,820 29,310 44,130
Uiuing . 3,304 43.T90 47,004
HDr»d*H»mbat . 10.774 84,160 104,934
Ratnniad home . . £88,226 346,840 Ul,0e6
The Prussians had one officer killed or TOtinded for 21
men, the AoGtriaos one for 18 men.
H.— Fha^co-Ckrkax Wab (1870-71).
Took fidd .
B«il>f0T<»Hl . .
rrmch.
. 430,000
. sSftooo
Oermuii.
780,000
223,000
ToUL
1,200,000
613,000
ToUl
. no,oDo
1,003,000
1,713,000
18,000
UOOO
12,000
80,000
D»dofwonna» .
Dlubled
Pruonen
. 36,000
4H00O
. 116.000
. 446/»0
47;000
67,000
306,000
446,000
Hon-de-eombftt .
. 684,000
130,000
814,000
Kilttdand Wounded.
Woerth
OniT«lolt«.
Puii .
Orleuii, fc«. kr.
. 32;000
. 26,000
. 30,000
. 76,600
11,000
16,300
10^100
13,300
67.400
SSSb
43,300
48.600
43,300
133,900
ToUl
. 193,000
118,000
311.000
468
WATER^WATER SUPPLY.
The Germans fired off 30 million musket cartridges and
363,000 rounds of artillery, with which they killed or mor-
tally wounded 77,000 French, being 400 shots to kill, as
compared with 740 in the Crimean war (q. v.). See BaitlcM.
1 cubic foot s= G2^ lbs. or 6^ gallons.
Da sea-water = 64 lbs. or 6^ gallons.
1 imperial gallon = 10 Iba or 277 cubic inchesL
224 gallons « 20 cwt or 36 cubic feet
A column of water, 12 inches high, 1 inch sq. = 0'43 llx
A similar column, 1 inch diameter >- 0*34 lb.
1 cylindrical foot = 4'9 gallons or 49 lbs.
An inch rainfall = 144 million gallons per square mile.
8 cubic feet snow produces 1 cubic foot water.
Current requires minimum fall, one-lOth of inch per mile.
WATER-POWER
Niagara =10 million cubic feet per minute, say 3 million
horse-power nominal, or 9 million real.
Ticino (Italy), fall 530 feet, turbines 300 revolutions per
minute, with static pressure 230 lbs. \yQX square inch.
United States have 51,000 water-wheels, with 1^ million
horse-power aggregate.
WATEE-SUPPLY.
MilUon
Gallons
Water
Cost per
Works, Cost,
Gallons
per
per Ton,
Annum
Ihouasnds
Daily.
Inhab.
Pence.
per Inliab.
Omitted.
London . .
. 145
3S
1-60
9
£12.100
Paris . . . .
88
39
1-02
4
2,100
New York .
88
70
• • •
• ••
2.500
Chicago . .
60
120
045
7
• • •
Aneient Rome
. 330
100
• • •
• ••
• •«
Modem „
. 200
670
• • •
• ••
• « •
Glasgow . .
26
48
• • •
• • •
1.550
St. Louis . .
. 25
70
0-75
7
• ••
BfarseiUes
18
50
• • •
• ••
• ••
BufiFalo . .
17
120
0-40
7
■ ■ •
Manchester .
11
20
• ••
■ ••
1,320
Liver|K>ol . .
11
20
• ••
• ••
1,650
Boston . .
10
27
• • •
• ••
600
San Francisco
10
42
1-60
22
• ••
Newark . .
10
80
0-25
7
• > •
Edinburgh .
10
33
• • •
• ••
510
Dublin . .
7
22
• • •
• ••
610
Melbourne . ,
7
25
• • •
• ••
1.600
Hamburg . .
5
12
• ••
• ••
. 170
1
||||ij|Ris^ig^a
piiSI
1
■
pilgsssi^sss--
g23SS3 Is
1
gss--"— --""S i»
§SB:i-!g
1
2
S|gsas=;aE"'— —
ES«g-s g
ll
|3SS3»il^SS2S"S-
|S58sa 1
ll
sjgsgggssssiaassi
53 ~
1
1 1 il|lg|SSS5«ss5
IpSHS
a'
ii s|?gss8issg=ssa-
1
If 1 EiSigSS=SRSa"s 1
||B2SS 1
1
§SsS§s-=«^asas=
|ij 1 |i|||iggg§s5saa
§i§BBH §
i;:;:;:::::::,;
iiliiiiiliiii
.2
1
B.
-
WiiLTH OF
United Statis.
UlUona£.
lWlnlxUtut.A 1
1B».
UOO.
ino.
im
IM.
UMl
IMt
HkllM
38
~i»
72
90
60
110
143
New Hunpihire
SS
33
03
79
96
lao
335
Tannont . .
18
»
49
73
77
147
816
BbodabUnd .
17
S8
63
103
160
375
365
3S
93
161
148
WI
298
210
lU
168
443
495
135
303
>7S
ITa-fin^ud
ZIS
3S9
840
_ 987
122
8«0__
M7
HtwYork . .
224
384
1,3S2
1.726
99
304
338
a
98
196
IBl
147
215
170
IGD
29S
792
1,188
101
226
280
D«Uwu« .
9
ao
31
80
165
ISO
Huyluid .
M
79
134
158
115
168
J6«
S8fi
Uiddlo SUtei
466
865
3,SI4
3,384
_10B_
258
VJrginiii. . .
89
166
120
130
106
75
61
North CmoUd.
75
M
77
7S
M
55
South Cirolin.
60
114
44
41
163
62
41
Georgia . . .
70
134
E6
7S
126
47
4!l
Florida . .
15
9
g
105
47
33
AUh»ma .
48
103
42
50
107
44
HiHiuippi .
48
127
14
43
159
.'.3
40
Lomiium .
120
67
El
IHO
91
Teiiu . .
11
76
M
IDS
IM
40
an
Arknniai .
8
46
32
35
104
65
4t
Kentuoky .
63
138
126
133
120
V6
to
_^42
loa
117
92
83
78
The South
540
1,223
~73C
883
USl"
65
58
Ohio . . .
1U5
21£>
4C5
651
107
174
2M
Jlliouii . .
32
Ifil
44!
608
1(S
173
199
Hiuouri .
104
267
SWI
S8
155
128
Indiana . .
4-'
110
264
;iw
82
'«
153
b
01
149
198
77
123
Michipin :
12
63
149
3!(8
70
122
231
9
67
110
205
71
ISO
Alinnciota .
48
127
OG
100
1.S2
KuiHJ . .
6
40
77
b5
110
77
N.brMkft .
2
14
33
70
115
73
Colondo .
4
15
98
™ '
The W»l
SW
824
1.987
Ml
~90"
IM
170
California .
6
43
133
272
113
aw
3SH
Oregon . .
1
G
11
IM
120
ion
NsTtda . .
Pacifie .
Territorici .
-^
6
8
lio~
82
151
\:ir.
6
21
IW
47
2;i8
52^
215
103 _
2:o_
Nominal total
1 <»r
3.3i»
e.W4
8.393
107
liM
"li» I
Rundi, lnn.1), ti.
"aoo
BOO
800
1.100
16
21
ISt
»-'
TuUl .
l,C8ti
3,SCG
7.074
9.49.-.
123
tm
470
WEALTH.
B. — WsAttH OF United States.
MiUlMisA
I860.
U0a
1870.
1880.
180a
U7a
U80L
IbiM
96
89
72
90
60
110
143
New Hampthire .
22
32
53
79
96
160
225
'Vcmoiit •
19
25
49
72
77
147
216
BhodelilAnd . .
17
28
62
103
160
275
866
Gmnecticot . .
S9
92
161
148
201
29B
240
llMnohiuettf
KewfingUnd .
New York . . .
119
169
443
495
135
122
303
272
247
235
885
840
1,362
987
240
224
884
1,726
99
304
338
New Jenej .
1
42
96
196
191
147
215
170
PenmylTania .
«
150
295
792
1,188
101
22S
280
Delaware • .
i
4
9
20
21
80
165
150
Maryland . .
t
46
79
134
158
115
168
168
mddie SUtea .
Virginia. . , .
466
865
2,514
3.284
130
105
258
286
89
166
125
105
75
61
North OaroUna ,
47
75
64
77
75
50
55
Soath Carolina
60
114
44
41 163
62
41
(Georgia ....
70
134
56
75
126
47
49
Florida • .
5
15
9
9
106
47
33
Alabama . .
48
103
42
56
107
42
44
Bfiaaiuippi . .
48
127
44
43
159
52
40
Louisiana .
49
125
67
61
180
91
i'A
Texas . . .
11
76
33
106
126
40
ec
Arkansas . ,
8
46
32
.^5
101
65
44
Kentucky .
63
138
126
133
120
96
80
Tennessee . ,
42
103
104
117
92
83
78
The South
Ohio . . .
540
105
1,222
249
736
4G5
883
651"
119
107"
! 65
58
1 ^'*
20G
Illinois . .
32
181
441
608
105
173
199
Missouri
28
104
»i7
281
88
155
128
Indiana . ,
42
110
264
304
83
160
153
Iowa • . .
6
51
149
198
77
122
12;i 1
Michigan
12
53
149
388
70
122
234
Wisconsin
9
57
146
2a->
71
139
156
Minnesota .
a
• • •
11
48
127
66
109
1.52
Kansas . .
• • •
6
40
77
65
110
77
Nebraska
• • •
2
14
33
70
115
73
Colorado
. . •
• ■ •
4
15
2,at7
• • •
90
113
98
155
2r»9
76
The West
California .
_2:«
6
824
1.987
133
"1:0'
43
272
32.S
Oregon . .
1
C
11
18
120
122
105 '
Nevada . .
Pacific . ,
Territories .
1
• • •
• • «
6
8
• • •
116
82
107
151_
2i5_
lCtt_
ir.0
i:«
6
49
21
150
2l»8
2:0 1
. 6
47
6,274
56
8,395
72
Nominal total
1.48>>
3.3('.6
ir«
Roads, lands, &c
200
1.686,
500
800
1,100
16
123
1
21
; 181
22
Total
4
4
1 •
3,866
7.074
9,4*")
i 1S8
C — Batio or Ambrioam Wbaltb.
New Eo(lMid
Hiddia .
Sonth
WMt
Padfid .
D. — COMPOHKNTB OF AUBBICAX WsAAjTB,
. Susdrisi. Tolml.
3<I2 987
1,DTS 3.2M
97 883
196 2,SS7
M SM
. 2,150 37S 1,190 2,780 1,841
£. — Australian Wealth.
HilUouiB.
lUO. 1 1870.
1*81
18«.
iBia
im.
62
£9
7
63
49
89
47
27
90
67
192
66
6S
162
113
£41
Z3
0
42
39
14
46
S4
£04
22
19
64
38
HoBMt and faTDJiara
llarchuuUM, ko.
ToUl . .
190 320
m
£161
ei63
£198
11UII«»
Ishtb.
t^d.
Cttl.
n™.
wmyi
8undH«.
TO.U
New South W»lci
63
w
6t
1ft
36
190
£241
Tietorik . . .
69
11
67
17
38
178
South Aiutralu .
26
A
13
6
11
69
97
B
(1
6
40
WMtAoitnOU .
ToUl . . .
1
1
1
1
5
48
192
66
162
68
112
GOO
£IW
F.— Growth
or British Wxalth.
T-r
HUliuDi £.
Par
1660 . .
144
48
60
aso
£45
EogUod.
270
87
133
490
79
17T4
668
184
348
1,100
136
1800
sso
S40
6S0
168
O. BriUin.
1,008
358
769
3,190
127
D.Kingdunt.
1,680
770
i,Bao
4,030
150
ISM
l,ld4
S,&56
B,560
191
1.880
B,280
4,MiO
8,720
249
"
Villlaiu£.
Aliquot Put.. (
■"'
IBM.
ISM
isn.
IBII. 1 IM).
IMO.
in>.
Lmd , . .
1,066
487
417
331
SI -8
368
770
1,164
■/■Ml
16-2
lil-1
20 -S
261
33
n-x
6-3
15
23
44
1211
07
0«
1-4,
60
70
190
3MI
2-3
17
3-4
4-0 1
Furniture .
390
880
8-2
10-4
131
Loini. . .
105
SSO
420
IIWI
4-8
57
7-5
1-2-2 ;
Sundrie.. .
ToUI. ,
.■193
409. 563
6-2
9-8
7-4
6-0,
2,190
4,030 1 5,660 8,720
100-0
lOOD
loo-o
100-0
— Distribution
OF British ■Wealtii.
UUUoiK
£i»]S
UIU.oii>£iiilB81. ^
3:
Uod'
iJId.
"dfm*
Em- ' Scot-
Ui.d. , lii.d-
1,403 207
143 40
2.007 213
1,0« lOtt
636 98
1.9S5 320
7,178 990
I»-
Und.
270
62
60
30
35
105
M2
O^K^B-,
"IS
80
240
120
103
10
30
15
53
210
170
15
36
18
■57
296
990
la^
sou
153
476
l,8fi0 ,
2.2>«
'«
2.416 !
1.524
2,030
8.7-»
Tho wealth ratios of the three kingdoms appears thus : —
acotluirl. Iniluiii U.
lOO'O 1877
100-0 1880
lOO'O IKS
lOOo
H. — CLuamoATON or Wui.th amc
According to the legacy and Baccessiou returns for 1840,
" n appean to have been held
WorluDg .
Total .
par FtmOy.
as, 883
2,B07
23,820
782,100
1,126
1,439
4.8*1.067
191
4t
S,S!4
. 5,210,000
Accoiding to the retnnu for 1677, a great diffusion of
wealth had taken place : —
Cltn. PimiliK VlUluimX. P*r Fkmllr.
Rich 232.600 G,72S 25,803
Middle . 1,824.400 1,834 1.005
Workii^ . . 4,620,100 398 86
TdUI , . 6,676,000 7,910 1,194
The average wealth per inhabitant in the three kingdoms
rose between 1840 and 1877 aa follows : —
I. — Wealth, Dkbt, and Taxation Cokpared.
MUllgn.*
BoUo. 1
W-llh.
D.bt.
T«.tl™
Wialth.
I..W.
T^Hun.
U. Kingd™. .
8,720
763
124
100
B-7S
1-43
Kr««». . .
8.060
911
145
100
n-so
1-80
Germtaij , .
6,823
220
104
100
803
1-65
Kn»i.. . .
4,343
653
85
100
i2'7n
1-96
Aii«tri» . .
8,613
419
74
100
11 '64
2-05
i^ : : :
2.351
682
71
100
22-22
315
1,598
890
41
100
24-53
2-56
S^ ■ ■
371
04
100
25-40
2-16
U(>Cd ;
808
62
14 100
7-70
174
987
80
10 100
8-DS
1-01
Deniuuk . .
36S
10
4
100
2-80
1-09
Swei ft N.T.
977
80
10
100
2-04 1 1-02
Greece. . .
211
IS
3
100
8-60 1-43
UoitcdStatea
Total . .
88.721 1 4,071
698
100
10-52 , 1-80
9.495 833
160
100
3-49 1 1 88
43,216 4,404
856
100
e-14 I 178
I
474
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
In ihe table of Wealth, Debt, and Taxation on the preeed-
ing pa^ the debt does not include local debta, but the taxa-
tion includes all taxes, lates, and zevenues^ national and locaL
WELQiHTB AND MEASUBES.
Aon, 4,840 iqiiare ynrcb.
Almod, Tarkiih, 1*14 gaUont.
„ Ptirtugiiete, 3*74 gillons.
Amphont, Ronuui, 7 gallons.
Ardeb, Sgirptiui, 280 Ibi.
Arpent, 0*86 acre.
ArrolM, 25 lU., 3) galloni.
Bala, AnMrieaa, 485 Iba.
Bruilian, 156 „
ttian, 600
•t
In^uan, 876 \\
ft
»»
*>
•»
ft
f>
>f
•I
ft
*•
Barrel, 36 galloni.
Amerioan, dOgallona.
Datoh, 41
Frenoh, 32
German, 39
flour, pork, 200 Ibi.
applet, 150 Iba.
fish, 1000 number.
Bonnier, French, 3 acrea.
Bushel, barley, 54 lbs.
„ oats, 40 „
„ rye, 59 „
,, wheat, 61),,
Catty, 3 = 4 lbs.
Chetvert, 5) bushels.
Cord, wood, 125 cubic feet, 2) t.
Cnartillo, 9 = 1 gallon.
Cubit, 18 inches.
Dessiatine, 10 = 27 acres.
Eimer, 12 gallons.
Fanega, 4 bushels.
Fanegada, 10 = 16 acres.
Fathom, 6 feet.
Foot, cubic, 52 = 1 ton.
„ „ water, 62 lbs., 6} gals.
Furlong, 220 yards.
Gallon, 277 cub. inches, 10 lbs. water.
Grammes, 453 = 1 lb.
Hectare, 2*47 acres.
Hectolitre, 22 gallons, 2} bushels.
Hogshead, 63 ^dlons.
Joch, 1*43 acre.
Kanna, 100 Swedish = 58 gallons.
„ 100 German = 44
Kilogram, 2*20 lbs.
Kilometer, 100 = 62 milea.
Klafter, 2 tons woo<I.
Knot, 2000 yards.
»f
Lui, Gennaii. 3 tons.
„ Norwegian, 3|toiia.
League, Dateh, D,8807ud>*
„ SpMiiah, 6,160 „
litie, 100 a 1 heetolitn.
Load, brieki, OOOl
„ oom, 40 Iraaheli.
„ bay, 20 ewl
„ atraw, lOewt.
„ wood, 50 enbie feet«
Maand, IncUan, 80 Ibe.
Metre, 3*28 feet.
Meinn, 3 = 5 bualiela.
MUe, 1760 yaida.
„ German, 8,140 yarda.
„ Swedish^ 11,770 „
„ Turkish, 1,870 „
Blorgen, 5 = 3 acrea.
Oke, 4 = 11 lbs.
Palm, 3 inches.
Parasanff, 4 milea.
Peck, i bushel.
Perch, 5| yards.
Picul, 133 Iba.
Pint, 8 = 1 sallon.
Pipe, 126 gallons.
Pood, 36 lbs.
Pott, Norwegian, 100 a 21 gallona.
Pound, 16 ounces.
„ Roman, 12 ounces.
Quarter, 8 bushels.
Quintal, 110 Iba.
„ metrical, 220 lbs.
Salma, 4) acres.
Scheffel, 1*45 bashel.
Septier, 4 = 17 bushela.
Sextarius, IJ pint.
Span, 9 inches.
Stadium, 120 yarda.
Stere, 35 cubic feet wood*
Stoup, 4 gallon.
Toise, 6) feet.
Ton, 2240 Iba.
„ American, 2000 lbs.
Tunnland. li acre.
Tunna, 4 bosnels.
Vedro, 10 «:= 27 gallons,
y erst, 100 = 66 milea.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
' BetiilM. H*ti«i. ChatKi
CaUo Bctra SS's 27-60 343 lo'ao 16-30 16-SO SW
Biuhal .1-3 I -00 0-13 0-36 0-TO 0-60 0'18
Qurtw . lD-4 8-00 1-00 2-90 fiGO 4'SO 1'44
Ton , . 620 40-00 600 14'60 28-00 24-00 7-20
HMtolltra . 3-5 2-76 O-Sd 1-00 1-93 1-<B 0«0
Sehafld . 1-9 1-46 018 0'G3 1-00 088 0-20
Uitun . 2-2 1-06 0-21 0-60 I'lO 1-00 0-30
ChatTirt . 7-0 6'» 070 2-00 3-90 3-30 1-00
KdoI Ilfla. KUom. Tmtj Knot Hll*. KUcm. Tint
. 0-88 1-00 1-61 1-50 Eilaio. 0-U 0-63 1-00 0-«3
1-00 1-14 1-s:
171 I Vsnt. O'GS
0-66 1-07 1<0
D
— Liquids.
Ua.
Tttt.
L««- wST
Eln«.
BunL
Hoj*
Oillon .
10
014
45 0-046
0-080
01127
0-016
Litra
2-2
0-03
1-0 0-010
0O18
0-006
0-004
UtctolilN
220
3-10
100 i-ooo
1760
0-600
0-350
Eimer .
124
175
66 0-660
1-000
0'340
0-200
Bunl .
3r*
6-00
160 l-OOO
2-880
1-000
0-576
630
8-80
284 2'83G
-SCKDRIK.
6O00
1710
1000
LU.
Cwt.
French Amcricmn g£,j-
Pood.
Piciil,
EoglUh ton
2,240
20 00
1<I18 1°I20
1,018
62-20
le-RO
cA. , .
.112
1-00
0-98
0061 0066
0-050 01)65
61
60
3-11
306
QainUl. .
. no
082
n^obtoD
2,204
19-64
1-000 1100
1.000
61-00
16 50
Amnioui ton
«
IT '86
0-910 1-000
910
66-40
15 00
00-02
0-001 0-001
10
0«6
0-016
Poof. . .
. 36
0-32
0-017 0-018
163
1-00
0-27
Pienl . .
. 133
1-20
r.-
0-oei 0-067
SUPERPICUU
GOfl
3-67
IflO
SqTd..
Ac«.
Morgen, Hocta™.
DoaU-
kS™.
X.
Act.. . .
4,840
1-00
1-66 0-406
0-367
OiXMO
0-0016
Motsn. .
3,123
0-65
1-00 0-2CO
0-236
0-0026
0-0010
Jooff. . .
6,S14
1-43
2-23 0-576
0-620
00057
00022
HMton
12; 000
247
3 84 1-000
0-910
ODIOO
0-0039
Dawi»tiii« .
13,100
2-70
4-20 1-093
1-000
0-0091
0-OOM
Sq. kilom. . 1
190.000
2S0
390 100
91
1-0000
0-3900
Sq. mile .3
087,600
640
1.000 260
2:15
2-00
1-0
G.-
Old Enousb Mbasures.
H»mt
DmU. WlMw"™, DhtcxIIod,
Comnllun, Bunb*;
LiblotnehM. euUclnclwt.
cubUlDe]
«■. OlblOllwhM.
>b«i» Chart.
225 "
217
266
266
2,130
353
219
268
268
2J18
H*niT VII. .
496
224
280
280
2.240
Usnrr VIII .
531
231
283
383
3.2.^6
476
WHEA T.
WHEAT.
A. ^Produgtiov and Conbuiittion.
MmkmaorBariiela.
Crop.
Oonsump-
Uon.
Boiploa.
Sefldt
Um.
United Kingdom
76
206
• ••
180
830
Fnooe
270
820
• ••
60
465
Germany .
100
140
• ••
40
166
210
160
60
•••
120
Austria .
116
105
10
•••
160
Italy
Spain and Portngal
140
145
• ••
6
282
140
185
6
• «a
860
\ 24
54
• ••
80
280
Scandinavia
7
12
• • •
5
80
Turkey, kc
85
70
15
« ••
340
Enrope
. 1.167
1,847
• ••
180
235
United Statet .
440
290
160
805
Canada .
46
86
10
370
Australia
35
20
15
3S0
India
270
240
SO
60
Egypt .
15
10
5
110
Various .
40
70
• • •
80
■ • *
ToUl . . 2.018 2,018
For acreage, see Grain,
B. — Prices in England (580 Tears).
Period.
bhillings per Quarter, 8 Bushels.
Year*.
1
> .
Avenge.
Maximum. Minimum.
Highest
. Lowest
1301-50 . .
18
48 10
1316
1338
1351-1400
16 < 32 9
1369
1392 !
1401-50 .
15 ' 62 : 6
1434
1404
1451-1500
10 1 35
4
1497
1454
1501-50 .
20
38
6
1521
1509
1551-1600
22
63
15
1597
1568
1601-50 .
42
SO
27
1648
1604
1651-1700
47 : 7u ; 24
1662
16S7
1701-50 .
39
74
23
1709
1744
1751-1800 .
66
83 ' 27
1796
17S1
1801-50 . .
61 ! 114 1 39
1812
1885
1851-81 .
51 64 39
1867
1661
The above prices are according to weight of silver.
c-
KOMINAL PRICBB IK JrXSC*.
PenctptrSivliASu^l
Fnlnd. Pan
FBTiod. FBuee.
P«lod. F
lZfiO-1300 . . i
1561-1600 , 17
1761-1800 .
1801-1*00 . . 6
1601-1850 . 39
1801-18:;o .
1401-1500 . . 8
16B1-170O . 23
1881-1860 .
ieOl-1660 . . E
1701-1760 , 88
1861-1880 .
D.— All World Prices (60 Yxarb).
Ftnct ptr EngtM Biuhd
GNktBribOn
» 84 80 '
82 78
Fnaoe.
« 67 69
78 76
M 4« 6S
70 63
Aiutn*
39 35 45
68 78
47 44 42
65 68
SS B5 58
72 78
United States
60 68 68
79 75
R—^Va
[AT Supply of Ukitbd Kinodoh.
BuibaV Priea, Conram
Pirlod.
181
-8f»
-BO
186
-70
187
-80
188
[mporUd. ToUL per i
74 '' 258
F. — Ihportatior into Unitbd Kingdom {AsranAL).
^
lIilli™olBu.h.l^
lUtio. 1
lMI-10.
ISTl-W.
18«1.
mi--o.
iKi-eo.
mi.
Anraie* . .
IndusAc .
Total . .
22
19
32
78
55
23
36
114
85
10
40
135
SO
26
44
48
20
82
63
7
30
100
100
100
G. — AVZRAOB YlBLD IS USITM) KlHaDOM.
Pmiod.
A en*.
1850-60
1861-70
1871-80
1881 .
. 3,754,000
3,770,000
3,470.000
. 3,070,000
Dedacting 2 bushcU per acre for seed, the reit wu uvoil-
■ble ior food.
478 WIDOWED'-WILD BEASTS.
WIDOWED.
Feroantage In Population.
Pernontagein
Wldowa
Wldowen
Both.
WUawb
Wldowwe
among
among
OoDMal
■■ ^«^
aa
1
FomalM.
MalM.
Avenge.
■■ ^nwwKb
bnabaadu
Englmnd
7
6-8
FrMioe.
11
8-4
Germany
8
5-8
AottriA
7
6-8
11
Italv .
9
6-6
Spun .
9
6*8
11
Switmrlmnd .
9
7-2
Belgium
HoUMid
7
8
5-6
61
Scandinavia
7
6-2
Average
8
5-8
8
WILD BEASTa
A. — In France 1225 wolves were killed in 1882, for
which the Government paid £6000. Game licences,
347,000 per annum.
B. — Grame licences in Germany, 146,000; slaughter,
20,000 foxes, 30,000 deer, 2,000,000 hares, 3,000,000
partridges.
C. — Annual " Battub" in Swkden.
1827-30.
Bears .... 135
Lynxes . 248
Wolves ... 542
Foxes .... 7,882
D. — The Russian forests contained in 1880 over 170,000
wolves, which devoured 200 children or travellers per
annum.
£. — Austrian Large Game Killed per Annum.
Bears . 160 ! Wolves . . . 1,200
Lynxes 200 | Foxes .... 8,000
Besides 3000 ti*,'er-cats and various other kinds.
F. — In Java there are 270 persons killed by tigers and
180 by crocodiles yearly.
G.— In India 21,000 persons and 53,000 cattle are killed
yearly by tigers, snakes, <S:c The Indian Government pays
1850-59.
18«7-T«.
118
110
140
91
162
63
5,896
•*•
WIND.
479
jCIO.OOO pet umnm for killing 20,000 wild beasts and
120,000 SBakea.
H. — In Cochin-ChiiiA th« Frencli killed is 1882 no fewer
than 109 tigen and 26 panthen.
A. — VBLoaiT AKD Pbessurb.
p«rS«oi>d
HI1«a
PW H..i.r
^i~>a
60
Gl
16 Iba.
»0
61
aoi „
100
es
£G .
110
76
301 •■
ISO
ss
86 .,
180
88
421 ..
140
96
49 „
ISO
102
6fl .,
Willi).
The averse pTeasaro in England ia 257 miles doily, or 10(
per hour, uy, IK feet per second, eqnal to 10 oz. per sq. foot
R — Mean Velocity at PLTMonrn {18il-42),
JuitiM7 . . 1276 I M»y . . 11-60 I September . I5'42
Pebnuiy . . 13-97 Jnna . . 10-90 October . . 16-29
Much. . . 14-03 Jul; . . 9-00 NoTeniber . 14-96
April . . . l&OO I Aagnit. . 1337 | DmsmbeT . 12-64
C. — MxAH Amodkt of Wind, Plimouth 1841-43.
B.S.W.
aw.
W.N.W,
NW.
M.K.W.
Total
2,108 1,083 1,088 1,224 6,10S
48o
WINDMILLS^WINDO IVS.
D.— London Winds, 1813-30.
2>ayt.
N. toE.
S.to&
8.toW.
W.toN
60
5-6
71
10*0
4-2
5-0
7-8
9*5
5-8
4-9
83
10-5
6-5
6-5
6*4
9*9
7-9
6*8
6-8
7-9
7-2
4*8
67
10-5
4-4
8-6
8-8
12<
5-2
8*5
8<
13-0
6-3
6-5
8*8
8-3
6-5
6-6
8*4
^-5
4-5
4*4
9*8
107
5*4
5*5
9-5
9-8
January
February
March
April
May
June
July.
August
September
October .
November
December
Total . . 68-9 62*2 106*5 121-0
WINDMILLS.— Holland has 10,100 windmills, represent-
ing a value of 20 millions sterling, with an aggregate force
of 52,200 horse- power. Cost of drainage, 10 pence per
acre, with a lift of 3 feet ; 20 pence at 6 feet, and so on.
The average area drained by each mill in Holland is 310
acres, each lifting 150,000 tons or 33 million gallons water
daily. See Fiimjys,
WINDOWS.
A. — Great Britain (wiTnoiT Ireland).
ThouMindB Omitted.
Windows per
Population. Hoose Inhabitant
10,501
20.960
30,720
6-8
6-0
8-4
0-98
1-05
1-51
r>. — Window Duty in Great Britain in 1850.
Windowii.
8 to 10
11 to 20
21 to 30
Over 30
Uoui^s.
Dutj per Annum, £.
Englnn<i. Scotland
Groat
liritain.
England.
156,000 , 15,000
216,000 1 15,000
48,000 I 4,000
30,000 , 1,600
171,000 ; 167,000
231,000 1 687,000
52,000 i 366,000
31,600 1 404,000
^Scotland. '
CjPC.Ht
Hntain.
15,000
48,000
25,000
37,000
182,000
735,000
391,000
441,000
Total . 450,000 35,6001 485,600 1,624,000 ' 125,000 1,749,000
WINDOWS— WINE. 481
— WiKDow Duty in Enoubh Towns (1650).
IJveipool
Bath .
Brighton
£33,000
32,000
S2,000
18,000
10,000
Brutol . , £15,000
PI;iii<}tith . 12,000
Newcartle . 8,600
Leedi . . 8,100
I Norwich . 7,000
D. — Windows in Frasob.
,~.
ThouwHUOmlttMl.
Wtod™p.r 1
Oou«
Wlndoirt
PiTuUU<m.
HOUM.
1828. . . .
188S. . . .
1810. . . .
18SS. . . .
1S86. . . .
1881. . . .
9,iU
0,806
7.140
7,033
7.811
8.818
28,680
80,1*4
86,211
38,440
43,116
49,394
31,120
33,410
36,100
30.640
38,830
87,672
4-4
4 6
4-9
G-O
S-6
SO
0-92
0-90
100
106
112
1-81
A.— Pboddotios.
Act™,
ThOUWKlt
MllUau
Odlsiu.
FrmoM
. 6,160
720
ItalT. .
680
^
. 2,720
820
80
. 1,680
310
Gctnuny ,
70
Enropo .
. 14.836
2.099
United St«te»
130
21
Algeria .
61
9
South Africa
18
16
2(
^
The ptodaction is declining in Europe, but increasing in
Algeria, XTnited States, and Arfrentine Republio. Good
artificial wine is made in France, 10 degrees alcohol f^
482
WINE^WOOD.
B. —Consumption.
U. Kingdom
France
Hflllon
Qallons.
. 15
. 780
Gemuinj .
Russi*
. 120
24
Austria
. 800
Onlloiit
MHUoB
ptrlnbAb.
Qftllona.
0-44
Italy . . 480
21-00
Spain . . 220
270
Portogal no
0-80
Fnlted SUtet 27
7-90
Varioai . 120
Gulloai
pw Inbah*
17-40
lS-00
I3-M
0-51
Budesheimer is worth £20 a gallon. Prince Woronioff
sells his Tokay, 220 years old, at £9 a bottle. Champagne
vintage averages 20 million bottles, of which France exports
17 millions. The Xeres vineyards, 15,000 acres, prodnce
4 million gallons yearly of sherry. "Vl^e loses strength
after 200 years.
C. — French Vintage and Winb Tradk
Annu
ltd Average.
Period.
Thousandu
Vlntnge,
Million
Import,
Million
Export,
Million
Consnmp.
Gmllons
Price.
Pence p«r
Omitted,
Gallons.
Gallons.
Gallons.
per Inlutb.
Gallon.
1810-12 .
. 4,064
455
• • •
8
16
14
1830-32
. 5,015
502
• ••
18
16
17
1840-42 .
5,230
790
• • •
24
23
16
1860-52
. 5,450
920
• • •
88
25
21
1860-62
. 5,510
703
• • •
48
18
23
1870-72
. 6,560
1,010
• • •
70
25
20
1880-82 .
5,150
720
140
55
21
27
D.— CoNSUMPTiox IN United Kingdom.
Gallnns
Tear. Thouiuuids
Omitted.
1801 . . . 6,877
1811
5,630
1821
4,702
1831
. 6,220
1841
6,185
1851
6,282
18C1
. 10,693
1871
16.145
1881
15,550
K)D. i
See :
rim I
cr.
Duty. Shil-
lings per
Oiulon.
10
14
14
6
6
6
1
1
1
ConMimption,
Gallons per
Inhabitant.
0-45
0-32
0-23'
0-26
0*22
0-23
0-36
053
0-41
A.— An>dai, Clip (1880).
Vilua of Viliu ot
United Kingdom
Oerman;
8p^ mod Fortunl 82
Bdgiiun, HdlUn^ & c 47
Enropa
ess
193
3-4
39-0
4>
United SUtn
210
41
6-0
117
70
Rirer Plato .
260
76
8-4
64
20
Cuadk
12
3
4-0
07
64
SSO
36
5'9
19-G
72
SX*^"':
52
26
11
3
47
8-3
28
IG
eo
4G
Alg«ta
82
e
8-6
17
47
Total . . 1,6J7
407
41
sal
60
R— IN0RKA8B OF
WOOL^ROP.
XSlioru
of Ut., Annual aip.
T«r.
Kurnpa. V. BUih. B. Plata.
Cipa. Aiutnltt.
1800
420 8
1
429'
1830
490 18
e
2
3
G19
1S40
610 G2
15.
10
14
601
isn>
680 eo
25
la
43
806
iseo
716 112
G6
28
70
981
1870
807 161
167
46
1B7
1,871
ISSO
ess !10
260
G2
390
1,677
Tbia
does not
include Canada,
India, Ac
See Table A.
r.— ItlEssits BowEs's Tables.
AnntaU dip, MlUitnu of U*.
Unnafaad
Bqia«l«BtW«
bad. 1
\m.
187*. ] IMl.
ISM. 1 IK..
HBl
Anrtnlia .
Cape. .
Hirer Plato
Total .
60
26
40
222
49
207
362
G4
240
85 I 124
15 84
IS 1 72
197
88
84
126
478
646
65 230
31.
Th« figures for 1860 are too lov, the shipments from
Austnlu that year exceeding 69 million lbs.
484
WOOL.
D. — Consumption in Manufacture (1880).
Mfllion
Lba.
Lbs. per
Inbab.
XurabctQ
ZMpTllOIUUH]
toOmlttad.
lEzportML
Horns Uaa.
TutiO.
Unitad EiBgdom .
888
0-8
£20,600
£26,600
£46,100
Fnaoe .
888
8*8
18,600
29,700
43,800
Gennany
190
4-2
7,600
18,800
26,800
Boaii* .
170
2-2
• • •
28,000
28,000
Amtrift
80
21
1,100
9,600
10,700
lUly . .
88
1-8
• • •
4,800
4,800
Spain and Portngal
70
8-4
• • •
8,600
8,500
Belgium
08
20-5
8,800
4,600
7,800
Other oocmtriea
20
1,380
• ••
4-2
•••
2,100
2,100
Europe
£46,100
£124,600
£170,500
United SUtea
820
6-8
•••
48,000
43,000
Total . . 1,660 4*6 £46,100 £169,600 £213,600
One pound of washed wool produces a yard of cloth.
K — Consumption op Woollen Manupactures.
Per
Per
MilUons £.
Inhab.,
Millions £.
Inl.Ab..
ShillingR.
8hillin^
U. Kingdom .
. 26
15
Spain and Port
9
9
France . . .
30
16
Belgium . . .
4
15
Germany . .
19
9
Holland . .
3
15
RuBsia . . .
23
6
Scandinavia
6
14
Austria . .
10
6
United SUtes
. CO
19
Italy . . .
6
4
Colonies, &c.
. 28
• ■ B
r. — Woollen Industry in Great Britain.
Wool Consumed, Hillion Lbs.
Tear.
British.
Porolgn.
ToUl.
65
1780 .
60
5
1800 .
70
9
79
1820 .
75
10
85
1830 .
80
80
110
1840 .
85
44
129
1850 .
110
48
158
1860 .
120
104
224
1870 .
138
171
309
1880 .
112
226
338
Value of Maiiufactureit, Millions £.
Exported. Home Um). ' TutaL
2-6
G-9
5-6
4-8
5-8
101
16-0
31-4
20-6
9-2
11-8
8-8
157
14*2
19-8
17-8
22 ■«
20-7
26-5
19*6
29-7
21-5
87-5
23-3
54 7
26-5
461
P m
WORK— WRECKS.
Walkiue 1 miU - .
CaiTjiog 60 Ibi. 1 mile
FedlAT'i da/i work .
A. — FooT-ToNB OF Enekot.
. ... 17) Dock-lxboarer'idaj'iiroTli. 32S
. 70 Pile-driTing 333
. 2G pBvior 362
. 100 Turning » winch . . . .374
. 303 Uu'a ordinur work . . . 300
. 310 Very hud do 400
B, — ENKRor OF Nations (1885).
lUlUou or l^Bl-Toiu Dallj.
Fooi-
Ton.
.r^
1,380
720
716
710
620
230
340
205
670
602
630
708
1,440
802
CoitQl
6-1
142
11-6
ia-9
101
17-8
13-8
21 2
11-3
101
14-7
10-3
121
9 '8
120
n.nd.
Har»
at«m.
ToUl.
Udt«J Kingdom .
Fr»n»
K=".' ; :
Au.tri»
IS, : : ; : :
Portug»l ....
Belgium ....
HolUnd ....
ScudinavU . . .
Enropa . . .
United SUlu . ,
Total ....
2.310
2.970
8.330
S.300
2,850
2.160
1,360
S60
210
420
800
630
8,700
8,600
10.1 no
48.600
11,300
2.040
1.SS0
210
SSO
850
84D
2,aOD
38.860
18,150
18,800
6,3J0
6,800
2,220
2,210
280
1,300
3,410
920
1,830
4S,970
27.620
33,230
81,240
19,950
6,420
E,4S0
850
1,840
4,680
3.060
E,360
■23,100
3,t80
99.3S0
32.100
09,220
42,160
218,670
77,740
2S.5ao
128,460
141,380
296,410
— ToNKAQB Lost Ybarlt.
eicuii.
»;«;•
BriU>h. . .
90,000
170,000
260.000
3-60
French. . .
7,000
22,000
29,000
8-60
Oernutn . .
0,000
40,000
46,000
380
RoniMi . .
3,000
18,000
21.000
4-00
Aiutruui . .
3,000
9,000
12,000
4-00
It>liui. . .
1,500
27,600
2-90
SFM.i.h . .
17,000
3-70
17,000
(■OS
United SUtM
16,000
112.000
128,000
4-90
Vnriaui . .
59,000
130,000
189,000
t-oo
^^
WRBCKS^YACHTS.
B. — ^Llotd'8 BrasviB.
Veoeli miniiig
Sunklij ooQItion
Burnt •
Stranded
Wateriogg^ fte.
Avaiafftk
Ttar
laoMV.
UBIl
M
101
isa
S06
191
829
l.»l
1,108
584
650
Total
2MI
8,198
C— IXMHi OF Y^LUB AND LlF|B B7 SbIPWBBOKB (fHI Amux).
Britlph £18,900 S;090
French . ^100 S80
Q^fVian 8,400 400
Rnaaian 1,500 200
AuBtrian .... 800 110
Italian 2,050 250
Spanish 1,200 160
Dutch 1,200 150
United States 9,400 1,100
Various 6,300 700
Total . . £46,850 5,400
The total value of shipping and merchandise sent over the
sea annually is almost 1400 millions sterling, and the loss is
about 3^ per cent, or less than 1 per cent per voyage.
YAOHTS. — The increase of yachting in Qreat Britain in
30 years has been as follows : —
Year.
duba.
Tachta
Tear.
Clubt.
Taobta.
1853
18
1,046
1873 .
40
2,805
1863
. 18
1,848
1883 .
. 55
4,030
France has 9370 yachts, averaging 3 tons, and £61 in
value : of the whole number only 103 are steamers.
YACHTS— YARN.
A.-
-Loo
OF TQE "SUKBKAK."
Mmtb.
KilM.
BM««D
BMmh.
StU.
ToU).
Latltod*.
July 1876 .
672
1,967
2,839
48 N.— 14 N.
4 W.— 26 W.
ess
2.835
14 ,. — 24 a
18 „ - 43 „
711
1,011
1.722
24 3.-41 „
43 „ — 60 „
October. .
1.753
2,559
54 „ —32 „
80 „ — 77 „
632
*,1B9
4,801
32 „ —15 „
73 „ -148 „
752
2,123
2,875
18 „— 21N.
148 „ -167 „
J«t 1877 .
664
16N.— 33 .,
IM .. -137 E.
PBbnu«y .
986
33 „ -22 „
137 E. -116 „
2,070
S,Sil
22 „ — 2 „
118 „ - 81 „
April . .
3,262
551
3,B1S
7 „ -28 „
M*7. . .
ToUl. .
a.S9S
a,a29
I1,4S5
20,312
34,777
...
The average temperature of water was as followa : —
lara. isrs. i isn. inr.
July . . 7S-2 I October .517 3*immrj . 76-8 I April . , 82-3
Aogort . 75-3 November 76'3 Febrvur; 66 6 May . . 05-0
September 69-7 | December 80'I | March . 79'4 [
The "Sunbeam" had i3 sools aboard, iDcluding the Brasses
family ; she was 157 feet long, 27 beam, 631 tons, 70 horse-
power, steamed 8 to 10 knots, and consumed 4 tons of coal
Mr. Lambert's yacht "Wanderer" also circumnavigated
the globe in 23 months, 1680-82. She was larger than the
" Sunbeam," and carried 63 souls ; her log summed up
48,490 miles between steam and sail, but she was only 260
days actually at sea.
TAKN.
A. — British Tabs Eipobtbd.
r«r.
OmitUd.
sta
Cotton.
WoolllD.
»ndJut«.
Tota
1821 . .
22
22
£2,306
11
64
2
1
67
4,270
2-8
119
4
141
8,362
6-2
1861 . .
)44
14
19
177
9,071
1861 . .
178
28
28
234
14,488
81
1871 . .
194
44
60
293
23,841
1881 . .
266
80
88
821
17,898
9'3
488
YARN^ZINC.
1831
1841
1851
B. — ^Pricis of Yarn, per L& (Pxscb).
Cotton.
22
14
12
WooQen.
26
29
26
Lin«a.
19
12
12
1881
1871
1881
Oottoo.
13
19
18
WooHcii.
80
S4
26
14
15
14
C — ^Importsius of Yarn (All Ejndb).
Minion Lbi. LbR. pm- InhaK
Fnnoe 24 0*7
GemiMiy 70 1-6
Roanft 82 0*4
Atutri* 88 0-9
lUlT
SiMiiii •
BtoIlMid
Chin*
21
14
20
21
VwiouB 162
897
07
0-8
5^
0-1
The exporters are —
Million Urn,
Million IJ
Great Britain . . 820
France ...
20
Belgium .... 42
Switxerland . .
15
Total . . 897 Million Lba.
zmo.
A. — Annual Production (Tons).
Ora. MotaL
TleM.
per Cent.
Great Britain 57,000 15,947
28
Prussia. . 650,000 102,000
16
Belgium . 250.000 45,000
18
Sweden . 24,000 4,000
16
Russia, ftc. . 50,000 8,000
16
Total
1,031,000
174,947
17
Year.
1831
1851
1871
1881
B. — Zinc Industry of Great Britain.
Produo-
tion.
700
3,900
4,960
15,950
Tons.
Imported.! Tbtal. Exported.
I ;
3,800
18,600
20,930
46,100
4,500
22,500
25,890
62,050
Hi •ma
Um.
Taliie.
per Too.
I
3,100
1,400
£14
4.500
18.000
21
8,060
17,830
18
10,700
51,350
15
APPENDIX.
AGE.— The ratios of the following
aatioDB stand thai : —
T«n.
Onltod
liUtH
(IS80).
(ISTOX
(18?0)7
w>u*
BcotLiHl
(IMI).
UndwB .
6to20 .
21to«) .
411060 .
O»«r60 .
131
331
29-2
lti»
77
137
S4-2
31D
6-6
^■0
12-5
207
31-0
IS'4
8-4
lOO-T
138
29fl
31 D
16-6
B-0
13-6
328
297
16-9
7-2
137
831
29D
16-5
77
100-0
lOOD
lOOfl
1000
AOBIOULTUSI!-— The kr^teet una under tillage in the
Unvted Kingdom was in 1871, aincu which dale there has been
ft decline of 2,300,000 acree, tay 14 per cent, viz. : —
a, OOCa Oultlad.
iMob
11.833
1I>5
16,813
17.338
16,9Ce
4,894
Beaidei the ordlnaiy green cropa, flax and hops are inclu
aboTe, but not clorer.
The agricultoral prodncU of the United Eingdoni in 1
QunUtT. Viliia.
70,300.000 jE2I,100,000
81.800.000 18.400.000
132.300,000 23.800.000
27,'J00,000 3.450.000
10,400.0W 11.600.000
4,44(^000 14.600,000
43,200,000
£136,130,000
Wkeat, boihcU
Bark; „
Oata
Btra«, tou
PoUtM* „
490
APPENDIX.
The product of meat, dairy, hide& wool, &c., waa 127 millioni
£, forming with the above a total ot 263 milliona.
The value of Irish crops in 1885 was j^l,724,000, or 34 times
the rental of land. In Great Britain the crops average 4* times
the rent of land. The rental of Ireland ought not to exce^ 7 mil-
lions j£ per annum.
The United States crops for 1885 showed —
MiUiona.
Aere«.
Wheat 34
Maize 73
Oats 23
Bushels.
357
1,936
629
Total
130
2,922
As regards agriculture in relation to food-supply for mankind,
it is found that the product of 100 acres in various forms is as
follows, per annum : —
Sheep-farming
Wheat ....
Potatoes
Bananas and oranges .
6,000 lbs. meat will support 50 persons.
2,500 bushels „ „ 250
SOOtons ,, ,. 520
320,000 bushels „ ,,995
9f
>9
»»
ASSES AND MULES.
France ....
Italy
Austria ....
In the United States there are 1,914,000 mules and a&ses, not
distinguished.
Aftses.
389,000
674,000
70,000
Mules.
274,000
294,000
24,000
AUCTION-MAET.— Sales of real estate in London show :—
1882
1883
£6,164,000
5,148,000
1884
1885
£5.977.000
4.454,000
BANKS. — The National Banks of Spain and Italy showed as
follows in December 1885 : —
Idillions £.
Capital .
Reserve .
Issue
B. of Spain. B. of Itoly.
GO 6 0
0-6 1-4
. 18-3 221
Millions £.
"§. of Siuin. B. <.f Italy.
Deposits . 11-6 206
Discounts . 33 0 18 4
C:ish . . 6-2 10*5
The rates of interest in December 1885 in open market were : —
Paris . .
Hamburg
London ,
2-7
3-0
31
Vienna
Madrid
Rome .
Issue
Bullion
. . 40
. . 4-0
... 4-2
li. of Kngl iiid.
£24.513,000
20,115,000
Stockholm . . 4 5
Lisbon .... 6 -0
Petersburg . . 6*0
B. of Frauce.
£116.720,000
81»,700,OO0
A PPENDIX.
491
BIOYOLE.— Mr. Prince, in the United States, made 890 miles
in 6 days.
BUND.
(1.) The ratio in the United Kingdom is said to be :•
1 to 3300 inhabitants over 20 yean of age.
lin 770 „ „ 40
1 in 200 ,, ,,60
lin 50 «. .,80
(2.) Blind in the United States
Tear. Number.
1850 .
1860 .
1870 .
1880 .
9,790
12.660
20,320
48,930
Per 100,000
Inhab.
42
41
63
97
If
Ratio of Sexes.
Male. Female.
55 45
58 42
56 44
55 45
BLOOD. — The heart beats 74 times a minute, sending each
time 10 Ibe. of blood through the veins and arteries : the human
system of an adult averages 28 lbs. of blood.
BOOKS.— Mr. Quaritch paid £1600 for a Bible dated 1462 at
the Duke of Marlborough's sale in 1881.
BULLION.— The current of precious metals in 1881, 1882, and
1883 has been in the aggregate as follows : —
Great Britain
France .
United SUtat
Australia
India, &o.
MillioDS £, Gold.
Imported. Exported.
MiUions £. Silver.
82
25
31
7
48
143
34
24
9
19
57
143
Imported. Exported.
26 25
24 19
6 11
85
91
36
91
The imports and exports of specie (United Kingdom) in 15
years show thus : —
M iUiont £, Gold.
1871-76
1876-80
1881-^
Impnrted. Exported.
102 89
83 82
56 57
HiUiona £, SUrer.
Imported. Exported.
63 55
65 68
44 44
Total.
241
228
172
167
492
APPENDIX.
OAHAL, SUEZ. — The nominal capital and Bums actnally
xeaiised were —
Year.
1860 .
1868 .
1871 .
1880 .
IUQ6.
£9.960,000
6,667,000
600,000
240,000
At
100
60
80
67
RoUlMd.
£9,380,000
4,000,000
480,000
100,000
Total .
. £16,867,000
83
£14,000,000
The capital consists of 8 millions sterling in origioal bhares,
and j£8,867,000 in debentures : the dividends on the former haw
been about 15 per cent, per annum in recent years.
OATTLR— The numbers in 1870 and 1884 show thus, thou-
sands omitted : —
Cows. Honea. Bheepi
1870,
1884.
1870.
1884.
1870.
1884.
T7. Kingdon
1. 9,235
10,423
2,631
2.878
32.787
2^.^77
France . .
12,227
11,676
3,027
2,845
28.160
•^'.303
Germany .
. 16,390
15,785
3.271
3,522
26,508
19,185
Kussia . .
. 22,770
27,323
16.160
17,590
48.132
51, «3
Austria .
12,702
13,184
3,545
3.283
20.103
13.0Jr2
Italy . .
3,490
4,783
478
600
6,l«S0
H.-IIW
U. States .
. 23.820
42.547
7,145
11,170
28.478
50. tW
Total
99,034 125.621 36,257 41,948 191,148 195.001
Increase, 26 per cent in homed cattle, 16 per cent, in horse?,
and 2 per cent in sheep ; popiilution ro.se from 285 to 335 millioTiit,
eay 18 per cent If we count 10 sheep as 1 cow, the cattle for
meat-supply rose 22 per cent, but in Europe the increase uds
only 5 per cent., while population increased 12 i>er cent.
The United States Agricultural Report for 1883 was as
follows : —
Number, Thousandd
Omitted.
MillioDs 8.
8 per Uead,
Value.
Milch C0W8 .
13.125
397
30
Other „ .
28,046
611
0.1
Horses .
10,838
7t5
70
Mules .
1.871
149
W)
Sheep .
49,237
124
2i
Piga . .
43,270
292
1
Tlie export of cattle from Ireland in 18S5 was 29,000 horses,
040,000 cows, 641,000 sheep, and 398,000 pigs.
CENTENARIANS.— Acconling to Dr. Farr'g tabh-s, of one
million male and female per.-ions bom, 77 males and 147 females
will reach l(K) years, but the newer tables of Dr. Ogle give uuly
41 males and 112 females.
APPENDIX,
493
GOAL. — In Great Britain the average earnings of colliers in
1884 were 49 pence a daj, being exactly the same as in 1870,
but the output of coal per miner rose in the same interval from
230 to 318 tons per annum ; that is, the wages paid for extracting
a ton of coal were 65 pence in 1870 and 46 pence in 1884— a
saving of 30 per cent
OOMMEBOE.— The trade of the United Kingdom in 1885
was as follows : —
Amount, Millions £.
fmport« Exports
United Statei
India .
France .
Australia
Germany
Holland
Belgium
BuMia .
Canada
Other oonntries
Total
from.
83
31
35
26
23
25
15
18
11
107
374
to.
32
31
24
28
28
16
15
7
10
80
Total. Ratio.
115
62
59
54
51
41
30
25
21
187
17-7
9-7
9-2
8-3
7 9
6 4
4-7
3-9
33
28-9
271
645 100 0
The principal articles of trade in 1880 and 1885 were : —
Imports, Millions £.
Exports, Millions £.
Grain . . .
Cotton . . .
BCannfactures
Meat . . .
Wool . . .
Sugar . . .
Sundries . .
Total. .
1880.
70
43
34
27
27
23
187
411
1885.
53
36
53
24
25
19
164
374
Cotton goods
Woollens . .
Other textiles
Hardware
Coal . . .
Sundries . .
Total. .
1R80.
76
21
12
49
8
120
286
1885.
56
19
29
46
11
110
271
Colonial goods are included both in imports and exports.
00N80L8. — Highest and lowest quotations since 1801 : —
Highest
LowoAt.
1817 .
84
1803 .
. 50
1824 .
. 97
1821 .
. 69
1838 .
95
1831 .
. 75
1852 .
. 102
1847 .
. 79
1867 .
96
1866 .
84
1883 .
. 103
1874 .
. 91
COTTON.- T
he United State
?s cc
itton crop ^
ras as follows
Tear.
Bales.
Tear.
Bales.
1882 .
. 6.436.000
1884 .
. 5,714,000
1883 .
. 6,992,000
1885 .
. 5,669,000
A bale weighs
485 lbs. See /
^ihre
•
494
A PPENDIX.
DEBT.— The National Debt in March 18S5 wns as follows :—
Consols
Terminable annuities
Unfunded .
Due to banks, ko.
Total
Assets
£640,182,000
86,115,000
14,033,000
6,450,000
£746,780,000
35,924,000
Net debt £710,866,000
The debt of the Australian colonies amounted in Jnne 1BS5
to 122 millions £, having increased 25 millions since 1882.
The United States debt^ December 31, 1885, amounted to
exactly 300 millions £.
The French national debt has been caused as follows : —
Millions £.
Crimean var 93
Italian and Mexican wan .... 41
Franco-Oerman war 316
Boads and bridges 188
Hallways 41
Sundries 234
Total debt 912
The local debt of France has quadrupled in 20 years : —
Year. Paris. Communes. TotaL
1862 . . £13,702,000 £13,680,000 £27,382,000
1882 . 85,300,000 30,290,000 115,500,000
The Russian national debt has been caused as follows : —
Redemption of serfs
Railways and telegraphs
Crimean war .
Turkish
Sundries
»»
Total debt
Millions £.
85
156
142
133
37
553
DRINK. — OflBcial returns for liquor consumed in United
States : —
Year.
Gallons per InhabttAnt.
Wine.
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.
1884.
Boer.
I
14
1^
3-2
6-3
8 3
10-2
The eonsnmption in the United Eingdoi
follow> : —
HiUloru of
The total reduced to alcohol amoanls to 66^ tnillioD gallonK,
OT I'8S per inhabitant, lepresenting a value of &5 ghilliiigs. The
conaamption in the three kingdoms was : —
Oiillnna par Inbablta&t.
Engluiil . 32 6S3 1-90
ScotUod . . 13 ]'93 1-60
IraUnd . . 16 1-00 1-27
Deaths nsuUiog directly or indirectlr froin drink are said to
exceed 60,000 yearly, or 10 per cent, of the total in the United
Kinn^om.
EDDOATHHf.— Tha primair tchoola of the United Kingdom
show aa followa : —
T„. 8cb«.l.. *™fS=' E^d«u«, ^^^^^
18M . . 3.SS5 461,400 £326.000 14
1S64 . . 14,203 1,33:1,200 996,000 16
1874 . . 32,928 2,386,800 1,958,000 17
1884 . 29,724 4,214,300 4,B46,ODO . 22
The degree of iiutniction in the French armyhaa been :—
Tau. Conid Bad. [ Tor. CooU RMd.
1B30 . . . 64 per cent. 1860 . . 74pwcaDt,
1840 ... 6] „ 1876 ... 79 „
1850 ... 68 „ I 1881 ... 83 „
BOOS— In 1884-89 Great Britain imported every week 20
millions, and the United States 6 million* : the consumptioa in
Qnat Britain is 8& yearly per inhabitant, of which &7 were
natire and 26 imported.
U. K)i)gdnm.
3.497
!;187
Unirmitr .
496
APPENDIX.
The different parties were ^distributed according to Toten
thus (coo's omitted) : —
Ireland.
Scotland.
Coontj.
Borough.
UnlvanitTk
Liberal . .
CooserratiTe
Nationaliat .
Total . .
1,843
1,663
10
28
115
867
286
109
3
1,293
1,128
323
874
794
44
8
15
0
8,516
610
448
2,744
1,712
18
In the above table all tuiopposed elections are put down as if
half the registered constitnency had Toted for the party of the
person elected. The ratio of voters to population and registered
electors shows as follows : —
England .
Scotland .
Ireland •
TotenperlOO
InhaUtanta.
13
12
10
ToteraperlOO
JElaetora.
80
79
67
The elections resulted as follows : —
Members* Yoten.
Liberal. ^34 2,157,000
ConservatiTe 250 1,9:^,000
Nationalist . 86 380.000
Ratio of Vi
1 to 6,450 Totes.
1 to 7.850
1 to 4,420
*f
»t
670
4,474,000
1 to 6,710 rotes.
ELEOTBIO SCIENCE.
(I,) The Magcuin du Louvre at Paris finds the cost of ligutinp:
to be— Gas, 100; Edison light, 75; Jablochkoff, 65.
(2.) The first electric railway in the United King<loni was
opened from Belfast to Giants' Causeway in September 18S3.
(3.) The first electric screw-boat made a trip on the Thames nt
Greenwich, July 1883 ; speed 9 miles an hour.
EMIGRATION.— The returns for 1685 show :—
Destination.
English
Scotch
Irish
U. states.
CanAda.
73,900
14.900
13,300
2.300
50,700
2.700
Australia.
Tarioiiii.
23,800
9.300
4,800
1,100
6,400
400
Tofal.
12l>,900
21,.yK)
oa^ioo
United Kingdom . 137.900 19,900 40.000 10.800 208.600
There was a decline of 34,000 us compared with previous year.
PIBBB.— The production in 1883 was as follows :—
Million lbs.
Cotton 4.778
Wool 1,716
Flax, jute, &c 2,540
9,034
APPENDIX. 497
FINAVOE&— The British revenue in 1884 and 1885 was
(COO'S omitted) :—
1884. 1885.
CuitomB £19,950 £20,1S9
Excise 26,527 25,695
Stemps 11,700 11,710
TAxei 13^178 15,510
Pott-office .... 9,595 9,806
Sundries 4,560 4,719
Total . . £85,510 £87,678
FIREMAN. — There are 286,000 men in the various fire-
brigades in France.
FI8HEBY. — The Scotch fisheries have multiplied 14-fold
since the time of the Napoleon wars, viz. : —
1805-10 . . Cured 90,000 barrels fish per annum.
1881^88 . „ 1,250,000 „ „ „ „
The ordinary value is 40 shillings per barrel.
uvma, COST of.
Expenditure of Paris in 1826.
Per Inhabitant.
Food
Taxes
Bent
Cflothing.
Funiinre
Fuel and light
Serrants.
CSabs and hones
Initruetion
Waahing.
Sundries.
£ «.
d.
14 2
0
5 9
0
4 11
3
2 16
6
2 14
6
2 14
0
116
8
1 15
6
1 11
8
1 8
9
1 9
5
Total
The chief items of food were :
Bread, Iba.
Wine, gallona
Meat, lbs. .
Dairy
Sugar, lbs.
Sundries
Total
Amount, £
(000*8 Omitted).
12,860
4.760
4,000
2,470
2,400
2,880
1,610
1.540
1,870
1,260
1,290
. £40 8 9
£36,430
re : —
For Inhabitant.
£«.«{.
400
2 12 6
25
8 2 0
166
8 19 0
I e • • •
10 6
26
10 0
1 • •■•
2 8 0
. £14 2 0
♦>
493
A PPENDIX.
LONDON.— In 18S5 London had 555,000 hoii?cs, with 4, 1 20 0.0
inlKilHtant««, covering an area of 117 square niile^, or 75,000 acn.'.-,
that is, 56 persons per acre. There were 400,000 foot-passengers
and 80,000 vehicles passing daily over the bridges, and 370,000
passengers in the Underground Railway. There were 1830 miles
of streets, and 2300 miles of sewers, the latter rangins: from 1 ft
to 12 ft diameter. The sewage reservoirs (12 miles below Lon-
don) dischar^L^ed 150 million gallons daily into the Thames at
ebb-tide. Water-supply was 140 million gallons daily, or 34 per
inhabitant, for which tne companies charged £1,500,000, or 1^.
(1*60) per ton. Qas consumption amounted to 20 milliards of
cubic feet, at 3 shillings per 1000 ft., say £3,000,000 per annum,
consuming 2 million tons coal and conveyed by 2500 miles of
pipes, some 4 ft. in diameter. Fire-brigade had 58 engines, 124
escnpes, 580 firemen, costing £100,000 per annum, and using 17
million gallons water. Police, 13,000 men, or 1 in 316 ; cabs,
11,000; and 2000 busses. Parks, 42, covering 4490 acres.
Market?, 14^ covering 15 acres.
MATCHES.— Sweden and Norway export 20,000 tons of
wooden matches yearly, being nearly one-tnird of the quantity
consumed in Europe per annum. The tax on matches in Fiance
averages fourpence per inhabitant
MEAT. — Full-grown animals in England average as follows : —
Meat
Fat. Ac
Hide.
Tout
Cattlo .
680
356
84
1,120 Iba.
Sheep
91
43
18
152 ..
Cows j;ive from 70 to 160 lbs. tallow. The Liebig factory at
Fray Bentos makes 1 lb. beef extract from 34 lbs. meat.
— In addition to table on p. 312, we have
of temperature, in Fahrenheit : —
METEOROLOGY
the following readings
Mean Ann mil.
Melville Island
Yakutsk .
Hudson Bay .
Nertschinsk .
Algiers .
Hong-Kong
Ferozepoie
The greatest cold ever known in the British Islands wa^ at
Blackadder, Berwick, namely, 23 below zero, on 4th December
1879. The most severe winters in England have been aj
follows: —
Extremes above
Extremes bclovT
1
Zoro.
Zero.
12
London .
. 98
liondon . .10
18
Moscow .
. 90
Moscow . 4r>
25
Sydney .
. 102
Chicago . . ;J0
60
Cairo
. 119
Montreal 42
75
Bagdad .
. 120
Melville Island 52
85
Murzouk .
. 132
Wcrchojonsk . 80
1813
1820
1844
18r.O
1870
1S79
1819
1838
1855
18CI
1878
1881
APPESDIX. 499
In that of 1838, durinfi the are at the Boj-al KicliauRe, the
water pamped on the building formed icicles of grand dimeniiiotis.
Tlie earliest snow recorded near London vaa SGth September
1885. The greot snowstorm of January 1881 has seldom been
■nrpassed, (he snow in parts of Suneex lying 10 feet deep.
Tlie average sunshine througliout the year is 2^ houri daily at
Loudon, 4 at Kew, 6 at Hastings.
UETEOBS.— Greenwich Observatory counted 3000 lietween
e and 11 p.m. on 27th November ISSS. At intervals, in the llrat
hour, there were 40 a miuute,
miLES.— See Aiet, p. 490.
OOOVPATIOHS (1881).
ICilM (OW. OmUtcd).
PnrfMdoD*!
Damuitc .
Commertiil
Acrioultnrnl
luduttikl .
. 6C'9
58-0
29-0
Klniidi.iii. (OOO'i I
624
100-0
lOO-O
15,135
The above does not include vagrants, undefined occupations,
(chool-children, inntutea of asylums, &c According to I'rofMsor
Levi, there were in 1884 in the United KinKdom 12,200,000
wage-earners, as follows, among the wurking-claitscs only ; —
i\T 1 1 tad.
. 12.200 11.000
$00
APPENDIX,
He classifies the workers and earners according
follows : —
to aj^o as
Earners,
000*8 Omitted.
Earnings,
Millions £.
Males under 20
„ 20 to 65
Femalea under 20 .
20to65 .
»»
1884.
1,650
6,530
1,300
2.720
1807.
1,200
5,900
1,300
8,600
1884.
29
363
30
99
Total
12,200 11,000 521
18«7.
28
293
27
T5
418
Per Head.
£18 £19
56
23
37
43
60
20
29
88
According to the three kingdoms thus :^
Worken.
Eiu-ninga,
Millkmsl.
ApM-B
England
Scotland
Ireland
Undefined
8,600,000
1,500,000
1,800,000
300,000
401
62
43
16
47
41
SS
63
Total
. 12.200.000
521
43
Trofessdr Levi estimates the earnings of the whole popoUtioa
thus, in millions £ : —
Upper class
Middle class .
Working class
Total
England.
477
98
401
976
Scotland.
59
14
62
135
Ireland.
86
8
42
86
U. Wtnrlom.
572
120
605
1,197
See my own tables, p. 28 ; also Professor Levi's, p. 465.
OBQAN. — Riga, 66 feet high, 7000 pipes, 4-hor8e power.
Haarlem, 38 feet high, 8000 pipes.
PAPER-MONEY.— The value of 100 francs paper in Italy
reduced to gold was —
Tear. Avcrago.
Lowest.
Year.
Average.
Lowest
Tear.
Arcrnge. Lowest.
1866
. 1)3
83
1871
. 95
93
1876
. 92 91
1867
. 93
88
1872
. 92
87
1877
. 91 88
1868
. 91
87
1873
. 88
85
1878
. 91 90
1869 .
. 96
94
1874
. 89
85
1879 ,
. 90 87
1870
96
89
1875
. 92
90
1880 .
91 88
PARIS.— Population 2,240,000, 80,000 houses, 30 square miles,
say 116 persons per acre. Streets 580 miles, sewers 440 miles,
tramways 80 miles. Area of streets 2800 acres or 13 million
square yards, of 40 feet avferasje width ; scavenj^ing £330,000
per annum. Rainfall 22 iuches. Water-supply 82 million
APPENDIX.
501
gallons, or 36 per inhabitant Sewers cost £4,000,000, vaiy from
5 to 18 feet aiameter. Streets lit hy 44,000 gas-lamps, which
consume 77 million cubic feet of gas, cost £130,000 per annum,
or 40d. per 1000 feet. Busses and tramcars 1150, cabs 8000,
steamboats 500, police 6000.
PABLIAMISNT. — In the new House of Commons 111
members were educated at Oxford, 82 at Cambridge, 72 at
Eton, 46 at Harrow, and 27 at Rugby. The changes znade in
1885 in the distribution of members in the House of Commons
are seen as follows : —
Ooimtj.
Borough.
Unireraity.
Total
1884.
1885.
1884.
188&
1884
1886.
1884.
1886.
England . .
Wi;iet . . .
Scotland . .
Ireland. . .
0. Kingdom .
172
15
32
64
234
19
39
85
282
15
26
37
226
11
31
16
6
2
2
5
• • •
2
2
459
30
60
103
465
30
72
103
288
377
960
284
9
9
652
670
PAUPERS.— The returns for 1884 were—
Expend!- No. to 1000 Cost. Pence per
Knmber. ture. Inhabitants. Inhabttuii.
EngUnd. . 784,000 £8,400,000 29 74
Sootlaod . 91,000 870,000 23 53
Ii«land . . 107,000 1,345,000 21 64
United Kingdom . 982,000 10,615,000 27 70
PLAGUE.— The cholera of 1884 in Italy attacked 27,030
persons, of whom 14,299 died ; that of 1885 at Palermo carried
off S969 persons, of 5535 cases. That of Spain in 1884 was
faUl to 110,000, out of about 200,000 cases.
POPULATION. — The Qerman Empire in 1880 comprised
(000^1 omitted)—
Pnulia 87,251
Bararia 6,272
Baxonj 2,970
Wartembnrg 1,970
Dnohiet, ko 7,731
45,194
In Bavaria and most of the small states the ratio was under
SMX) persons, but in Saxon j it reached 510 per square mile.
• •
502
APPENDIX.
RAILWAYS.— Traffic returns of United States^ taking Jnr
unU 100 miUB, showed as follows : —
Vaav
Million
milfoil
F«r«per
Ftreper
zflsr*
FuiMDgen.
Tons.
Paneuger.
8 oenta.
Tuu.
• centk
1882
75
S92
2 51
1 24
1883
85
441
2 42
1 24
1884
88
447
2 36
1 12
Passenger fares fell 6, goods tariff 10 per cent
Britisli railway companies pay £1400 a day for indemnities,
60 per cent, of which is for damage to persons, 40 per cent to
coous. Passenger locomotives earn 53 pence, those for xneivhan-
disc 74 pence, per mile run. The life oi a locomotive is 15 yearsL
State railways in Europe cost 60 per cent in working expenses,
those of companies 53 per cent
New York Elevated Railway took 8200 tons of iron per mile,
and cost £44 per yard, against £500 for the London Metropoliutn.
BAINFALL. — The wettest place in England is Seathwaite,
146 inches; and in the world Cherrapun;:i, in S •ulh-'Westt-m
Assam, where the average for 15 years is 493 inches, reaching in
1861 up to 905 inches.
EIVERS.— The Amazon faUs 2 feet, the EIIh; 10 feet, and the
Parana (from Corricntes to Buenos Ayres) 22 feet X)er lOi) miles.
SHIPPING. — The new vessels hiiilt in the United Kinj;.lom,
and the tonnage lost or broken up since 1880, have been ui
follows : —
Yew.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
New Built, Tong.
Steam.
329,000
4;^,000
519,000
58:^,000
373,000
2,243,000
BaU.
Broken Up, Tuna-
Steam.
83,000
123,000
196,000
169,000
177,000
117,000
158,000
188,000
1!K),000
157,000
Sail.
I
207,000
282.000
2r)l»,000
275,000
^■5,000
Increase, Totij*.
Nominal. ' S^'TJl!?'" i
1 t'Wer. !
] 22,000
2iiS,000
287.000
168,000
846,000
1.248,000
I.S60.(H1U
il.ae.iw
748,000
810,000 jl,338.000 ; 845,000 ,6.576.000
Carn'ing-power allows for steamers at the rate of five times the
nominal tonnage ^sco note at foot of p. 406). Thi.' nieroliahi
navy of the Unitea Kingdom rose from 18 million tons in is^i
to 24 millions carrying-power in 18S4, an increase of 33 per cent.
APPENDIX. 503
in 3 years. In 1885 the increase was equivalent to 500,000 tons
clUTying-power, or 100,000 tons of steamers. The cost of building
steamers per ton has varied thus —
1870 .
. £14
1874 .
. £19
1880 .
. £12
1872 .
. 17
1877 .
. 13
1885 .
. 10
The carrying-power of British shipping is exactly equal to that
of all other nags in the world collectively.
STSAM-POWER.— In 1885 the world posaessed 35 million
horse-power, viz. : —
Million Horae-power.
^J!^ Continent.^ F"****^ T^
Kingdom. ^*'*"'"**'"*» States. *«*«*.
Fixed ... 31 41 3*3 10-5
Railway . . 35 97 6-2 19-4
Steamboat . 3*1 1*0 I'l 6*2
Total . 9-7 14-8 10-6 851
TYPHUS. — This item seems to include also typhoid fevers,
pp. 147 and 456.
TRAVELLERS. — The number arriving at Nice and vicinity
in 1883 was 3,030,000, against 2,012,000 in 1878.
TRAMWAYS.— Those of United Kingdom cost £14,900 a
mile in construction, carry 310 million persons yearly, earn
^£3300 per mile, and produce 4J per cent, on capital.
UNIVERSITIES.— Those of the United States have 66,000
students, of whom 52 per cent for arts, 20 per cent medicine, 15
per cent science, 8 per cent theology, and 5 per cent law. •
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— A bide of land in olden
days of England was about 120 acres. A mancus was 2 oz. in
weight
WINE. — The French vintage and wine trade showed thus : —
Milliong of Gallons.
Year. Acres of Vines. ^"^ ^W^e Wl^
Product. Imported. Exported.
1375 . 5,550,000 1,210 6 82
1880 5.017,000 414 172 54
1882 5,001,000 415 175 62
I880 4,970,000 642 183 56
504
APPENDIX.
The tintage of Uie XJnited States averages :—
CUif onii* •
Ohio .
OthsrStatM
82,000
10,000
140,000
182,000
mnioii OaDoB*.
14
2
8
24
Talc
#4.060^000
1,630.000
7,750,000
13^480^000
WBEOES. — The loss of life in British ressels has been : —
1871-76
1876-M
1881-83
Ctbwb.
0,715
7,965
7,876
26,066
PMWnnn*
2,087
772
8,191
Total. Taarlj Arenn.
11,763 2,350
8,737 1,747
7,768 2,566
28,247 2,173
The loss of life in 1684 was 2245, being below the ayerage of
ten years ago, although the nominal registered tonnage has in-
creased 30 per cent, the number of hands being, however, un-
changed. The death-rate of seamen from drowning is just 1 per
cent per annum. See p. 156.
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